Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines"

Transcription

1

2 Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines

3 Zeroeth Law Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system (such as a thermometer) are in thermal equilibrium with each other. That is, there is no flow of heat within a system in thermal equilibrium

4 1st Law of Thermo The change of internal energy of a system due to a temperature or phase change is given by: E Q W int Temperature Change: Q = mc T Phase Change: Q = ml Q is positive when the system GAINS heat and negative when it LOSES heat.

5 Specific Heat: Thermal Inertia The Specific Heat of a substance is the amount of Energy it requires to raise the temperature of 1 kg, 1 degree Celsius. Q Q J mc T c 0 m T kg C The higher the specific heat, the more energy it takes and the longer it takes to heat up and to cool off. The lower the specific heat, the less energy it takes and the quicker it takes to heat up and cool off. Substances with HIGH specific heat STORE heat energy and make good thermal moderators. (Ex: Water, Oceans)

6 Phase Change Q ml A change from one phase to another A phase change always occurs with an exchange of energy! A phase change always occurs at constant temperature!

7 Heat flows from HOT to COLD Conduction (solids) Convection (liquids & gases) Radiation (solids, gases, plasma)

8 Thermo Processes Eint Q W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E int = Q Isothermal Constant temperature E int = 0 and Q = -W W V i nrt ln V f

9 P V = nrt n = # moles R = 8.31 J/(mol-K) Universal Gas Constant PV = Nkt N= # particles k =1.38 x J/K Boltzmann s Constant Note: PV is units of Energy!

10 2nd Law of Thermo Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the reverse direction. Heat flows from hot to cold. Alternative: Irreversible processes must have an increase in Entropy; Reversible processes have no change in Entropy. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system

11 It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero. 3rd Law of Thermo T C = T

12 Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution

13 Internal Energy of Monatomic and Diatomic Gases The thermal energy of a monatomic gas of N atoms is A diatomic gas has more thermal energy than a monatomic gas at the same temperature because the molecules have rotational as well as translational kinetic energy.

14 Thermo Processes Eint Q W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E int = Q Isothermal Constant temperature E int = 0 and Q = -W W V i nrt ln V f

15 Cyclic Processes E int = 0 A cyclic process is one that starts and ends in the same state On a PV diagram, a cyclic process appears as a closed curve If E int = 0, Q = -W In a cyclic process, the net work done on the system per cycle equals the area enclosed by the path representing the process on a PV diagram

16 Heat Engines The Otto cycle approximates the processes occurring in an internal combustion engine If the air-fuel mixture is assumed to be an ideal gas, then the efficiency of the Otto cycle is 1 e 1 V V is the ratio of the molar specific heats V 1 / V 2 is called the compression ratio Typical values: Compression ratio of 8 = 1.4 e = 56% Efficiencies of real engines are 15% to 20% Mainly due to friction, energy transfer by conduction, incomplete combustion of the air-fuel mixture

17 Carnot Engine Carnot Cycle A heat engine operating in an ideal, reversible cycle (now called a Carnot cycle) between two reservoirs is the most efficient engine possible. This sets an upper limit on the efficiencies of all other engines Q T T and ec 1 Q T T c c c h h h Temperatures must be in Kelvins

18 Chapter 16 A Macroscopic Description of Matter Chapter Goal: To learn the characteristics of macroscopic systems Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-2

19 States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas What is the most common state of matter in the Universe?

20

21 Fluids: Liquids & Gases Fluids are substances that are free to flow. Atoms and molecules are free to move. They take the shape of their containers. Cannot withstand or exert shearing forces. Liquids: Incompressible (density constant) Gases: Compressible (density depends on pressure) Parameters to describe Fluids: Density: = mass/volume Pressure: P = Force/Area [P] = N/m 2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)

22 Liquid Units There are 1000 liters in 1 cubic meter! 1 liter = 10-3 m 3 = 10 3 cm 3 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kg and a weight of 9.8N. 1kg 1000kg H2 0 liter m 3

23 Density Density of C: water = 1g/cm 3 = 1000 kg/m 3 = 1kg/liter Density of 0 C: m V Air = 1.29x10-3 g/cm 3 = 1.29 kg/m 3 Density depends on temperature! Most substances EXPAND upon heating. How does that change their densities? m V m V REDUCES DENSITY!

24 Densities of Various Materials 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-24

25 Water: The Exception C: water =1000 kg/m 3 0 C: ice = 917 kg/m 3

26 Pressure in a fluid is due to the weight P Force Area of a fluid. P mg ( V) g A A ( Ah) g A gh Pressure depends on Depth!

27 Pressure IN a Fluid Is due to the weight of the fluid above you Depends on Depth and Density Only Does NOT depend on how much water is present Acts perpendicular to surfaces (no shearing) Pressure s add At a particular depth, pressure is exerted equally in ALL directions including sideways (empirical fact)

28 Pressure Problem What is the water pressure 15 m below the surface of the lake? Assume it is pure water. P gh 1000 kg / m 3 (9.8 m/ s 2 )15m x10 N / m 147kPa 1 Pascal 1 N/ m 2

29 Pressure ON a Fluid Liquids cannot be compressed to a smaller volume. Liquids are incompressible. Gases can be compressed to a smaller volume. Gases are compressible.

30 The Atmosphere At sea level, the atmosphere has a density of about 1.29 kg/m 3. The average density up to 120 km is about 8.59 x10-2 kg/m 3.

31 The Atmosphere A square meter extending up through the atmosphere has a mass of about 10,000 kg and a weight of about 100,000 N. 1 N/m 2 is a Pascal atm x Pa psi

32 Measuring Pressure 5 1atm 1.013x10 Pa Why is the pressure at X equal to atmospheric pressure? P gh Because if it didn t, the mercury would be pushed out of the dish! P mercury gh h h P mercury g 2 101,300 N/ m 13, 600 kg / m x9.8 m / s 3 2 mercury water 13.6 water 1000 kg / m 3 h 760mm

33 Measuring Pressure Can a barometer be made with Water instead of Mercury? P h water P water gh g h 2 101,300 N/ m 1000 kg / m x9.8 m / s 3 2 mercury water 13.6 water 1000 kg / m 3 h 10.3m (Notice: 10.3m is just 13.6 x 760mm!)

34 Barometers Measuring Air Pressure Fluid in the tube adjusts until the weight of the fluid column balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir. 10.3m Not to Scale!!! Mercury Barometer atm x Pa Water Barometer 760mm

35 Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure: P P gh 0 Guage Pressure: P0 gh Guage pressure is what you measure in your tires Absoulte pressure is the pressure at B and is what is used in PV = nrt

36 Zero Pressure: Making A Vacuum Mechanical Vacuum Pump Minimum pressure produced by mechanical pump:~1pa Minimum pressure produced by hi tech: Pa Zero pressure not allowed by Quantum Uncertainty! Absolute pressure cannot be negative: Pressure pushes not pulls! Gauge pressure can be negative because it is a relative pressure.

37 Nature abhors a Vacuum. -Aristotle

38 Atomic Units The Basics Atomic Number: # protons Atomic Mass: # atomic mass units (u) Atomic Mass Unit: 1/12 mass of C-12 atom amu = u = 1.66 x kg Atomic Mass of C = u (1% is C-13) Mass of 1 C = (12.011u) (1.66 x kg/u)

39 Moles and Avogadro s Number N A = x mol -1 Mole (mol) = # atoms or molecules (particles) as are in 12 grams of Carbon-12: 1 mole = x particles Avogadro s Number: the number of particles in one mole: N A = x mol -1 # moles n contained in a sample of N particles: n = N/ N A # particles in a sample is: N = n N A

40 More on Moles The mass / mol for any substance has the same numerical value as its atomic mass: mass/mol C-12 = 12 g / mol mass/mol Li = g / mol n = mass / (mass/mole) = mass / atomic mass n = mass / atomic mass

41 Q: How many moles are in 1 kg of Sodium? mass/mole = atomic mass Na: g / mol n = mass / (mass/mole) = 1000 g / ( g/mol) = 43.5 moles Q: How many atoms in 1 kg of Sodium? # particles in a sample is: N = n N A N = (43.5mol) x mol -1 = 2.62 x atoms

42 Number Density It is often useful to know the number of atoms or molecules per cubic meter in a system. We call this quantity the number density. In an N-atom system that fills volume V, the number density is: The SI units of number density are m Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-26

43 QuickCheck 16.1 The volume of this cube is A m 3. B. 8 m 3. C m 3. D m 3. E m Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-27

44 QuickCheck 16.1 The volume of this cube is A m 3. B. 8 m 3. C m 3. D m 3. E m Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-28

45 QuickCheck 16.2 Which contains more molecules, a mole of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) or a mole of oxygen gas (O 2 )? A. The hydrogen. B. The oxygen. C. They each contain the same number of molecules. D. Can t tell without knowing their temperatures Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-32

46 QuickCheck 16.2 Which contains more molecules, a mole of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) or a mole of oxygen gas (O 2 )? A. The hydrogen. B. The oxygen. C. They each contain the same number of molecules. D. Can t tell without knowing their temperatures Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-33

47 Temperature What is temperature? Temperature is related to how much thermal energy is in a system (more on this in Chapter 18). For now, in a very practical sense, temperature is what we measure with a thermometer! In a glass-tube thermometer, such as the ones shown, a small volume of liquid expands or contracts when placed in contact with a hot or cold object. The object s temperature is determined by the length of the column of liquid Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-35

48 Temperature The Celsius temperature scale is defined by setting T C 0 for the freezing point of pure water, and T C 100 for the boiling point. The Kelvin temperature scale has the same unit size as Celsius, with the zero point at absolute zero. The conversion from the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale is: The Fahrenheit scale, still widely used in the United States, is defined by its relation to the Celsius scale, as follows: 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-36

49 Temperature 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-37

50 Absolute Temperature Scale, K The absolute temperature scale is based on two fixed points Adopted by in 1954 by the International Committee on Weights and Measures One point is absolute zero The other point is the triple point of water This is the combination of temperature and pressure where ice, water, and steam can all coexist

51 Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature Figure (a) shows a constantvolume gas thermometer. Figure (b) shows the pressuretemperature relationship for three different gases. There is a linear relationship between temperature and pressure. All gases extrapolate to zero pressure at the same temperature: T C. This is called absolute zero, and forms the basis for the absolute temperature scale (Kelvin) Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-40

52 P V = nrt n = # moles R = 8.31 J/(mol-K) Universal Gas Constant PV = Nkt N= # particles k =1.38 x J/K Boltzmann s Constant Note: PV is units of Energy!

53 The only interaction between particles are elastic collisions (no sticky - no loss of KE) This requires LOW DENSITY Excellent Approximation for O, N, Ar, room temperature and pressures State is described by the Ideal Gas Law Non Ideal are Van der Waals gases

54 Ideal Gas Problem An ideal gas with a fixed number of molecules is maintained at a constant pressure. At 30.0 C, the volume of the gas is 1.50 m 3. What is the volume of the gas when the temperature is increased to 75.0 C? PV nrt 1 1 PV nrt 2 2 V V T 1 1 T 2 2 V T V T K 1.5m m 3 303K

55 QuickCheck 16.6 Two identical cylinders, A and B, contain the same type of gas at the same pressure. Cylinder A has twice as much gas as cylinder B. Which is true? A. T A T B B. T A T B C. T A T B D. Not enough information to make a comparison Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-50

56 QuickCheck 16.6 Two identical cylinders, A and B, contain the same type of gas at the same pressure. Cylinder A has twice as much gas as cylinder B. Which is true? A. T A T B B. T A T B C. T A T B D. Not enough information to make a comparison Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-51

57 QuickCheck 16.7 Two cylinders, A and B, contain the same type of gas at the same temperature. Cylinder A has twice the volume as cylinder B and contains half as many molecules as cylinder B. Which is true? A. p A 4p B B. p A 2p B C. p A p B 1 D. p A p B 2 1 E. p A 4 p B 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-52

58 QuickCheck 16.7 Two cylinders, A and B, contain the same type of gas at the same temperature. Cylinder A has twice the volume as cylinder B and contains half as many molecules as cylinder B. Which is true? A. p A 4p B B. p A 2p B C. p A p B 1 D. p A p B 2 1 E. p A 4 p B 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-53

59 1st Law of Thermo The change of internal energy of a system due to a temperature or phase change is given by: E Q W int Temperature Change: Q = mc T Phase Change: Q = ml Q is positive when the system GAINS heat and negative when it LOSES heat.

60 The First Law of Thermodynamics E Q W int The First Law of Thermodynamics is a special case of the Law of Conservation of Energy It takes into account changes in internal energy and energy transfers by heat and work Although Q and W each are dependent on the path, Q + W is independent of the path

61 Temperature Change and Specific Heat The amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is called the specific heat c of that substance. If W = 0, so no work is done by or on the system, then the heat needed to bring about a temperature change T is: The molar specific heat C is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by 1 K Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-60

62 Specific Heat: Thermal Inertia The Specific Heat of a substance is the amount of Energy it requires to raise the temperature of 1 kg, 1 degree Celsius. Q Q J mc T c 0 m T kg C The higher the specific heat, the more energy it takes and the longer it takes to heat up and to cool off. The lower the specific heat, the less energy it takes and the quicker it takes to heat up and cool off. Substances with HIGH specific heat STORE heat energy and make good thermal moderators. (Ex: Water, Oceans)

63

64 PRELAB!! A combination of kg of water at 20.0 C, kg of aluminum at 26.0 C, and kg of copper at 100 C is mixed in an insulated container and allowed to come to thermal equilibrium. Ignore any energy transfer to or from the container and determine the final temperature of the mixture.

65 Work in Thermodynamics Work can be done on a deformable system, such as a gas Consider a cylinder with a moveable piston A force is applied to slowly compress the gas The compression is slow enough for all the system to remain essentially in thermal equilibrium This is said to occur quasi-statically dw F dr Fˆj dyˆ j Fdy PA dy PdV dw PdV

66 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes On a pv diagram, the work done on a gas W has a nice geometric interpretation. W = the negative of the area under the pv curve between V i and V f. W V V f i P dv 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-28

67 Work W V V f i P dv

68 Work Done By Various Paths W V V f i P dv Not necessarily an isotherm! W P( V V ) i f i W P ( V V ) f f i W P( V ) dv The work done depends on the path taken!

69 Three Special Ideal-Gas Processes For an isochoric process, insert the locking pin so the volume cannot change. For an isothermal process, keep the thin bottom in thermal contact with the flame or the ice. For an adiabatic process, add insulation beneath the cylinder, so no heat is transferred in or out. Slide 17-52

70 Constant-Volume Process A constant-volume process is called an isochoric process. Consider the gas in a closed, rigid container. Warming the gas with a flame will raise its pressure without changing its volume Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-62

71 Constant-Pressure Process A constant-pressure process is called an isobaric process. Consider a cylinder of gas with a tight-fitting piston of mass M that can slide up and down but seals the container. In equilibrium, the gas pressure inside the cylinder is: 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-65

72 Constant-Temperature Process A constant-temperature process is called an isothermal process. Consider a piston being pushed down to compress a gas. Heat is transferred through the walls of the cylinder to keep T fixed, so that: The graph of p versus V for an isotherm is a hyperbola Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-73

73 Isochoric In an isochoric process, when the volume does not change, no work is done Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-37

74 Isobaric In an isobaric process, when pressure is a constant and the volume changes by V = V f V i, the work done during the process is: 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-38

75 Isothermal In an isothermal process, when temperature is a constant, the work done during the process is: 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-39

76 QuickCheck 17.2 The work done on the gas in this process is A J. B J. C. 0 J. D J. E J Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-29

77 QuickCheck 17.2 The work done on the gas in this process is A J. B J. C. 0 J. D J. E J. W = (area under pv curve) If the work done is NEGATIVE then how did the Temperature go up? 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-30

78 Cyclic Processes E int = 0 A cyclic process is one that starts and ends in the same state On a PV diagram, a cyclic process appears as a closed curve If E int = 0, Q = -W In a cyclic process, the net work done on the system per cycle equals the area enclosed by the path representing the process on a PV diagram

79 Work A gas is taken through the cyclic process as shown. Find the work done from AB, BC and CA. What is the net work done? In a cyclic process, the net work done on the system per cycle equals the area enclosed by the path representing the process on a PV diagram

80 Cyclic Processes Eint Q W 0 A gas is taken through the cyclic process as shown. (a) Find the net energy transferred to the system by heat during one complete cycle. (b) What If? If the cycle is reversed that is, the process follows the path ACBA what is the net energy input per cycle by heat? Find the net work done.

81 Adiabatic Processes Adiabatic Processes: Q=0 An adiabatic process is one for which: where: Adiabats are steeper than hyperbolic isotherms because only work is being done to change the Temperature. The temperature falls during an adiabatic expansion, and rises during an adiabatic compression. Slide 17-88

82 The Specific Heats of Gases Molar Specific Heats It is useful to define two different versions of the specific heat of gases, one for constant-volume processes and one for constant-pressure processes. The quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of n moles of gas by T is: where C V is the molar specific heat at constant volume and C P is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Slide 17-79

83 The Specific Heats of Gases Specific Heat Depends on Process Processes A and B have the same T and the same E th, but they require different amounts of heat. The reason is that work is done in process B but not in process A. The total change in thermal energy for any process, due to work and heat, is: Slide 17-78

84 C P and C V Molar Specific Heats Note that for all ideal gases: where R = 8.31 J/mol K is the universal gas constant. Slide 17-80

85 Molar Specific Heats Isobaric requires MORE HEAT than Isochoric for the same change in Temperature!!!!

86 Thermo Processes Eint Q W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E int = Q Isothermal Constant temperature E int = 0 and Q = -W W V i nrt ln V f

87 QuickCheck 17.7 Three possible processes A, B, and C take a gas from state i to state f. For which process is the heat transfer the largest? A. Process A. B. Process B. C. Process C. D. The heat is the same for all three Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-58

88 QuickCheck 17.7 Three possible processes A, B, and C take a gas from state i to state f. For which process is the heat transfer the largest? A. Process A. B. Process B. C. Process C. D. The heat is the same for all three. Same for all three E th = W + Q Most negative for A so Q must be most positive Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17-59

89 A Heat-Engine Example: Slide 1 of 3 Draw the Process on a PV Diagram Slide 19-38

90

91 Ideal-Gas Processes: PV DIAGRAMS 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

92 Eint Q W

93 A 4.00-L sample of a nitrogen gas confined to a cylinder, is carried through a closed cycle. The gas is initially at 1.00 atm and at 300 K. First, its pressure is tripled under constant volume. Then, it expands adiabatically to its original pressure. Finally, the gas is compressed isobarically to its original volume. (a) Draw a PV diagram of this cycle. (b) Find the number of moles of the gas. (c) Find the volumes and temperatures at the end of each process (d) Find the Work and heat for each process. (e) What was the net work done on the gas for this cycle?

Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry

Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Zeroeth Law Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system (such

More information

Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution

Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution

More information

Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution

Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution

More information

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

The Kinetic Theory of Gases PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Ideal gas RMS speed Internal energy Isothermal process Isobaric process Isochoric process Adiabatic process General process 1. Figure

More information

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON. University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS. For The Following Qualifications:-

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON. University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS. For The Following Qualifications:- UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS For The Following Qualifications:- B.Sc. M.Sci. Physics 1B28: Thermal Physics COURSE CODE : PHYSIB28 UNIT VALUE : 0.50 DATE

More information

Chapter 10. Thermal Physics. Thermodynamic Quantities: Volume V and Mass Density ρ Pressure P Temperature T: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 10. Thermal Physics. Thermodynamic Quantities: Volume V and Mass Density ρ Pressure P Temperature T: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 10 Thermal Physics Thermodynamic Quantities: Volume V and Mass Density ρ Pressure P Temperature T: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Scales Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids Ideal

More information

CHAPTER 17 WORK, HEAT, & FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER 17 WORK, HEAT, & FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER 17 WORK, HEAT, and the FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS In this chapter, we will examine various thermal properties of matter, as well as several mechanisms by which energy can be transferred to and

More information

Kinetic Theory continued

Kinetic Theory continued Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the

More information

Kinetic Theory continued

Kinetic Theory continued Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the

More information

Chapter 10. Thermal Physics

Chapter 10. Thermal Physics Chapter 10 Thermal Physics Thermal Physics Thermal physics is the study of Temperature Heat How these affect matter Thermal Physics, cont Descriptions require definitions of temperature, heat and internal

More information

Thermodynamics. Atoms are in constant motion, which increases with temperature.

Thermodynamics. Atoms are in constant motion, which increases with temperature. Thermodynamics SOME DEFINITIONS: THERMO related to heat DYNAMICS the study of motion SYSTEM an object or set of objects ENVIRONMENT the rest of the universe MICROSCOPIC at an atomic or molecular level

More information

First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Expansion of Solids

First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Expansion of Solids Slide 1 / 66 1 What is the name of the following statement: "When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other"? A B C D E First Law

More information

18.13 Review & Summary

18.13 Review & Summary 5/2/10 10:04 PM Print this page 18.13 Review & Summary Temperature; Thermometers Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains

More information

A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state X along the path XYZX as shown in the PV-diagram.

A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state X along the path XYZX as shown in the PV-diagram. AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Thermodynamics 1. The maximum efficiency of a heat engine that operates between temperatures of 1500 K in the firing chamber and 600 K in the exhaust chamber is most

More information

CHAPTER 16 A MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF MATTER

CHAPTER 16 A MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF MATTER CHAPTER 16 A MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF MATTER This brief chapter provides an introduction to thermodynamics. The goal is to use phenomenological descriptions of the microscopic details of matter in order

More information

Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number. Moles and Molar Mass. Moles and Molar Mass

Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number. Moles and Molar Mass. Moles and Molar Mass Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number The mass of an atom is determined primarily by its most massive constituents: protons and neutrons in its nucleus. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons is called

More information

Lesson 12. Luis Anchordoqui. Physics 168. Tuesday, November 28, 17

Lesson 12. Luis Anchordoqui. Physics 168. Tuesday, November 28, 17 Lesson 12 Physics 168 1 Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases 2 Atomic Theory of Matter On microscopic scale, arrangements of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases are quite different 3 Temperature

More information

(Heat capacity c is also called specific heat) this means that the heat capacity number c for water is 1 calorie/gram-k.

(Heat capacity c is also called specific heat) this means that the heat capacity number c for water is 1 calorie/gram-k. Lecture 23: Ideal Gas Law and The First Law of Thermodynamics 1 (REVIEW) Chapter 17: Heat Transfer Origin of the calorie unit A few hundred years ago when people were investigating heat and temperature

More information

10/12/10. Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter. Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter. State Variables.

10/12/10. Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter. Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter. State Variables. Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter Macroscopic systems are characterized as being either solid, liquid, or gas. These are called the phases of matter, and in this chapter we ll be interested

More information

Chapter 19. Heat Engines

Chapter 19. Heat Engines Chapter 19 Heat Engines Thermo Processes Eint = Q+ W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E

More information

Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Questions and Example Problems

Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Questions and Example Problems Chapter 9: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Questions and Example Problems N M V f N M Vo sam n pv nrt Nk T W nrt ln B A molar nmv RT k T rms B p v K k T λ rms avg B V M m πd N/V Q nc T Q nc T C C + R E nc

More information

Temperature and Thermometers. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. Most materials expand when heated.

Temperature and Thermometers. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. Most materials expand when heated. Heat Energy Temperature and Thermometers Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. Most materials expand when heated. Thermometers are instruments designed to measure temperature. In order

More information

Chapter 19. First Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian, 04/04/05

Chapter 19. First Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian, 04/04/05 Chapter 19 First Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian, 04/04/05 Heat and Work Work during volume change Work in Thermodynamics Work can be done on a deformable system, such as a gas Consider a cylinder

More information

A) 2.0 atm B) 2.2 atm C) 2.4 atm D) 2.9 atm E) 3.3 atm

A) 2.0 atm B) 2.2 atm C) 2.4 atm D) 2.9 atm E) 3.3 atm Name: Date: 1. On a cold day ( 3 C), the gauge pressure on a tire reads 2.0 atm. If the tire is heated to 27 C, what will be the absolute pressure of the air inside the tire? A) 2.0 atm B) 2.2 atm C) 2.4

More information

Phase Changes and Latent Heat

Phase Changes and Latent Heat Review Questions Why can a person remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers without getting burned, yet will be burned doing so if the foil is wet. Equal quantities of alcohol

More information

Dual Program Level 1 Physics Course

Dual Program Level 1 Physics Course Dual Program Level 1 Physics Course Assignment 15 Due: 11/Feb/2012 14:00 Assume that water has a constant specific heat capacity of 4190 J/kg K at all temperatures between its melting point and boiling

More information

Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore (21301jtsizemore) 1

Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore (21301jtsizemore) 1 Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore 21301jtsizemore 1 This print-out should have 38 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering.

More information

Thermodynamics systems

Thermodynamics systems Thermodynamics systems A thermodynamic system is any collection of objects that may exchange energy with its surroundings. The popcorn in the pot is a thermodynamic system. In the thermodynamic process

More information

2/18/2019. Ideal-Gas Processes. Thermodynamics systems. Thermodynamics systems

2/18/2019. Ideal-Gas Processes. Thermodynamics systems. Thermodynamics systems Thermodynamics systems A thermodynamic system is any collection of objects that may exchange energy with its surroundings. The popcorn in the pot is a thermodynamic system. In the thermodynamic process

More information

Physics 5D PRACTICE FINAL EXAM Fall 2013

Physics 5D PRACTICE FINAL EXAM Fall 2013 Print your name: Physics 5D PRACTICE FINAL EXAM Fall 2013 Real Exam is Wednesday December 11 Thimann Lecture 3 4:00-7:00 pm Closed book exam two 8.5x11 sheets of notes ok Note: Avogadro s number N A =

More information

General Physics I (aka PHYS 2013)

General Physics I (aka PHYS 2013) General Physics I (aka PHYS 2013) PROF. VANCHURIN (AKA VITALY) University of Minnesota, Duluth (aka UMD) OUTLINE CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 19 REVIEW CHAPTER 12: FLUID MECHANICS Section 12.1: Density Section 12.2:

More information

Physics 4C Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases

Physics 4C Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Physics 4C Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Whether you think you can or think you can t, you re usually right. Henry Ford The only thing in life that is achieved without effort is failure. Source

More information

Unit Outline. I. Introduction II. Gas Pressure III. Gas Laws IV. Gas Law Problems V. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases VI.

Unit Outline. I. Introduction II. Gas Pressure III. Gas Laws IV. Gas Law Problems V. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases VI. Unit 10: Gases Unit Outline I. Introduction II. Gas Pressure III. Gas Laws IV. Gas Law Problems V. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases VI. Real Gases I. Opening thoughts Have you ever: Seen a hot air balloon?

More information

Chapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics

Chapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work

More information

Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy. It includes the transfer of both mechanical and thermal energy. First

More information

PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems. Temperature, Heat & The First Law of Thermodynamics

PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems. Temperature, Heat & The First Law of Thermodynamics PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 18 Temperature, Heat & The First Law of Thermodynamics Equilibrium & temperature scales Thermal expansion Exchange of heat First law of thermodynamics Heat conduction

More information

Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version -

Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - 74. The rate of heat flow by conduction through a slab does NOT depend upon the: A. temperature difference between opposite faces of the slab B. thermal conductivity of the slab C. slab thickness D. cross-sectional

More information

S15--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch13_14_15 PRACTICE

S15--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch13_14_15 PRACTICE Name: Class: Date: S5--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch3_4_5 PRACTICE Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the following is a thermodynamic

More information

Chapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

Chapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro s Number The atomic number of an element is the # of protons in its nucleus. Isotopes of an element have different

More information

Chapter 10, Thermal Physics

Chapter 10, Thermal Physics CHAPTER 10 1. If it is given that 546 K equals 273 C, then it follows that 400 K equals: a. 127 C b. 150 C c. 473 C d. 1 200 C 2. A steel wire, 150 m long at 10 C, has a coefficient of linear expansion

More information

Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter

Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter To understand the mole and Avogadro's number. To understand equations of state. To study the kinetic theory of ideal gas. To understand heat capacity. To learn and

More information

Chapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian

Chapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian Chapter 20 Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian First Law of Thermodynamics Review Review: The first law states that a change in internal energy in a system can

More information

Chapters 17 &19 Temperature, Thermal Expansion and The Ideal Gas Law

Chapters 17 &19 Temperature, Thermal Expansion and The Ideal Gas Law Chapters 17 &19 Temperature, Thermal Expansion and The Ideal Gas Law Units of Chapter 17 & 19 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Scales Thermal Expansion Heat and Mechanical Work

More information

Three special ideal gas processes: one of, W or Q is 0

Three special ideal gas processes: one of, W or Q is 0 Lecture 12 1st Law for isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic process Temperature change: specific heat Phase change: heat of transformation Calorimetry: calculating heat exchanges Specific heats of gases

More information

Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry

Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry General Chemistry Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry 박준원교수 ( 포항공과대학교화학과 ) 이번시간에는! Systems, states, and processes The first law of thermodynamics: internal energy, work, and heat Heat capacity,

More information

Chapter 18 Thermal Properties of Matter

Chapter 18 Thermal Properties of Matter Chapter 18 Thermal Properties of Matter In this section we define the thermodynamic state variables and their relationship to each other, called the equation of state. The system of interest (most of the

More information

Course: TDEC202 (Energy II) dflwww.ece.drexel.edu/tdec

Course: TDEC202 (Energy II) dflwww.ece.drexel.edu/tdec Course: TDEC202 (Energy II) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Course Director/Lecturer: Dr. Michael Carchidi Course Website URL dflwww.ece.drexel.edu/tdec 1 Course Textbook Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael

More information

Atomic Theory, Temperature and Thermal Expansion

Atomic Theory, Temperature and Thermal Expansion Chapter V Thermodynamics Day 1 Atomic Theory, Temperature and Thermal Expansion Sections 13-1, 13-2 and 13-4 Atomic Theory We step back to the atomic level where the atom,ατoµoς, is indivisible, that is,

More information

The first law of thermodynamics. U = internal energy. Q = amount of heat energy transfer

The first law of thermodynamics. U = internal energy. Q = amount of heat energy transfer Thermodynamics Investigation of the energy transfer by heat and work and how natural systems behave (Q) Heat transfer of energy due to temp differences. (W) Work transfer of energy through mechanical means.

More information

THERMODYNAMICS b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

THERMODYNAMICS b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. THERMODYNAMICS Important Points:. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: a) This law gives the concept of temperature. b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

More information

Temperature, Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws

Temperature, Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws Temperature, Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws z x Physics 053 Lecture Notes Temperature,Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws Temperature and Thermometers Thermal Equilibrium Thermal Expansion The Ideal

More information

Lecture 24. Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

Lecture 24. Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Lecture 4 Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Today s Topics: Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory of Gases Phase equilibria and phase diagrams Ideal Gas Law An ideal gas is an idealized model for real gases that

More information

Lecture 24. Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

Lecture 24. Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Lecture 4 Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Today s Topics: Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory of Gases Phase equilibria and phase diagrams Ideal Gas Law An ideal gas is an idealized model for real gases that

More information

AP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers!

AP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! AP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) Sadi Carnot was a French military engineer and physicist, often

More information

Revision Guide for Chapter 13

Revision Guide for Chapter 13 Matter: very simple Revision Guide for Chapter Contents Student s Checklist Revision Notes Ideal gas... Ideal gas laws... Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases... 5 Internal energy... 6 Specific thermal

More information

THERMODYNAMICS. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Isotherm

THERMODYNAMICS. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Isotherm 12 THERMODYNAMICS Zeroth law of thermodynamics Two systems separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Isotherm It is the graph connecting pressure

More information

The goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work. Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy

The goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work. Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy Thermodynamics The goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work Main lesson: Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy This is because heat energy comes

More information

The first law of thermodynamics continued

The first law of thermodynamics continued Lecture 7 The first law of thermodynamics continued Pre-reading: 19.5 Where we are The pressure p, volume V, and temperature T are related by an equation of state. For an ideal gas, pv = nrt = NkT For

More information

NOTE: Only CHANGE in internal energy matters

NOTE: Only CHANGE in internal energy matters The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics is a special case of the Law of Conservation of Energy It takes into account changes in internal energy and energy transfers by heat and

More information

Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion

Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion Chapter 11 Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion 11.9 Bernoulli s Equation W NC = ( P 2! P 1 )V W NC = E 1! E 2 = 1 mv 2 + mgy 2 1 1 ( )! ( 1 "v 2 + "gy 2 2 2 ) ( P 2! P 1 ) = 1 "v 2 + "gy 2 1 1 NC Work

More information

6. (6) Show all the steps of how to convert 50.0 F into its equivalent on the Kelvin scale.

6. (6) Show all the steps of how to convert 50.0 F into its equivalent on the Kelvin scale. General Physics I Quiz 8 - Ch. 13 - Temperature & Kinetic Theory July 30, 2009 Name: Make your work clear to the grader. Show formulas used. Give correct units and significant figures. Partial credit is

More information

Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Topics: Chapter Goal: Conservation of Energy Work in Ideal-Gas Processes

Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Topics: Chapter Goal: Conservation of Energy Work in Ideal-Gas Processes Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics This false-color thermal image (an infrared photo) shows where heat energy is escaping from a house. In this chapter we investigate the connection

More information

Chapter 19 Entropy Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20-1

Chapter 19 Entropy Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20-1 Chapter 19 Entropy Slide 20-1 Ch 19 & 20 material What to focus on? Just put out some practice problems Ideal gas how to find P/V/T changes. E.g., gas scaling, intro to the ideal gas law, pressure cooker,

More information

Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion

Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion Chapter 11 Fluids Bernoulli s equation conclusion 11.9 Bernoulli s Equation W NC = ( P 2! P 1 )V W NC = E 1! E 2 = 1 mv 2 + mgy 2 1 1 ( )! ( 1 "v 2 + "gy 2 2 2 ) ( P 2! P 1 ) = 1 "v 2 + "gy 2 1 1 NC Work

More information

Physics 53. Thermal Physics 1. Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital.

Physics 53. Thermal Physics 1. Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital. Physics 53 Thermal Physics 1 Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital. Arthur Koestler Overview In the following sections we will treat macroscopic systems

More information

Survey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws

Survey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws Survey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws Please select only one of the five choices, (a)-(e) for each of the 33 questions. All temperatures T are absolute temperatures. All experiments

More information

Chapter 16 Thermodynamics

Chapter 16 Thermodynamics Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 16 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Introduction Another area of physics is thermodynamics Continues with the principle of conservation of energy

More information

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Equilibrium When you two systems are placed in contact with each other there is no net energy transfer between them. Consequently, these two systems would be at the same temperature. Zeroth Law

More information

Thermal Equilibrium. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 2/4/2019. Temperature

Thermal Equilibrium. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 2/4/2019. Temperature Thermal Equilibrium When you two systems are placed in contact with each other there is no net energy transfer between them. Consequently, these two systems would be at the same temperature. Zeroth Law

More information

Physics 2 week 7. Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

Physics 2 week 7. Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Physics week 7 Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.1. Ideal Gases 3.1.1. Experimental Laws and the Equation of State 3.1.. Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 3.. Mean Free Path 3.3. The Boltzmann Distribution

More information

School of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Konkuk University

School of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Konkuk University School of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Konkuk University Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical

More information

CH 15. Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics

CH 15. Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics CH 15 Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics Branch of Physics that is built upon the fundamental laws that heat and work obey. Central Heating Objectives: After finishing

More information

1985B4. A kilogram sample of a material is initially a solid at a temperature of 20 C. Heat is added to the sample at a constant rate of 100

1985B4. A kilogram sample of a material is initially a solid at a temperature of 20 C. Heat is added to the sample at a constant rate of 100 1985B4. A 0.020-kilogram sample of a material is initially a solid at a temperature of 20 C. Heat is added to the sample at a constant rate of 100 joules per second until the temperature increases to 60

More information

Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat

Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat Thermodynamics deals with 1. Temperature. 2. The transfer and transformation of energy. 3. The relationship between macroscopic properties and microscopic dynamics. Temperature

More information

(b) The measurement of pressure

(b) The measurement of pressure (b) The measurement of pressure The pressure of the atmosphere is measured with a barometer. The original version of a barometer was invented by Torricelli, a student of Galileo. The barometer was an inverted

More information

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Processes (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic) Reversible and Irreversible Processes Heat Engines Refrigerators and Heat Pumps The Carnot

More information

If the dividing wall were allowed to move, which of the following statements would not be true about its equilibrium position?

If the dividing wall were allowed to move, which of the following statements would not be true about its equilibrium position? PHYS 213 Exams Database Midterm (A) A block slides across a rough surface, eventually coming to a stop. 1) What happens to the block's internal thermal energy and entropy? a. and both stay the same b.

More information

Entropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 20 Entropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy gases Entropy solids & liquids Heat engines Refrigerators Second law of thermodynamics 1. The efficiency of

More information

NY Times 11/25/03 Physics L 22 Frank Sciulli slide 1

NY Times 11/25/03 Physics L 22 Frank Sciulli slide 1 NY Times /5/03 slide Thermodynamics and Gases Last Time specific heats phase transitions Heat and Work st law of thermodynamics heat transfer conduction convection radiation Today Kinetic Theory of Gases

More information

Honors Physics. Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat. Persans 1

Honors Physics. Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat. Persans 1 Honors Physics Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat Persans 1 Properties of solids Persans 2 Persans 3 Vibrations of atoms in crystalline solids Assuming only nearest neighbor interactions (+Hooke's law) F = C( u! u

More information

Test Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Answer Key

Test Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Answer Key 1 Test Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Answer Key Made by Montgomery High School montyscioly@gmail.com 2 Questions are worth between 1 to 3 points. Show calculations for all open-ended math questions

More information

Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases

Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases In this chapter we consider the physics of gases. If the atoms or molecules that make up a gas collide with the walls of their container, they exert a pressure p on

More information

Substances that Exist as Gases

Substances that Exist as Gases Gases Properties of Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers most compressible of the states of matter mix evenly and completely with other gases much lower density than other forms of matter

More information

Physics Fall Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Fluids. Lecture 32: Heat and Work II. Slide 32-1

Physics Fall Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Fluids. Lecture 32: Heat and Work II. Slide 32-1 Physics 1501 Fall 2008 Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Fluids Lecture 32: Heat and Work II Slide 32-1 Recap: the first law of thermodynamics Two ways to raise temperature: Thermally: flow of heat Energy

More information

Process Nature of Process

Process Nature of Process AP Physics Free Response Practice Thermodynamics 1983B. The pv-diagram above represents the states of an ideal gas during one cycle of operation of a reversible heat engine. The cycle consists of the following

More information

Tuesday April 18 Topics for this Lecture: Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas Law Laws of Thermodynamics PV diagrams & state transitions

Tuesday April 18 Topics for this Lecture: Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas Law Laws of Thermodynamics PV diagrams & state transitions Tuesday April 18 Topics for this Lecture: Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas Law Laws of Thermodynamics PV diagrams & state transitions Assignment 14 due Friday Pre-class due 15min before class The

More information

(2) The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of gas. (3) Molecules of a gas moves randomly in all direction.

(2) The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of gas. (3) Molecules of a gas moves randomly in all direction. 9.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases : Assumption (1) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical and perfectly elastic point masses. (2) The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of

More information

Physics 231. Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics. Alex Brown Dec MSU Physics 231 Fall

Physics 231. Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics. Alex Brown Dec MSU Physics 231 Fall Physics 231 Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics Alex Brown Dec 7-11 2015 MSU Physics 231 Fall 2015 1 8 th 10 pm correction for 3 rd exam 9 th 10 pm attitude survey (1% for participation) 10 th 10 pm concept

More information

Unit 05 Kinetic Theory of Gases

Unit 05 Kinetic Theory of Gases Unit 05 Kinetic Theory of Gases Unit Concepts: A) A bit more about temperature B) Ideal Gas Law C) Molar specific heats D) Using them all Unit 05 Kinetic Theory, Slide 1 Temperature and Velocity Recall:

More information

Chapter 19 Entropy Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20-1

Chapter 19 Entropy Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20-1 Chapter 19 Entropy Slide 20-1 Ch 19 & 20 material What to focus on? Just put out some practice problems for Ch. 19/20 Ideal gas how to find P/V/T changes. How to calculate energy required for a given T

More information

10 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION, IDEAL GAS LAW, AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.

10 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION, IDEAL GAS LAW, AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 10 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION, IDEAL GAS LAW, AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. Key words: Atoms, Molecules, Atomic Theory of Matter, Molecular Mass, Solids, Liquids, and Gases, Thermodynamics, State Variables,

More information

16-1. Sections Covered in the Text: Chapter 17. Example Problem 16-1 Estimating the Thermal Energy of a gas. Energy Revisited

16-1. Sections Covered in the Text: Chapter 17. Example Problem 16-1 Estimating the Thermal Energy of a gas. Energy Revisited Heat and Work Sections Covered in the Text: Chapter 17 In this note we continue our study of matter in bulk. Here we investigate the connection between work and heat in bulk matter. Work and heat are both

More information

Why do we need to study thermodynamics? Examples of practical thermodynamic devices:

Why do we need to study thermodynamics? Examples of practical thermodynamic devices: Why do we need to study thermodynamics? Knowledge of thermodynamics is required to design any device involving the interchange between heat and work, or the conversion of material to produce heat (combustion).

More information

Distinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas (2)

Distinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas (2) 1. This question is about thermodynamic processes. (a) Distinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas.......... An ideal gas is held in a container by a moveable

More information

Handout 11: Ideal gas, internal energy, work and heat. Ideal gas law

Handout 11: Ideal gas, internal energy, work and heat. Ideal gas law Handout : Ideal gas, internal energy, work and heat Ideal gas law For a gas at pressure p, volume V and absolute temperature T, ideal gas law states that pv = nrt, where n is the number of moles and R

More information

Ideal Gases. 247 minutes. 205 marks. theonlinephysicstutor.com. facebook.com/theonlinephysicstutor. Name: Class: Date: Time: Marks: Comments:

Ideal Gases. 247 minutes. 205 marks. theonlinephysicstutor.com. facebook.com/theonlinephysicstutor. Name: Class: Date: Time: Marks: Comments: Ideal Gases Name: Class: Date: Time: 247 minutes Marks: 205 marks Comments: Page 1 of 48 1 Which one of the graphs below shows the relationship between the internal energy of an ideal gas (y-axis) and

More information

Physics 2: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Physics 2: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Physics 2: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Đào Ngọc Hạnh Tâm Office: A1.503, email: dnhtam@hcmiu.edu.vn HCMIU, Vietnam National University Acknowledgment: Most of these slides are supported by Prof.

More information

7. (2) Of these elements, which has the greatest number of atoms in a mole? a. hydrogen (H) b. oxygen (O) c. iron (Fe) d. gold (Au) e. all tie.

7. (2) Of these elements, which has the greatest number of atoms in a mole? a. hydrogen (H) b. oxygen (O) c. iron (Fe) d. gold (Au) e. all tie. General Physics I Exam 5 - Chs. 13,14,15 - Heat, Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamics Dec. 14, 2010 Name Rec. Instr. Rec. Time For full credit, make your work clear to the grader. Show formulas used, essential

More information

Handout 12: Thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Handout 12: Thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics 1 Handout 12: Thermodynamics Zeroth law of thermodynamics When two objects with different temperature are brought into contact, heat flows from the hotter body to a cooler one Heat flows until the temperatures

More information

Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is the study of the collective properties of a system containing many bodies (typically of order 10 23!

Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is the study of the collective properties of a system containing many bodies (typically of order 10 23! Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the collective properties of a system containing many bodies (typically of order 10 23!) Chapter18 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the thermal

More information