Notepack 23 12/19/2014 Stellar Evolution: Aim: The Life Cycle of a Star

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1 Notepack 23 12/19/2014 Stellar Evolution: Aim: The Life Cycle of a Star Do Now: Where do stars come from? What are they made of?

2 What is a Star?

3 What is a Star? A star is a massive ball of gas that has ignited due to tremendous heat and pressure. Stars burn as the results of 2 Hydrogen atoms fusing together to create a Helium atom.

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10 How do stars put hydrogen atoms together? Stars perform nuclear reaction to put hydrogens together. There are 2 types of nuclear reactions: Fission reactions which splits atoms apart. This creates a lot of energy Makes harmful waste produces (radioactive) Used by nuclear power plants Fusion reactions which combines atoms to make new ones. Creates enormous energy Needs a lot of energy to start it. Waste products are clean Used by stars.

11 Age of a Star Scientists can predict the age of a star based on the ratio of Hydrogen and Helium it has. Stars that have a lot of hydrogen (majority) is send to be a young star. Stars the have a lot of helium is said to be an old star. Scientist use a spectrometer to measure color emitted from the star to determine how much hydrogen it has.

12 Types of Stars Due to the different ages of stars and the amount of gas the star started with, we get many different types of stars

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14 Types of Stars There are many different types of stars Hot Stars Blue Cold Stars Red Large Stars Supergiants Giants These stars have a high luminosity they are very bright Small Stars Dwarfs These stars have a low luminosity they are very dim

15 Luminosity Luminosity means the brightness of the star. The reason why some stars shine brighter than others is because these stars are creating enormous energy. The color of the star tells you it s temperature.

16 Our Sun Description of our Sun Main Sequence Yellow About 6,000 o C Our sun is an average star Not too big/not too small Not too hot/not too cold Not too bright/not too dim

17 Medium Size Stars Take about 1 million years to form Spend about 10 billion years on the mainsequence Similar to our sun Diameter: 1,391,400 Mass: 1.99 x kg (1 solar mass)

18 Supergiant Largest and Hottest stars Form quickly (100,000 years) Die quickly (average 100 million years) Contain about 8 times (or more) the mass of the Sun They die in an explosion Called a supernova

19 Red Dwarfs Smallest and coldest stars Take a long time to form (millions of years) Live for a very long time (trillions of years?)

20 How Stars Form Stars begin their lives as Nebula Nebula: A giant cloud of gas and dust in space Typical Temperature: 100 K (-279 C) COLD!!

21 Rosette Nebula Red = Hydrogen, Green = Oxygen, Yellow = Sulfur

22 Eagle Nebula

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26 Dark Nebula there s so much dust that it obscures the background stars

27 Horsehead Nebula

28 North American Nebula

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37 Pleides Star Cluster (7 sisters)

38 Bok Globule Small dark clouds made of gas and dust where new stars are forming

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40 Collapse of a large cloud will ultimately result in a star cluster

41 How Stars Form Every atom has gravity. Gravity is an attraction between atoms. As atoms get closer to each other the attraction between them increase. Gravity increases as the atoms combine. The more atoms, the more gravity. The more gravity there is the more atoms are pull to it.

42 How Stars Form Every atom in the nebula has gravity. As these atoms move close to each other, they are attracted to each other. This attraction causes them to combine, thereby increasing the gravity pull. Has the gravity pull increases, so is the amount of atoms being pulled to the center. This action causes the nebula to be less like a gas and more like a solid.

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44 1 st Stage of Life Ball of gas and dust that is pulled together by gravity Nuclear fusion starts as gas cloud becomes denser and hotter Nuclear Fusion hydrogen atoms fuse into helium Creates the intense energy found in stars

45 Depending on how much gas was in the nebula and how large in size the nebula was will depend on how long the star will stay in each stage of its life. Stage 2 - Main Sequence Stage 3 - Giants Stage 4- Super Giants Stage 5 - White Dwarfs or Nova

46 Main Sequence (the Sun) 2 nd stage Longest stage (usually) Hydrogen changes into helium which creates enormous amounts of energy The size of the star does not change much The star is somewhat stable

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48 Giants and Supergiants 3 rd and 4 th stages Main Sequence star becomes a red giant Red giant star that expands and cools once is loses all its hydrogen Center shrinks and atmosphere grows large and cools In the future, our Sun will become a Red Giant. It will grow so large that it size will overlap the Earth s orbit, consuming the Earth.

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50 Possible 5 th stage #1 White Dwarf small hot star that is the leftover center of an older star Final stage Can shine for billions of years before they extinguish

51 Possible 5 th stage #2 Red giant uses all of the hydrogen and collapse on itself. The collapsing star then explodes (a nova) The remnants of the star s core will form either: Black hole A neutron star

52 Supernova gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses Occurs after a massive star uses up its fuel source Neutron Star a star that has collapsed to a point at which all particles are neutrons A neutron star that spins and sends out beams of radiation is called a pulsar

53 Age of stars Average stars become red giants then white dwarfs More massive stars explode into a variety of objects

54 Hertzprung-Russell Diagram Shows the relationship between a star s surface temperature and absolute magnitude Used to study the lives of stars Most stars lie along the main sequence portion of the diagram

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Instructions. Students will underline the portions of the PowerPoint that are underlined.

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