Thermodynamics Heat & Work The First Law of Thermodynamics
|
|
- Maximillian Mason
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thermodynamics Heat & Work The First Law o Thermodynamics Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 26, 2018
2 Last time more about phase changes work, heat, and the irst law o thermodynamics
3 Overview P-V diagrams applying the irst law in various cases heat transer
4 e gas be Work done on a gas er variservation a process transer r leaving Here, the volume decreases, so the work done on the gas is positive. a change e system, s section, rk. Work vestigate cylinder volume V the pisas on the y the piscompress in essenn o the ownward 0.4b), the ause A dy e gas as (20.8) P A a V dy Figure 20.4 Work is done on a gas contained in a cylinder at a pressure P as the piston is b Work done on a gas V W = P dv The work done Von a gas i equals the negative o the area under the PV curve. The area The work is negative donehere is the because area under the the P-V curve volume (with is decreasing, the appropriate resulting sign). in positive work. P P i P V V i i V To e ing I dep at e imp o d cur N PV d T i d F par illu
5 The work done on a gas equals the negative o the area under the PV curve. The area P-V diagrams are very is negative useul in here thermodynamics. because volume is decreasing, resulting Example o a P-V diagram: in positive work. Aside: P-V Diagrams P P i P depends on the vo at each step o the important graphic o diagram allows curve on a PV diag Notice that the PV diagram. There The work done initial state to a diagram, evalua For the process V particular path tak V V i illustrate this imp They are graphs ofigure pressure 20.5 vs volume A gas is compressed or a ixed quantity (Fig. 20.6). In the (n moles) o an ideal quasi-statically gas. (slowly) rom state reduced rom V i t i to state. An outside agent must increases rom P i t They contain a lotdo opositive inormation. work on the gas to along this path is 2 1 compress it. Figure orm Serway & Jewett, 9th ed, page 602. rom P to P at con i
6 Aside: P-V Diagrams Example o a P-V diagram: Pressure i Volume These diagrams represent the (thermodynamic) equilibrium states o the ideal gas sample, each point is a state, imply the temperature o a known sample, and show the internal energy o the gas. (E int T ) PV = nrt 1 Figure (modiied) rom Halliday, Resnick, and Walker, page 537.
7 Aside: under P-V the PV curve. Diagrams The area P P i equals the negative o the area is negative here because the volume is decreasing, resulting Example in positive o work. a P-V diagram: P i depends on the volume and temper at each step o the process, the state important graphical representation c o diagram allows us to visualize a pr curve on a PV diagram is called the p When Notice these that diagrams the integral include a in path, Equatio they PV diagram. Thereore, we can ident show reversible processes, The eg. compression work done o on gas, a gas in a qua initial show all state theto intermediate a inal state is the n diagram, thermal states evaluated passedbetween through, the in show the work done on the gas, For the process o compressing a g particular indicate path the heat taken transerred between to V the in V V i illustrate the gas. this important point, consi Figure 20.5 A gas is compressed (Fig. 20.6). In the process depicted i quasi-statically (slowly) rom state E int = reduced W + Q rom V i to V at constant p i to state. An outside agent must increases rom P i to P by heating at c do positive work on the gas to along this path is 2P i (V 2 V i ). In Fig compress it. rom P i to P at constant volume V i an
8 same initial volume, temperature, and pressure, and is assumed to be ideal. In Figure 20.7a, the gas is thermally insulated rom its surroundings except at the bottom o Work done depends on the process the gas-illed region, where it is in thermal contact with an energy reservoir. An energy reservoir Dierent is a source paths o energy or processes that is considered to go rom to (V be i, so P great i ) to (V that, P a inite ) require transer o energy to or rom the reservoir does not change its temperature. The piston is held dierent amounts o work. A constant-pressure compression ollowed by a constant-volume process A constant-volume process ollowed by a constantpressure compression An arbitrary compression P P P P P P P i V V i i V P i a b c V In all o the processes shown above, there are temperature changes during the process. 1 Figure orm Serway & Jewett. V i i V P i V V i i V
9 Heat transer also depends on the process This process (shown) happens at constant temperature: 20.5 The First Law o The gas is initially at temperature T i. The hand reduces its downward orce, allowing the piston to move up slowly. The energy reservoir keeps the gas at temperature T i. The g initial tempe T i an conta by a th memb with v above Energy reservoir at T i Energy reservoir at T i a b c Heat Q is transerred to the gas, and the gas does positive work on its surroundings. (Equivalently, negative work is done on the gas.) Figure 20.7 Gas in a cylinder. (a) The gas is in contact with an energy reservoir. The walls o the cylin base in contact with the reservoir is conducting. (b) The gas expands slowly to a larger volume. (c) The hal o a volume, with vacuum in the other hal. The entire cylinder is perectly insulating. (d) The gas
10 Heat transer also depends on the process This process also happens at constant temperature, and has the same start and 20.5 end The First points, Law o (VThermodynamics i, P i ) to, P ): 603 The hand reduces its downward orce, allowing the piston to move up slowly. The energy reservoir keeps the gas at temperature T i. The gas is initially at temperature T i and contained by a thin membrane, with vacuum above. The membrane is broken, and the gas expands reely into the evacuated region. ir at T i No heat is transerred to the gas, and the gas does no work. c (We cannot represent the path or this process on a P-V diagram.) tact with an energy reservoir. The walls o the cylinder are perectly insulating, but the d
11 First Law o Thermodynamics Reminder: Internal energy, E int or U The energy that a system has as a result o its temperature and all other molecular motions, eects, and conigurations, when viewed rom a reerence rame at rest with respect to the center o mass o the system. 1st Law The change in the internal energy o a system is equal to the sum o the heat added to the system and the work done on the system. E int = W + Q This is just the conservation o energy assuming only the internal energy changes.
12 Applying the 1st Law i W > 0 Volume Some special cases o interest: i Process Pressure W > 0 or an isolated system, (b) 0 W = Q = 0 E int = 0 Volume a (c) Pressure 0 Pressure i iw > 0 Volume e can control how uch work it does. h Moving rom to i, it does negative work. Cycling clockwise yields Volume a positive net work. or a process (V i, P i ) to (V i, P i ), a cycle, E int = 0 i Q = W Pressure Pressure i W net > 0 Volume d (e) 0 W < 0 Volume () 0 Volume
13 a system is always the negative o the work done by the Eq in terms o the work W on done on the system, on. This tells us the ollowing:the internal energy o a e i heat Theis igure absorbed shows by our the system paths on or i a p-v positive diagram work along is which a gas nversely, canthe be taken internal rom energy statetends i to to state decrease. Rank i heat the paths, is greatest to egative least, work according is done ontothe system. (a) the change E int in the internal energy o the gas, Applying the 1st Law & P-V diagrams questions p ur paths on a p-v diagram taken rom state i to state. g to (a) the change E int in e gas, (b) the work W done gnitude o the energy transn the gas and its environi A 1, 2, 3, 4 B 4, 3, 2, 1 int,are not true dierentials;that is,there are no such unctions as end only Con 1, the 4, state 3, 2o the system.the quantities dq and dw are are usually represented by the symbols d Q and d W. For our imply as Dininitesimally the same small energy transers. 1 Based on question rom Halliday, Resnick, and Walker, page 491. V
14 a system is always the negative o the work done by the Eq in terms o the work W on done on the system, on. This tells us the ollowing:the internal energy o a e i heat Theis igure absorbed shows by our the system paths on or i a p-v positive diagram work along is which a gas nversely, canthe be taken internal rom energy statetends i to to state decrease. Rank i heat the paths, is greatest to egative least, work according is done ontothe system. (b) the work W done on the gas, Applying the 1st Law & P-V diagrams questions p ur paths on a p-v diagram taken rom state i to state. g to (a) the change E int in e gas, (b) the work W done gnitude o the energy transn the gas and its environi A 1, 2, 3, 4 B 4, 3, 2, 1 int,are not true dierentials;that is,there are no such unctions as end only Con 1, the 4, state 3, 2o the system.the quantities dq and dw are are usually represented by the symbols d Q and d W. For our imply as Dininitesimally the same small energy transers. 1 Based on question rom Halliday, Resnick, and Walker, page 491. V
15 a system is always the negative o the work done by the Eq in terms o the work W on done on the system, on. This tells us the ollowing:the internal energy o a e i heat Theis igure absorbed shows by our the system paths on or i a p-v positive diagram work along is which a gas nversely, canthe be taken internal rom energy statetends i to to state decrease. Rank i heat the paths, is greatest to egative least, work according is done ontothe system. (c) the energy transerred to the gas as heat Q. Applying the 1st Law & P-V diagrams questions p ur paths on a p-v diagram taken rom state i to state. g to (a) the change E int in e gas, (b) the work W done gnitude o the energy transn the gas and its environi A 1, 2, 3, 4 B 4, 3, 2, 1 int,are not true dierentials;that is,there are no such unctions as end only Con 1, the 4, state 3, 2o the system.the quantities dq and dw are are usually represented by the symbols d Q and d W. For our imply as Dininitesimally the same small energy transers. 1 Based on question rom Halliday, Resnick, and Walker, page 491. V
16 Applying the 1st Law: new Vocabulary There are ininitely many paths (V i, P i ) to (V, P ) that we might consider. Ones that are o particular interest or modeling systems in engines, etc. are processes that keep one o the variables constant. There is a technical name or each kind o process that keeps a variable constant.
17 Applying the 1st Law: new Vocabulary Adiabatic process is a process where no heat is transerred into or out o the system. Q = 0 This type o transormation occurs when the gas is in a thermally insulated container, or the process is very rapid, so there is no time or heat transer. Since Q = 0: E int = W
18 Applying the 1st Law: new Vocabulary Isobaric process is a process that occurs at constant pressure. P i = P = P This type o transormation occurs when the gas is ree to expand or contract by coming into orce equilibrium with a constant external environmental pressure. In this case, the expression or work simpliies: W = V V i P dv = P(V V i )
19 Applying the 1st Law: new Vocabulary Isovolumetric process is a process that occurs at constant volume. V i = V = V In an isovolumetric process the work done is zero, since the volume never changes. W = 0 E int = Q (An isovolumetric process can also be called an isochoric process.)
20 Applying the 1st Law: new Vocabulary Isothermal process is a process that occurs at constant temperature. T i = T = T This kind o transormation is achieved by putting the system in thermal contact with a large constant-temperature reservoir. In an isothermal process, assuming no change o phase (staying an ideal gas!): E int = 0
21 Isothermal Expansion o an Ideal Gas Since T = 0, PV = nrt reduces to: PV = a where a is a constant. We could also write this as: 606 P = a VChapter 20 The First Law o Thermody Plotting this unction: P i P P i Isotherm PV = constant The curve is a hyperbola. Isothermal Exp Suppose an ideal g This process is des hyperbola (see App stant indicates that Let s calculate th The work done on t process is quasi-stat V i V V
22 Isothermal Expansion o an Ideal Gas Since nrt is constant, the work done on the gas in an isothermal expansion is: V W = V i V P dv nrt = V i V dv ( ) V = nrt ln V i ( ) Vi W = nrt ln V
23 Questions Which path is isobaric? inal state. Figure 20.9 The PV diagram or an isothermal expansion o an ideal gas rom an initial state to a P Because T is c n and R: To evaluate th result at the in D A B C T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 Figure (Quick Quiz 20.4) Identiy the nature o paths A, B, 1 Based on Quick C, Quiz and 20.4, D. Serway & Jewett, page 606. V Numerically, t shown in Figu done on the g the work done Q uick Quiz 2 ric, isotherm
24 Questions Which path is isothermal? inal state. Figure 20.9 The PV diagram or an isothermal expansion o an ideal gas rom an initial state to a P Because T is c n and R: To evaluate th result at the in D A B C T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 Figure (Quick Quiz 20.4) Identiy the nature o paths A, B, 1 Based on Quick C, Quiz and 20.4, D. Serway & Jewett, page 606. V Numerically, t shown in Figu done on the g the work done Q uick Quiz 2 ric, isotherm
25 Questions Which path is isovolumetric? inal state. Figure 20.9 The PV diagram or an isothermal expansion o an ideal gas rom an initial state to a P Because T is c n and R: To evaluate th result at the in D A B C T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 Figure (Quick Quiz 20.4) Identiy the nature o paths A, B, 1 Based on Quick C, Quiz and 20.4, D. Serway & Jewett, page 606. V Numerically, t shown in Figu done on the g the work done Q uick Quiz 2 ric, isotherm
26 Questions Which path is adiabatic? inal state. Figure 20.9 The PV diagram or an isothermal expansion o an ideal gas rom an initial state to a P Because T is c n and R: To evaluate th result at the in D A B C T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 Figure (Quick Quiz 20.4) Identiy the nature o paths A, B, 1 Based on Quick C, Quiz and 20.4, D. Serway & Jewett, page 606. V Numerically, t shown in Figu done on the g the work done Q uick Quiz 2 ric, isotherm
27 Example 20.6: Boiling water This example illustrates how we can apply these ideas to liquids and solids also, and even around phase changes, as long as we are careul. Suppose 1.00 g o water vaporizes isobarically at atmospheric pressure ( Pa). Its volume in the liquid state is V i = V liq = 1.00 cm 3, and its volume in the vapor state is V = V vap = 1671 cm 3. Find the work done in the expansion and the change in internal energy o the system. Ignore any mixing o the steam and the surrounding air; imagine that the steam simply pushes the surrounding air out o the way.
28 Example 20.6: Boiling water V i = V liq = 1.00 cm 3 V = V vap = 1671 cm 3 L v = J/kg Work done,
29 Example 20.6: Boiling water V i = V liq = 1.00 cm 3 V = V vap = 1671 cm 3 L v = J/kg Work done, W = P(V V i ) = ( Pa)( ) 10 6 m 3 = 169 J Internal energy, E int?
30 Example 20.6: Boiling water V i = V liq = 1.00 cm 3 V = V vap = 1671 cm 3 L v = J/kg Work done, W = P(V V i ) = ( Pa)( ) 10 6 m 3 = 169 J Internal energy, E int? Know W, must ind Q: Q = L v m = ( J/kg)(1 3 kg) = 2260 J So, E int = W + Q = 2.09 kj
31 Summary P-V diagrams applying the irst law in various cases Homework Serway & Jewett: Read chapter 20 and look at the examples. prev: Ch 20, OQs: 1, 13; Probs: 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 39, 41, 59, 71, 77
Thermodynamics Heat & Work The First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics Heat & Work The First Law of Thermodynamics Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 26, 2016 Last time applying the ideal gas equation thermal energy heat capacity phase changes latent heat
More informationChapter 19. First Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian, 04/04/05
Chapter 19 First Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian, 04/04/05 Heat and Work Work during volume change Work in Thermodynamics Work can be done on a deformable system, such as a gas Consider a cylinder
More informationNOTE: Only CHANGE in internal energy matters
The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics is a special case of the Law of Conservation of Energy It takes into account changes in internal energy and energy transfers by heat and
More informationThermodynamics Heat Capacity Phase Changes
Thermodynamics Heat Capacity Phase Changes Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 24, 2018 Last time finish applying the ideal gas equation thermal energy introduced heat capacity Overview heat capacity phase
More informationPhysics 2B Chapter 17 Notes - First Law of Thermo Spring 2018
Internal Energy o a Gas Work Done by a Gas Special Processes The First Law o Thermodynamics p Diagrams The First Law o Thermodynamics is all about the energy o a gas: how much energy does the gas possess,
More informationConservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy Energy can neither by created nor destroyed, but only transferred from one system to another and transformed from one form to another. Conservation of Energy Consider at a gas in
More informationLecture 25: Heat and The 1st Law of Thermodynamics Prof. WAN, Xin
General Physics I Lecture 5: Heat and he 1st Law o hermodynamics Pro. WAN, Xin xinwan@zju.edu.cn http://zimp.zju.edu.cn/~xinwan/ Latent Heat in Phase Changes Latent Heat he latent heat o vaporization or
More informationPhysics 2101 Section 3 April 23th: Chap. 18 Ann n ce n e t nnt : Quiz #8 Today Exam #4, A Exam #4, p A ril 28
Physics 2101 Section 3 April 23 th : Chap. 18 Announcements: n nt Quiz #8 Today Exam #4, April 28 th (Ch. 13.6-18.8) 18.8) Final Exam: May 11 th (Tuesday), 7:30 AM Make up Final: May 15 th (Saturday) 7:30
More informationThermodynamics Boltzmann (Gibbs) Distribution Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Second Law Entropy
Thermodynamics Boltzmann (Gibbs) Distribution Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Second Law Entropy Lana Sheridan De Anza College May 8, 2017 Last time modeling an ideal gas at the microscopic level pressure,
More informationLecture 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics (Ch.1)
Lecture he First Law o hermodynamics (h.) Lecture - we introduced macroscopic parameters that describe the state o a thermodynamic system (including temperature), the equation o state (,,) 0, and linked
More information12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes
Name APPH7_Notes3key Page 1 of 6 AP Physics Date Notes: Thermodynamics 12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy
More information2/18/2019. Ideal-Gas Processes. Thermodynamics systems. Thermodynamics systems
Thermodynamics systems A thermodynamic system is any collection of objects that may exchange energy with its surroundings. The popcorn in the pot is a thermodynamic system. In the thermodynamic process
More informationThermodynamics systems
Thermodynamics systems A thermodynamic system is any collection of objects that may exchange energy with its surroundings. The popcorn in the pot is a thermodynamic system. In the thermodynamic process
More informationThermodynamics Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 30, 2018 Last time heat transfer conduction Newton s law of cooling Overview continue heat transfer mechanisms conduction over a distance
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics E int = Q + W other state variables E int is a state variable, so only depends on condition (P, V, T, ) of system. Therefore, E int only depends on initial and final states
More informationThermodynamics Molecular Model of a Gas Molar Heat Capacities
Thermodynamics Molecular Model of a Gas Molar Heat Capacities Lana Sheridan De Anza College May 3, 2018 Last time modeling an ideal gas at the microscopic level rms speed of molecules equipartition of
More informationAP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers!
AP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) Sadi Carnot was a French military engineer and physicist, often
More informationThermodynamics Second Law Heat Engines
Thermodynamics Second Law Heat Engines Lana Sheridan De Anza College May 10, 2018 Last time entropy (microscopic perspective) Overview heat engines heat pumps Carnot engines Heat Engines Steam engines
More informationLecture 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Lecture 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics Latent Heat Last lecture, we saw that adding heat to an object does not always change the temperature of the object In some cases, the heat causes a phase change
More informationENERGY ANALYSIS: CLOSED SYSTEM
ENERGY ANALYSIS: CLOSED SYSTEM A closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings through heat and work transer. In other words, work and heat are the orms that energy can be transerred across the
More informationPhysics 202 Homework 5
Physics 202 Homework 5 Apr 29, 2013 1. A nuclear-fueled electric power plant utilizes a so-called boiling water reac- 5.8 C tor. In this type of reactor, nuclear energy causes water under pressure to boil
More informationVersion 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore (21301jtsizemore) 1
Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore 21301jtsizemore 1 This print-out should have 38 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering.
More informationThermodynamic Systems
Thermodynamic Systems For purposes of analysis we consider two types of Thermodynamic Systems: Closed System - usually referred to as a System or a Control Mass. This type of system is separated from its
More informationThermodynamics: The Laws
Thermodynamics: The Laws Resources: Serway The Laws of Thermodynamics: 12 AP Physics B Videos Physics B Lesson 29: Laws of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of heat and thermal
More informationDistinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas (2)
1. This question is about thermodynamic processes. (a) Distinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas.......... An ideal gas is held in a container by a moveable
More informationPhysics 231. Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics. Alex Brown Dec MSU Physics 231 Fall
Physics 231 Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics Alex Brown Dec 7-11 2015 MSU Physics 231 Fall 2015 1 8 th 10 pm correction for 3 rd exam 9 th 10 pm attitude survey (1% for participation) 10 th 10 pm concept
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 112. Homework #4. Benjamin Stahl. February 2, 2015
UIERSIY OF CALIFORIA - SAA CRUZ DEPARME OF PHYSICS PHYS Homework #4 Benjamin Stahl February, 05 PROBLEM It is given that the heat absorbed by a mole o ideal gas in a uasi-static process in which both its
More informationPhysics 111. Lecture 39 (Walker: 17.6, 18.2) Latent Heat Internal Energy First Law of Thermodynamics May 8, Latent Heats
Physics 111 Lecture 39 (Walker: 17.6, 18.2) Latent Heat Internal Energy First Law of Thermodynamics May 8, 2009 Lecture 39 1/26 Latent Heats The heat required to convert from one phase to another is called
More informationThe laws of Thermodynamics. Work in thermodynamic processes
The laws of Thermodynamics ork in thermodynamic processes The work done on a gas in a cylinder is directly proportional to the force and the displacement. = F y = PA y It can be also expressed in terms
More informationTemperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines
Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines Zeroeth Law Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third
More informationLecture 5. PHYC 161 Fall 2016
Lecture 5 PHYC 161 Fall 2016 Ch. 19 First Law of Thermodynamics In a thermodynamic process, changes occur in the state of the system. Careful of signs! Q is positive when heat flows into a system. W is
More informationThe goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work. Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy
Thermodynamics The goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work Main lesson: Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy This is because heat energy comes
More informationChapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy. It includes the transfer of both mechanical and thermal energy. First
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationThe first law of thermodynamics. U = internal energy. Q = amount of heat energy transfer
Thermodynamics Investigation of the energy transfer by heat and work and how natural systems behave (Q) Heat transfer of energy due to temp differences. (W) Work transfer of energy through mechanical means.
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationCHEM Thermodynamics. Work. There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system:
There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system: Thermodynamics Work 1. By flow of heat, q Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between and the surroundings 2. By doing work, w Work can
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, Physics 121. April 24, Course Information
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationThermodynamics Heat & Internal Energy Heat Capacity
Thermodynamics Heat & Internal Energy Heat Capacity Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 23, 2018 Last time the ideal gas equation moles and molecules Overview finish applying the ideal gas equation thermal
More informationLecture 7, 8 and 9 : Thermodynamic process by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori CONTENTS. 7) Thermodynamic process, path and cycle 2
CONTENTS Topics pages 7) Thermodynamic process, path and cycle 8) Reversibility and irreversibility 4 9) Thermodynamic processes and calculation of work 5 9.: Constant pressure process or isobaric process
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
THERMODYNAMICS Important Points:. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: a) This law gives the concept of temperature. b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
More informationElectricity and Magnetism DC Circuits Resistance-Capacitance Circuits
Electricity and Magnetism DC Circuits Resistance-Capacitance Circuits Lana Sheridan De Anza College Feb 12, 2018 Last time using Kirchhoff s laws Overview two Kirchhoff trick problems resistance-capacitance
More informationUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON. University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS. For The Following Qualifications:-
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS For The Following Qualifications:- B.Sc. M.Sci. Physics 1B28: Thermal Physics COURSE CODE : PHYSIB28 UNIT VALUE : 0.50 DATE
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics Modern Physics August 31, 2016 1 Energy Conservation In this section, we will discuss the concepts of heat, internal energy, and work. In PHY 140, we had talked about conservation
More informationThe area under the graph in a PV diagram is equal in magnitude to
a volume V and exerts a uniform pressure P on the cylinder walls and the piston. The gas is compressed slowly enough so the system remains essentially in thermodynamic equilibrium at all times. As the
More information, is placed in thermal contact with object B, with mass m, specific heat c B. and initially at temperature T B
4C_PLC http://www.cabrillo.edu/~jmccullough/physics4c/files/4c_plc/4c_plc.htm Page 1 of 8 /6/201 1. The heat capacity at constant volume and the heat capacity at constant pressure have different values
More informationQuiz C&J page 365 (top), Check Your Understanding #12: Consider an ob. A) a,b,c,d B) b,c,a,d C) a,c,b,d D) c,b,d,a E) b,a,c,d
Quiz on Chapter 12 Quiz 10 1. C&J page 365 (top), Check Your Understanding #12: Consider an ob A) a,b,c,d B) b,c,a,d C) a,c,b,d D) c,b,d,a E) b,a,c,d Quiz 10 1. C&J page 365 (top), Check Your Understanding
More informationPhase Changes and Latent Heat
Review Questions Why can a person remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers without getting burned, yet will be burned doing so if the foil is wet. Equal quantities of alcohol
More informationUNIVESITY OF SWAZILAND FACl.JLTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVESITY OF SWAZILAND FACl.LTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Main Examination 2016/2017. COURSE NAME: Thermodynamics/Thermofluids COURSE CODE: PHY242/EEE202 TIME ALLOWED: 3 hours ANSWER
More information(Heat capacity c is also called specific heat) this means that the heat capacity number c for water is 1 calorie/gram-k.
Lecture 23: Ideal Gas Law and The First Law of Thermodynamics 1 (REVIEW) Chapter 17: Heat Transfer Origin of the calorie unit A few hundred years ago when people were investigating heat and temperature
More informationElectricity and Magnetism Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential
Electricity and Magnetism Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential Lana Sheridan De Anza College Jan 23, 2018 Last time implications of Gauss s law introduced electric potential energy in which the
More informationPhysics 141. Lecture 24.
Physics 141. Lecture 24. 0.5 µm particles in water, 50/50 glycerol-water, 75/25 glycerol-water, glycerol http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/squishy/brownianmotionlab.html Frank L. H. Wolfs Department
More informationChapter 3 - First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 3 - dynamics The ideal gas law is a combination of three intuitive relationships between pressure, volume, temp and moles. David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton Fall 2013 When a gas expands, it
More informationElectricity and Magnetism DC Circuits Resistance-Capacitance Circuits
Electricity and Magnetism DC Circuits Resistance-Capacitance Circuits Lana Sheridan De Anza College Feb 12, 2018 Last time using Kirchhoff s laws Overview two Kirchhoff trick problems resistance-capacitance
More informationChapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Questions and Example Problems
Chapter 9: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Questions and Example Problems N M V f N M Vo sam n pv nrt Nk T W nrt ln B A molar nmv RT k T rms B p v K k T λ rms avg B V M m πd N/V Q nc T Q nc T C C + R E nc
More information(prev) (top) (next) (Throughout, we will assume the processes involve an ideal gas with constant n.)
1 of 9 8/22/12 9:51 PM (prev) (top) (next) Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamic processes can be: 2 isothermal processes, ΔT = 0 (so P ~ 1 / V); isobaric processes, ΔP = 0 (so T ~ V); isovolumetric or isochoric
More informationThermodynamics. AP Physics B
Thermodynamics AP Physics B Important Distinctions Thermodynamics study of processes in which energy is transferred as heat and work. There is a difference between heat and work: Heat is energy transferred
More informationMechanics Units, Dimensional Analysis, and Unit Conversion
Mechanics Units, Dimensional Analysis, and Unit Conversion Lana Sheridan De Anza College Sept 25, 2018 Last time introduced the course basic ideas about science and physics Overview introduce SI units
More informationMore Thermodynamics. Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes
More Thermodynamics Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Cycle Efficiency of Engines Entropy More Thermodynamics 1 Specific Heat of Gases
More informationThe Kinetic Theory of Gases
PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Ideal gas RMS speed Internal energy Isothermal process Isobaric process Isochoric process Adiabatic process General process 1. Figure
More informationThermodynamics and Energy. First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Transfer Mechanisms. Applications of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics and Energy The most fundamental laws of nature: First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Transfer Mechanisms Physics Enhancement Programme Dr. M.H. CHAN Principle of Conservation of Energy
More informationDistinguish between. and non-thermal energy sources.
Distinguish between System & Surroundings We also distinguish between thermal We also distinguish between thermal and non-thermal energy sources. P Work The gas in the cylinder is the system How much work
More informationSurvey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws
Survey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws Please select only one of the five choices, (a)-(e) for each of the 33 questions. All temperatures T are absolute temperatures. All experiments
More informationPhysics 141. Lecture 24. December 5 th. An important day in the Netherlands. Physics 141. Lecture 24. Course Information. Quiz
Physics 141. Lecture 24. 0.5 µm particles in water, 50/50 glycerol-water, 75/25 glycerol-water, glycerol http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/squishy/brownianmotionlab.html Frank L. H. Wolfs Department
More informationThe first law of thermodynamics continued
Lecture 7 The first law of thermodynamics continued Pre-reading: 19.5 Where we are The pressure p, volume V, and temperature T are related by an equation of state. For an ideal gas, pv = nrt = NkT For
More informationElectricity and Magnetism Charge and Conduction Coulomb s Law
Electricity and Magnetism Charge and Conduction Coulomb s Law Lana Sheridan De Anza College Jan 9, 2018 Last time course structure introduced charge Overview conductors insulators induced charge quantization
More informationStatic Equilibrium Gravitation
Static Equilibrium Gravitation Lana Sheridan De Anza College Dec 6, 2017 Overview One more static equilibrium example Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation gravitational potential energy little g Example
More informationS6. (a) State what is meant by an ideal gas...
IB PHYSICS Name: DEVIL PHYSICS Period: Date: BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS TSOKOS CHAPTER 3 TEST REVIEW S1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by A. conduction. B. radiation.
More informationLecture 10: Heat Engines and Reversible Processes
Lecture 10: Heat Engines and Reversible Processes Last time we started discussing cyclic heat engines these are devices that convert heat energy into mechanical work We found that in general, heat engines
More informationA thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state X along the path XYZX as shown in the PV-diagram.
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Thermodynamics 1. The maximum efficiency of a heat engine that operates between temperatures of 1500 K in the firing chamber and 600 K in the exhaust chamber is most
More informationChapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory
Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro s Number The atomic number of an element is the # of protons in its nucleus. Isotopes of an element have different
More informationCHEM* Physical Chemistry FALL Assignment #1: SOLUTIONS. Gases. Thermodynamics: heat and work
CHEM*2880 - hysical Chemistry FALL 2005 Assignment #1: SOLUTIONS Gases. Thermodynamics: heat and work 1. 1 mol o nitrogen and mol o hydrogen are injected into a container o volume 10 dm at 298K. What are
More informationWhat is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us?
What is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us? The overall goal of thermodynamics is to describe what happens to a system (anything of interest) when we change the variables that characterized the
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Isotherm
12 THERMODYNAMICS Zeroth law of thermodynamics Two systems separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Isotherm It is the graph connecting pressure
More informationDownloaded from
Chapter 12 (Thermodynamics) Multiple Choice Questions Single Correct Answer Type Q1. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the same initial state (figure). Four processes are adiabatic,
More informationChapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Topics: Chapter Goal: Conservation of Energy Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics This false-color thermal image (an infrared photo) shows where heat energy is escaping from a house. In this chapter we investigate the connection
More informationHeat and Thermodynamics. February. 2, Solution of Recitation 2. Consider the first case when air is allowed to expand isothermally.
Heat and Thermodynamics. February., 0 Solution of Recitation Answer : We have given that, Initial volume of air = = 0.4 m 3 Initial pressure of air = P = 04 kpa = 04 0 3 Pa Final pressure of air = P =
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationThermodynamics. AP Physics B
Thermodynamics AP Physics B ork done by a gas Suppose you had a piston filled with a specific amount of gas. As you add heat, the temperature rises and thus the volume of the gas expands. The gas then
More informationFirst major ( 043 ) a) 180 degrees b) 90 degrees c) 135 degrees d) 45 degrees e) 270 degrees
First major ( 043 ) 1) The displacement of a string carrying a traveling sinusoidal wave is given by y(x,t) = y m sin( kx ωt ϕ ). At time t = 0 the point at x = 0 has a displacement of zero and is moving
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationUnified Thermodynamics Quiz 1
Unified Thermodynamics Quiz 1 November 22, 2006 Calculators allowed. No books or notes allowed. A list of equations is provided. Put your ID number on each page of the exam. Read all questions carefully.
More informationFluids, Thermodynamics, Waves, and Optics Fluids
Fluids, Thermodynamics, Waves, and Optics Fluids Lana Sheridan De Anza College April 10, 2018 Overview static fluids pressure liquid pressure Pascal s law Elastic Properties of Solids We are considering
More informationCHAPTER 3 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 52 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 3 TEST REVIEW 1. Water at a temperature of 0 C is kept in a thermally insulated container.
More informationThermodynamics Heat Transfer The Kinetic Theory of Gases Molecular Model
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer The Kinetic Theory of Gases Molecular Model Lana Sheridan De Anza College May 1, 2017 Last time more about phase changes work, heat, and the first law of thermodynamics P-V
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics. Lecture 5
The First Law of Thermodynamics Lecture 5 First Law of Thermodynamics Overlooks the fine microscopic details (which in many cases are irrelevant). Describes the conversion of one form of energy (heat)
More information10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes
10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes I. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A. SYSTEMS AND SURROUNDING B. PV DIAGRAMS AND WORK DONE V -1 Source: Physics for the IB Diploma Study
More informationCH 15. Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics
CH 15 Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics Branch of Physics that is built upon the fundamental laws that heat and work obey. Central Heating Objectives: After finishing
More informationPhysics 53. Thermal Physics 1. Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital.
Physics 53 Thermal Physics 1 Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital. Arthur Koestler Overview In the following sections we will treat macroscopic systems
More informationPaper-II Chapter- TS-equation, Maxwell s equation. z = z(x, y) dz = dx + dz = Mdx + Ndy. dy Now. = 2 z
aper-ii Chapter- S-equation, Maxwell s equation Let heorem: Condition o exact dierential: Where M Hence, z x dz dx and N Q. Derive Maxwell s equations z x z zx, z dx + dz Mdx + Nd z d Now 2 z x M N x x
More informationPES 2130 Exam 1/page 1. PES Physics 3 Exam 1. Name: SOLUTIONS Score: / 100
PES 2130 Exam 1/page 1 PES 2130 - Physics 3 Exam 1 Name: SOLUTIONS Score: / 100 Instructions Time allowed or this is exam is 1 hours 15 minutes 10 written problems For written problems: Write all answers
More informationTopic 3 &10 Review Thermodynamics
Name: Date: Topic 3 &10 Review Thermodynamics 1. The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of A. the total energy of the molecules of the object. B. the total kinetic energy of the molecules of
More information8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 8.21 Lecture 10 Phase Change
More informationThermodynamics 1 Lecture Note 2
Thermodynamics 1 Lecture Note 2 March 20, 2015 Kwang Kim Yonsei University kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 39 8 7 34 53 Y O N Se I 88.91 16.00 14.01 78.96 126.9 Physical Chemistry Chemistry is the study of Matter and
More informationS15--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch13_14_15 PRACTICE
Name: Class: Date: S5--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch3_4_5 PRACTICE Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the following is a thermodynamic
More informationDr. Fritz Wilhelm page 1 of 24 C:\physics\230 lecture\ch22 Heat engines entropy 2nd law.docx; 2/18/2010
Dr. Fritz Wilhelm page o 4 C:\physics\0 lecture\ch Heat engines entropy nd law.docx; /8/00 Homework: See website.. Heat Engines and the Second Law o hermodynamics,. A Heat Pump or Rerigerator. Reversible
More informationU = 4.18 J if we heat 1.0 g of water through 1 C. U = 4.18 J if we cool 1.0 g of water through 1 C.
CHAPER LECURE NOES he First Law of hermodynamics: he simplest statement of the First Law is as follows: U = q + w. Here U is the internal energy of the system, q is the heat and w is the work. CONVENIONS
More informationPhysics 115. Specific heats revisited Entropy. General Physics II. Session 13
Physics 115 General Physics II Session 13 Specific heats revisited Entropy R. J. Wilkes Email: phy115a@u.washington.edu Home page: http://courses.washington.edu/phy115a/ 4/22/14 Physics 115 1 Lecture Schedule
More informationThe Laws of Thermodynamics
MME 231: Lecture 06 he Laws of hermodynamics he Second Law of hermodynamics. A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUE, Dhaka oday s opics Relation between entropy transfer and heat Entropy change
More information