Ammonia from space: how good are current measurements and what could future instruments tell us

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1 Ammonia from space: how good are current measurements and what could future instruments tell us Karen Cady-Pereira 1, Mark Shephard 2, Daven Henze 3, Juliet Zhu 3, Jonathan Wrotny 1, Jesse Bash 5, Armin Wisthaler 6, Kang Sun 7, Amy Jo Scarino 4, Ming Luo 8 1. Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER) 2. Environment Canada 3. University of Colorado 4. NASA Langley 5. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 6. University of Innsbruck 7. Princeton University 8. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

NH 3 Sources Biomass burning Automobiles

2 NH 3 Sources Biomass burning Automobiles (catalytic converters) Large urban centers 50% of NH 3 in LA area Industry Fertilizer Coal Mining Power generation AGRICULTURE Animal waste (temperature dependent) Fertilizer application Bi-directional Flux

3 NH 3 in the atmosphere NH 3 + HNO 3 NH 4 NO 3 2 NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Long-range export Long-range import PM 2.5 Particles Increase incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases Increase number of CCN# Affect cloud radiative properties# Climate change!"#$% & '()# '$# '"# &$# &"# %$# %"# $$# $"#!$#!"# SO2, NOX decreasing but NH 3 forecast to increase *+,-.+#$% & #/01221,32# ("""# ("("# ("!"# ("%"# ("'"# ()""# *+,-.#/#012#(3%# +4541,+#/#012#!3$#,*+#/#012#%3"# +.66,-.#/#012#'3$#

4 Monitoring NH 3 is difficult NH 3 is highly reactive highly variable in space and time Data from an Open path Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) on a moving platform in the San Joaquin Valley during DISCOVER-AQ 2013.

5 NH 3 from aircraft DISCOVER-AQ campaign in January 2013 in the San Joaquin Valley NH 3 from PTR and Picarro January 21 January 30 PBL from airborne HSRL backscatter Aircraft campaigns provide high quality data, but are not feasible for long term monitoring over large areas

TES and CrIS instruments TES CrIS Satellite AURA NPP Launch July 2004 October 2011 Resolution 0.06 cm -1 0.

6 TES and CrIS instruments TES CrIS Satellite AURA NPP Launch July 2004 October 2011 Resolution 0.06 cm cm -1 Footprint 5x8 km rectangle 14 km diameter circle Repeat cycle Once every 16 days Daily Equatorial crossing 1:30 am and 1:30 pm 1:30 am and 1:30 pm Noise in NH3 window K K Two TES observation modes: Global Surveys: 26 hours long, return to starting point every 16 days Special Observations: higher sampling density over shorter tracks

7 NH 3 from TES and CrIS Simulated spectra and NH 3 signal 18 ppbv at surface TES CrIS Detectability is ~ 1 ppbv under ideal conditions But thermal contrast also plays a role

8 NH 3 from TES and CrIS TES CrIS Both instruments most sensitive to NH 3 between 950 and 600 mbar TES is more sensitive to amounts lower in the atmosphere 1 piece of information or less: DOFS<1.0 Collapse all information to a single point: RVMR Easier to compare with in situ measurements, models and other instruments

Global NH 3 results TES NH 3 from GS: 2004-2011 Large increase from NH winter

9 Global NH 3 results TES NH 3 from GS: Large increase from NH winter to summer Hotspot over India Biomass burning signal over South America and Africa

10 Eastern China: TES transect path TES NH 3 Beijing Shangdianzi Beijing Seasonal means from TES Beijing Shangdianzi Surface NH 3 Meng et al., ACP, 2011

11 TES and aircraft NH 3 from DAQ January 30: aircraft tracks under TES transect RVMR Total Column TES and aircraft NH 3 are well correlated P3B 300 m TES maximum sensitivity between 1 and 2 km

Joaquin Valley on January 28, 2013 Satellite and

12 Surface and satellite NH3 in DISCOVER-AQ 2013 QCL almost directly under TES transect in the San Joaquin Valley on January 28, 2013 Satellite and QCL NH3 measured in January 2013 are spatially well correlated

13 Measuring NH 3 daily variations North Carolina in situ data CMAQ model with different temporal emission profiles Static profile Dynamic profile

14 NH 3 from a geostationary platform CMAQ vs Simulated Retrievals TES-like instument Geostationary platform Provides data every three hours CMAQ profiles over California for a warm July day Difference in CMAQ NH 3 matches difference in retrieved NH 3

15 Final comments Limitations TES and CrIS are sensitive to only higher amounts (> 1.0 ppbv) of NH 3 Require some thermal contrast to detect NH 3 Clouds reduce amount of useful data TES and CrIS data Show seasonal and spatial variability consistent with in situ measurements Have greater temporal and spatial coverage than aircraft campaigns or surface networks TES-like instrument on a geostationary platform could provide information on daily variability TES NH 3 are operational data available at: site= &id=10&go=list&path=/nh3 netcdf files with all NH 3 retrievals for each month since September 2004

16 Acknowledgements Markus Mueller and Tomas Mikoviny from the PTR instrument team PICARRO instrument team TES team at JPL Jesse Bash and Rober Pinder from the EPA Research was supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) Grant number NA130AR CU support from NASA grant NNX10AG63G and EPA-STAR RD

Better emissions with TES NH 3 April Largest changes western US and

406 RMSE=2.107 NMB=-0.678 0 2 4 6 8 10 y =!0.189 + 1.02 x R 2 =0.

069 April Used GEOS-Chem adjoint with TES NH 3 profiles, averaging

better agreement with AMoN network measurements GC (ppb) Initial 0 2

51 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 y = 0.494 + 0.564 x R 2 =0.281 RMSE=1.990 NMB=-0.

138 GC (ppb) Optimized 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 y =

17 Better emissions with TES NH 3 April Largest changes western US and Mexico July October y = x R 2 =0.406 RMSE=2.107 NMB= y =! x R 2 =0.497 RMSE=1.834 NMB= April Used GEOS-Chem adjoint with TES NH 3 profiles, averaging kernels and error covariances to optimize model Optimized GC shows better agreement with AMoN network measurements GC (ppb) Initial y = x y = x R 2 =0.281 RMSE=1.990 NMB= R 2 =0.545 RMSE=0.952 NMB= GC (ppb) Optimized y = x y = x R 2 =0.365 RMSE=3.534 NMB=0.659 R 2 =0.693 RMSE=0.862 NMB=0.166 July October Zhu et al., 2013, JGR AMoN obs (ppb)

18 South Asia: July-August 2007 Indus River Valley High NH 3 north of New Delhi and in the northern Indus valley

19 TES NH 3 and CO July 2010 Monthly CO at 681 hpa Monthly NH 3 RVMR NH 3 from TES V005 operational product Aug 2010 High NH3 values over northern India Sept 2010 Biomass burning in South America is evident in both CO and NH 3 maps

20 CalNex 2010: California spring CalNex: Campaign focused on air quality and climate change Aircraft and surface measurements and TES transects Central Valley, southern California basin, Pacific Ocean

21 CALNEX: TES vs Aircraft TES May 14 local Partial P3 May 12 track (flying at ~ :30 local) NH 3 measurements from TES and aircraft are well correlated

22 Day vs Night: TES DAY Lower NH 3 values Sensitivity peaks between 900 and 750 mbar Collapse of boundary layer Pooling of NH 3 CMAQ simulated NH 3 profile NIGHT Greater range of NH 3 values More high values Sensitivity peaks between surface and 900 mbar

23 And now NH 3 Shephard et al.[2011]

TES NH 3 Validation North Carolina Intense livestock farming (hogs, chickens, turkeys) EPA CAMNet NH 3 monitoring network TES high spatial density observations (transects) Feb

24 TES NH 3 Validation North Carolina Intense livestock farming (hogs, chickens, turkeys) EPA CAMNet NH 3 monitoring network TES high spatial density observations (transects) Feb Dec 2009 Allows detection of spatial variability and seasonal trends CHALLENGE TES: instantaneous profile over 5x8 km CAMNet: two week average at a surface point Cloudy summers!

25 Seasonal and spatial variability NH 3 vs time NH 3 vs source concentration TES and surface measurements are qualitatively well correlated Pinder et al., GRL, 2011

Extension of TES NH 3 and CO algorithms to CrIS

Extension of TES NH 3 and CO algorithms to CrIS Karen Cady-Pereira 1, Helen Worden 2, Mark Shephard 3, Jean-Luc Moncet 1, Alan Lipton 1, Richard Lynch 1, Vivienne Payne 4, and Matt Alvarado 1 1 Atmospheric