Report. High Temperature-Mediated Adaptations in Plant Architecture Require the bhlh Transcription Factor PIF4
|
|
- Virgil Bates
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Current iology 9, 8, March, 9 ª9 Elsevier Ltd ll rights reserved DOI./j.cub.9.. High Temperature-Mediated daptations in Plant rchitecture Require the bhlh Transcription Factor PIF Report Maria. Koini, Liz lvey, Trudie llen, Ceinwen. Tilley, Nicholas P. Harberd,, Garry C. Whitelam, and Keara. Franklin, Department of iology University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE 7RH UK John Innes Centre Colney Norwich NR 7UH UK Summary Exposure of rabidopsis plants to high temperature (8 C) results in a dramatic change in plant development. Responses to high temperature include rapid extension of plant axes, leaf hyponasty, and early flowering [, ]. These phenotypes parallel plant responses to the threat of vegetational shade and have been shown to involve the hormone auxin [, ]. In this work, we demonstrate that high temperature-induced architectural adaptations are mediated through the bhlh transcriptional regulator PHYTOCHROME INTERCTING FCTOR (PIF). Roles for PIF have previously been established in both light and gibberellin (G) signaling, through interactions with phytochromes and DELL proteins, respectively [ ]. Mutants deficient in PIF do not display elongation responses or leaf hyponasty upon transfer to high temperature. High temperature-mediated induction of the auxin-responsive gene I9 is also abolished in these plants. n early flowering response to high temperature is maintained in pif mutants, suggesting that architectural and flowering responses operate via separate signaling pathways. The role of PIF in temperature signaling does not, however, appear to operate through interaction with either phytochrome or DELL proteins, suggesting the existence of a novel regulatory mechanism. We conclude that PIF is an important component of plant high temperature signaling and integrates multiple environmental cues during plant development. Results High Temperature-Mediated Hypocotyl Elongation Is bolished in pif Mutants The phenotypic similarity of plant responses to high temperature ([, ], this study) and low red to far red ratio light (low R:FR) [, ] suggests the possible existence of shared regulatory mechanisms in the perception of these environmental stimuli. The latter is a component of vegetational shade and is perceived by the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors [5]. Correspondence: kaf5@le.ac.uk Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX R, UK Responses to low R:FR are regulated, in part, by stabilization of the transcriptional regulators PIF and PIF5 [5]. The role of PIF and PIF5 in mediating plant responses to elevated temperature was therefore investigated. The elongation of wild-type () and pif mutant hypocotyls was recorded after day treatment at both Cand8 C. Mutants deficient in PIF and PIF5 [] were analyzed alongside mutants deficient in PIF. The latter performs a significant role in seedling de-etiolation [7] but has not been demonstrated to perform a significant role in low R:FR signaling. Striking hypocotyl elongation responses were observed in, pif, and pif5 mutant seedlings at the higher temperature, although a mildly attenuated response was observed in pif5 mutants (Figure ). No elongation response was observed in pif seedlings transferred to 8 C, suggesting a fundamental role for PIF in regulating this process (Figure ). Similar data were obtained with a second allele, pif- (Figure S available online). Petiole Elongation and Leaf Hyponasty Responses to High Temperature re Severely Defective in pif Mutants The role of PIF in mediating petiole elongation responses to high temperature was investigated after transfer of -weekold rosettes from Cto8 C. Petiole length was recorded in leaves and 5 at both temperatures when plants at 8 C displayed a cm bolt. Wild-type, pif, and pif5 plants displayed clear increases in petiole length at the higher temperature, although a slightly attenuated response was observed in pif5 mutants. s with hypocotyl elongation, petiole elongation responses to high temperature were abolished in pif mutants (Figure ). similar response was observed in the pif- allele (Figure S). Upwards elevation of leaves (leaf hyponasty) is a common response to both low R:FR and high temperature in many plants [8]. This response was analyzed in and pif mutants transferred from Cto8 C for week. dramatic hyponasty response was observed in leaves and 5 of plants (Figures and ). This response was severely defective in pif mutants. small hyponasty response was observed in leaf of pif- mutants but no hyponasty responses were recorded in mutants containing the pif- allele (Figures and ; Figure S). Together, these data suggest a major role for PIF in mediating petiole elongation and leaf hyponasty responses to elevated temperature. n Early Flowering Response to High Temperature Is Retained in pif Mutants The potent induction of rabidopsis flowering by high temperature is well established and has been demonstrated to involve the transcriptional regulators FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS M []. Mutants deficient in PIF displayed a similarly early flowering phenotype to plants upon transfer to 8 C (Figure C; Figure SC). Such data suggest that the role of PIF is confined to plant architectural adaptations to high temperature. The genetic separation of signaling pathways regulating elongation growth and early flowering responses to environmental stress is consistent with studies of low R:FR-treated plants [9, ].
2 Role of PIF in Plant High Temperature Responses 9 pif o C 8 o C Pe tol i e leng th ( mm) 8 Leaf Leaf + 8 Leaf 5 Leaf pif pif pif pif5 o C 8 o C pif5 Hy po c oylle t n g th ( mm) pif pif pif5 Figure. High Temperature-Mediated Hypocotyl Elongation in pif Mutants Photographs () and hypocotyl lengths () of and pif mutant seedlings grown in continuous irradiation at different temperatures. Plants were grown at C for days before transfer to 8 C for days. Control plants were maintained at C. Error bars represent SE. sterisks represent a significant difference from the C sample with Student s t test (p %.5). High Temperature-Mediated lterations in Plant rchitecture Can Operate Independently of Phytochromes and DELL Proteins Two molecular mechanisms have been documented to regulate PIF function. bundance of PIF has been shown to be modulated via physical interaction with the phytochromes. The interaction of PIF with active phy results in the phosphorylation and degradation of PIF, thereby suppressing elongation growth in high R:FR conditions [, 5]. y contrast, binding of phy to PIF has been observed to be relatively weak []. The activities of both PIF and PIF have been shown to be modulated through physical interaction with DELL proteins [, ]. The interaction of PIF with DELLs restrains elongation growth by preventing PIF binding to target pif mm Figure. High Temperature-Mediated Petiole Elongation in pif Mutants () Petiole lengths of and pif mutants grown in continuous irradiation at different temperatures. Plants were grown at C for weeks before transfer to 8 C. Control plants were maintained at C. Measurements were performed when plants grown at 8 C displayed a cm bolt. Error bars represent SE. sterisks represent a significant difference from the C sample with Student s t test (p %.5). () Photographs of and pif mutants at 5 weeks. promoters. Degradation of DELLs by the plant hormone G relieves growth restraint, in part through enhancing PIF activity []. It is well established that phytochrome photoequilibrium is temperature sensitive []. The possibility that high temperature may inactivate phytochrome activity was investigated through analysis of high temperature-mediated hypocotyl elongation in phytochrome-deficient mutants. Triple mutants, deficient in phytochromes, D, and E, displayed significant hypocotyl elongation after transfer to 8 C(Figure ). These phytochromes are the major phytochromes repressing elongation growth in high R:FR conditions []. The elongation observed in phyde mutants transferred to 8 C confirms that high temperature responses can operate independently of these phytochromes. The weak interaction of phy and PIF [] and limited activity of phyc in the absence of phy, D, and E [] suggests that high temperature-mediated
3 Current iology Vol 9 No Col pif mm Lea fa ngl e f rom s oil s u rfa c e (de grees ) Leaf Leaf + 8 Leaf 5 Leaf pif C Ro sette leav es a t bolting Figure. High Temperature-Mediated Leaf Hyponasty and Flowering Responses in pif Mutants ( and ) Photographs () and leaf angle measurements () of plants grown in continuous irradiation at different temperatures. Plants were grown at C for weeks before transfer to 8 C. Control plants were maintained at C. Measurements were recorded of the leaf angle from the soil surface after week of high temperature treatment. (C) Flowering time of pif mutants grown at high temperature. Flowering time was recorded as the number of rosette leaves when plants displayed a cm bolt. Error bars represent SE. sterisks represent a significant difference from the C sample with Student s t test (p %.5). elongation growth is not regulated through inactivation of the phytochromes. Low R:FR ratio-mediated gene expression responses were additionally retained at 8 C(Figure 5, next section), confirming significant phytochrome activity at elevated temperatures. The possibility that PIF/DELL interaction may be altered at 8 C was investigated through analysis of a DELL global mutant, deficient in all five DELL proteins. Mutant plants pif Figure. High Temperature-Mediated Hypocotyl Elongation in Phytochrome and DELL-Deficient Mutants and phyde mutants () and and DELL global deficient mutants () grown in the presence and absence of the G biosynthesis inhibitor Paclobutrazol (PC). Plants were grown at C for days before transfer to 8 C for days. Control plants were maintained at C. Error bars represent SE. sterisks represent a significant difference from the C sample with Student s t test (p %.5). displayed significant hypocotyl and petiole elongation upon transfer to high temperature (Figure ; Figure S). These data demonstrate that high temperature-mediated elongation growth can occur independently of DELL action, although a possible contribution of DELL proteins to responses cannot be completely eliminated. The infusion of soil with Paclobutrazol (PC), a G biosynthesis inhibitor, abolished high temperature-mediated hypocotyl elongation in plants, but not DELL global mutants (Figure ). These data suggest G biosynthesis to be permissive, rather than regulatory, for this response. The G-deficient ga- mutant has been shown to display a mildly attenuated hypocotyl elongation growth response to high temperature []. It is therefore likely that the paclobutrazol treatment used in these experiments is more effective in reducing G levels than is the ga- mutation. The absence of PC-mediated inhibition of elongation responses to high temperature in DELL global mutants suggests that the inhibition observed in seedlings results from unnaturally high DELL accumulation in these plants. It is likely that these accumulated DELLs act, in part, to prevent high temperature-mediated elongation growth through inhibition of PIF function. The possibility does, however, exist that unnaturally high DELL levels may inhibit
4 Role of PIF in Plant High Temperature Responses Rel ative transcr ipt pif pif + 8 Figure 5. I9 and PIF Transcript bundance after High Temperature and Low R:FR Treatments () I9 transcript abundance measured by qpcr in and pif mutants grown in continuous light for 7 days at C and transferred to a water bath at either Cor8 C for hr. Samples were harvested at,,,, 8, and hr. Mean data from two biological repeats are shown with range bars. () I9 expression in -week-old rosettes grown in continuous light at C, transferred to the same light conditions at different temperatures for hr, and treated with low R:FR at each temperature for a further hr. Error bars represent the SE from determinations. (C) PIF transcript abundance in plants measured as in (). Data from two biological repeats are shown ( and ). Rel ative trans crpt i C Relt ai ve trans crpt i High R:FR Low R:FR Time (h) High R:FR 8 8 Time (h) Low R:FR () + 8 () () + 8 () High R:FR 8 Low R:FR 8 high temperature-mediated elongation growth through additional PIF-independent mechanisms. High Temperature-Mediated Increases in Transcript bundance of the uxin-responsive Gene I9 re bolished pif Mutants The similarities between rabidopsis responses to high temperature [, ] and low R:FR [] were investigated at the molecular level through expression analysis of marker genes associated with low R:FR signaling. Plates of seedlings grown in continuous irradiation at C were transferred to water baths at either Cor8 C in identical light conditions. This treatment ensured uniform heating of plants and standardized gene expression kinetics between biological repeats. Plant temperature was monitored throughout the experiment with a thermal imaging camera to ensure that only plants displaying uniform heating were harvested. The transcript abundance of multiple genes reported to respond significantly and robustly to low R:FR treatment was analyzed throughout a hr time course ([, 5], data not shown). One gene (I9) was observed to repeatedly display increased transcript abundance after transfer to high temperature. This increase peaked at hr after transfer and decreased again by hr (Figure 5). No high temperature-mediated increase in I9 transcript abundance was observed in pif mutants (Figure 5). Similar data were obtained in adult rosettes, although differences between C and 8 C were not observed until the hr time point (Figure S). Rapid and sustained increases in I9 transcript abundance have been reported after low R:FR treatment of rabidopsis [, ]. The possible additivity of increased temperature and low R:FR signals on I9 levels was investigated through analysis of plants transferred to elevated temperatures and low R:FR. Plants were initially grown at a cool temperature ( C), acclimated to a higher temperature (either Cor8 C) for hr, and then subjected to a hr low R:FR treatment. This temperature shift alone resulted in considerably increased I9 transcript abundance at 8 C. smaller increase was observed at C(Figure 5). Responsivity to low R:FR was retained at all temperatures, providing further evidence that phytochrome function is not inactivated at higher temperatures. Transfer to High Temperature Transiently Elevates PIF Levels The increased PIF function observed at higher temperatures was investigated through analysis of PIF transcript abundance. Seedlings grown in continuous irradiation at C were transferred to water baths at either Cor8 C, as described above. Tissue was harvested at multiple time points over a hr time course. small transient increase in PIF transcript abundance was recorded after transfer to both water baths in two separate biological repeats and was greater at the higher temperature ( and, Figure 5C). The elevated transcript abundance observed after transfer to the C water bath likely represents the small temperature increase experienced by these plants (see Experimental Procedures). similar response to both treatments was recorded in adult rosettes (Figure S). Conclusions In this work, we have shown that PIF is essential for high temperature-mediated adaptations in plant architecture.
5 Current iology Vol 9 No 5 Given the functional redundancy between PIF family members in regulating light-mediated elongation growth [5, 8, 9], the dominance of PIF in this response is highly unusual. We have demonstrated that high temperature-mediated elongation growth can occur in the absence of phytochromes and DELL proteins, suggesting the existence of a novel molecular mechanism. Hypocotyl elongation responses to high temperature involve the plant hormone auxin []. We observed the auxin-responsive gene I9 to display increased transcript abundance upon transfer to high temperature, a response that was abolished in pif mutants. This gene has previously been shown to be a component of auxin-mediated elongation growth in shade-avoidance responses to low R:FR []. It is therefore possible that PIF functions as a key regulator of an auxin-mediated signaling pathway controlling architectural adaptations to high temperature. This pathway may additionally function as a component of shade avoidance, suggesting a prominent role for PIF as a node of crosstalk between light and temperature signaling [,, 5]. Light and cold signals have previously been shown to intersect through a bhlh protein, SPTUL, in the control of rabidopsis seed germination [7]. Together, these data suggest that bhlh proteins may function as integrators of multiple environmental signals. Mildly attenuated elongation responses to high temperature were observed in pif5 mutants. bhlh proteins can heterodimerize [8], so it is possible that an absence of PIF5 may perturb the activity of PIF signaling complexes. Transiently increased PIF transcript abundance was observed after transfer of plants to high temperature. nalysis of protein abundance under similar conditions would therefore be of interest. Low R:FR ratio-mediated elongation responses have been shown to operate, in part, through stabilization of PIF [5]. The possibility exists that high temperature acts to stabilize PIF protein in addition to transiently elevating PIF transcript levels. This would provide a mechanism for the role of PIF in longer- and shorter-term responses to high temperature, respectively. lternatively, high temperature may act to enhance PIF function to mediate the dramatic architectural responses observed. The identification of such a key regulator provides an important advance in understanding how plants respond to changes in ambient temperature. Furthermore, the future molecular dissection of PIF signaling pathways may provide valuable insight into the response of plants to temperature elevations associated with global climate change. Experimental Procedures Plant Material ll experiments were performed with the functionally null pif- and pif- alleles. oth are in the Columbia background and have been described previously [, 7]. The pif5 (Columbia), pif- (Columbia), and phyphydphye (Landsberg erecta, La-er) alleles are described elsewhere [5, 7,, ]. The global DELL mutant is homozygous for mutant alleles at the five rabidopsis DELL loci (gai-t, rga-t, rgl-, rgl-, and rgl-) and was constructed by crossing a gai-t rga-t rgl- rgl- homozygote [] with a rgl- homozygote (a T-DN insertion from the publicly available SIL collection [Columbia background]) that had been backcrossed six times successively onto the La-er background. line homozygous for the mutant alleles at all five loci were selected from the F on the basis of resistance to paclobutrazol (a G biosynthesis inhibitor) and further screened via PCR assay. Plant Growth Seeds were germinated on 5 cm Petri dishes containing a : mixture of soil and horticultural sand as described previously [5]. ll experiments were performed in continuous irradiation at constant temperature in matching growth cabinets (Fi-troton H, Sanyo Gallencamp). White light was provided by fluorescent tubes at a photon irradiance of mmol m s and a red to far-red ratio of.7. For low R:FR treatments, the same photon irradiance of Photosynthetically ctive Radiation (PR) was used with a R:FR of.. For mature plant analyses, uniformly sized seedlings were transferred to individual pots at 7 days. For experiments with paclobutrazol, seedlings were grown as above for 7 days and watered with mm Paclobutrazol in.% EtOH on days and 5. Control plants were watered similarly with.% EtOH. Physiological nalyses Measurements of hypocotyl and petiole length were recorded with IMGE J software ( Leaf hyponasty was recorded as the angle between individual leaves and the soil surface with a protractor. Flowering time was recorded as the number of rosette leaves when plants displayed a cm bolt. minimum of seedlings were used for hypocotyl measurement and plants for petiole, hyponasty, and flowering measurements. Each experiment was repeated multiple times with similar results. Gene Expression Gene expression was analyzed in 7-day-old seedlings and -week-old rosettes. Plants were transferred to a water bath at either Cor8 Cinthe light conditions described above. This treatment ensured rapid and uniform heating of plants. Plant temperature was monitored with a portable thermal imaging camera throughout the experiment ( co.uk/). Plants displaying uniform heating were harvested at,,, 8, and hr. Thermal imaging showed high temperature-treated seedlings to increase from Cto8 C within hr of water bath transfer. Control seedlings displayed a small increase in temperature from Cto C (data not shown). RN extraction and qpcr procedures have been described previously []. The primers used were ctinf (TCGTGCCCGGTGTTGTTCC), ctinr (CCGTCGTCCTTCCTGTTCC), I9F (TCCCTCTTGCC CGTT), I9R (TTGCCCCCTCCTCTT), PIFF (GCCGTGGGTG TTGGT), and PIFR (CCCCTGTGGTCCCG). Supplemental Data Supplemental Data include fourfigures and can be found with this article online at cknowledgments We thank Christian Fankhauser and Séverine Lorrain (University of Lausanne) for provision of pif- and pif5 lines and Peter Quail (PGEC, C) for provision of the pif- allele. This work was supported by a iotechnology and iological Sciences Research Council grant (P9) to G.C.W. and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship to K..F. Work in N.P.H. s lab was funded by the iotechnology and iological Sciences Research Council (Core Strategic Grant to the John Innes Centre and Response Modes Grants 8/997 and /D55/) and by a Gatsby Charitable Foundation studentship to L.. Received: December 5, 8 Revised: January, 9 ccepted: January 5, 9 Published online: February, 9 References. Gray, W.M., Östin,., Sandberg, G., Romano, C.P., and Estelle, M. (998). High temperature promotes auxin-mediated hypocotyl elongation in rabidopsis. Proc. Natl. cad. Sci. US 95, alasubramanian, S., Sureshkumar, S., Lempe, J., and Weigel, D. (). Potent induction of rabidopsis thaliana flowering by elevated growth temperature. PLoS Gen.,.. Tao, Y., Ferrer, J.-L., Ljung, K., Pojer, F., Hong, F., Long, J.., Li, L., Moreno, J.E., owman, M.E., Ivans, L.J., et al. (8). Rapid synthesis of auxin via a new tryptophan-dependent pathway is required for shade avoidance in plants. Cell, 7.. Huq, E., and Quail, P.H. (). PIF, a phytochrome-interacting bhlh factor functions as a negative regulator of phytochrome signalling in rabidopsis. EMOJ., Lorrain, S., llen, T., Duek, P.D., Whitelam, G.C., and Fankhauser, C. (8). Phytochrome-mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves
6 Role of PIF in Plant High Temperature Responses degradation of growth promoting bhlh transcription factors. Plant J. 5,.. De Lucas, M., Davière, J.M., Rodríguez-Falcón, M., Pontin, M., Iglesias- Pedraz, J.M., Lorrain, S., Fankhauser, C., lásquez, M.., Titarenko, E., and Prat, S. (8). molecular framework for light and gibberellin control of cell elongation. Nature 5, Monte, E., Tepperman, J.M., l-sady,., Kaczorowski, K.., lonso, J.M., Ecker, J.R., Li, X., Zhang, Y., and Quail, P.H. (). The phytochrome-interacting transcription factor PIF, acts early, selectively and positively in light-induced chloroplast development. Proc. Natl. cad. Sci. US, Millenaar, F.F., Cox, M.C.H., de Jong van erkel, Y., Welschen,.M., Pierik, R., Voesenek, L..J.C., and Peeters,.J.M. (5). Ethyleneinduced differential growth of petioles in rabidopsis. nalyzing natural variation, response kinetics and regulation. Plant Physiol. 7, Cerdan, P.D., and Chory, J. (). Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature, otto, J.F., and Smith, H. (). Differential genetic variation in adaptive strategies to a common environmental signal in rabidopsis accessions: phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance. Plant Cell Environ. 5, 5.. Feng, S., Martinez, C., Gusmaroli, G., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, F., Chen, L., Yu, L., Igelesias-Pedraz, J.M., Kircher, S., et al. (8). Coordinated regulation of rabidopsis thaliana development by light and gibberellins. Nature 5, orthwick, H.., Hendricks, S.., Parker, M.W., Toole, E.H., and Toole, V.K. (95). reversible photoreaction controlling seed germination. Proc. Natl. cad. Sci. US 8,.. Franklin, K.., Praekelt, U., Stoddart, W.M., illingham, O.E., Halliday, K.J., and Whitelam, G.C. (). Phytochromes,D and E act redundantly to control multiple physiological responses in rabidopsis. Plant Physiol.,.. Salter, M.G., Franklin, K.., and Whitelam, G.C. (). Gating of the rapid shade avoidance response by the circadian clock in plants. Nature, Sessa, G., Carabelli, M., Sasi, M., Ciolfi,., Possenti, M., Mittempergher, F., ecker, J., Morelli, G., and Ruberti, I. (5). dynamic balance between gene activation and repression regulates the shade avoidance response in rabidopsis. Genes Dev. 9, Franklin, K.., and Whitelam, G.C. (7). Light-quality regulation of freezing tolerance in rabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Genet. 9,. 7. Penfield, S., Josse, E.-M., Kannangara, R., Gilday,.D., Halliday, K.J., and Graham, I.. (5). Cold and light control seed germination through the bhlh transcription factor SPTUL. Curr. iol. 5, Toledo-Ortiz, G., Huq, E., and Quail, P.H. (). The rabidopsis basic/ helix-loop-helix transcription factor family. Plant Cell 5, Leivar, P., Monte, E., l-sady,., Carle, C., Storer,., lonso, J.M., Ecker, J.R., and Quail, P.H. (8). The rabidopsis phytochromeinteracting factor PIF7, together with PIF and PIF, regulates responses to prolonged red light by modulating phy levels. Plant Cell, Kim, J., Yi, H., Choi, G., Shin,., Song, P.S., and Choi, G. (). Functional characterization of phytochrome interacting factor in phytochrome-mediated light signal transduction. Plant Cell 5, Cheng, H., Qin, L., Lee, S., Fu, X., Richards, D.E., Cao, D., Luo, D., Harberd, N.P., and Peng, J. (). Gibberellin regulates rabidopsis floral development via suppression of DELL protein function. Development, 55.
The Circadian Clock Regulates the Photoperiodic Response of Hypocotyl Elongation through a Coincidence Mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana
The Circadian Clock Regulates the Photoperiodic Response of Hypocotyl Elongation through a Coincidence Mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana Yusuke Niwa, Takafumi Yamashino * and Takeshi Mizuno Laboratory
More informationElectromagenetic spectrum
Light Controls of Plant Development 1 Electromagenetic spectrum 2 Light It is vital for photosynthesis and is also necessary to direct plant growth and development. It acts as a signal to initiate and
More informationAnalysis of regulatory function of circadian clock. on photoreceptor gene expression
Thesis of Ph.D. dissertation Analysis of regulatory function of circadian clock on photoreceptor gene expression Tóth Réka Supervisor: Dr. Ferenc Nagy Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy
More informationFigure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated
Figure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated form by recombinant UGT74E2. The naturally occurring auxin
More informationFigure 18.1 Blue-light stimulated phototropism Blue light Inhibits seedling hypocotyl elongation
Blue Light and Photomorphogenesis Q: Figure 18.3 Blue light responses - phototropsim of growing Corn Coleoptile 1. How do we know plants respond to blue light? 2. What are the functions of multiple BL
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng Supplementary Figure 1. The phenotypes of PI , BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions.
Supplementary Figure 1 The phenotypes of PI 159925, BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions. (a) Plant height. (b) Number of branches. (c) Average internode length. (d) Number of nodes. (e) Pods
More informationPhytochromes and Shade-avoidance Responses in Plants
Annals of Botany 96: 169 175, 2005 doi:10.1093/aob/mci165, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org BOTANICAL BRIEFING Phytochromes and Shade-avoidance Responses in Plants KEARA A. FRANKLIN and GARRY
More informationTHE ROLE OF THE PHYTOCHROME B PHOTORECEPTOR IN THE REGULATION OF PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING. AnitaHajdu. Thesis of the Ph.D.
THE ROLE OF THE PHYTOCHROME B PHOTORECEPTOR IN THE REGULATION OF PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING AnitaHajdu Thesis of the Ph.D. dissertation Supervisor: Dr. LászlóKozma-Bognár - senior research associate Doctoral
More informationPlant Growth and Development
Plant Growth and Development Concept 26.1 Plants Develop in Response to the Environment Factors involved in regulating plant growth and development: 1. Environmental cues (e.g., day length) 2. Receptors
More informationPhytochrome E Influences Internode Elongation and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis
The Plant Cell, Vol. 10, 1479 1487, September 1998, www.plantcell.org 1998 American Society of Plant Physiologists Phytochrome E Influences Internode Elongation and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis Paul F.
More information23-. Shoot and root development depend on ratio of IAA/CK
Balance of Hormones regulate growth and development Environmental factors regulate hormone levels light- e.g. phototropism gravity- e.g. gravitropism temperature Mode of action of each hormone 1. Signal
More informationCONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E
CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E The development of a plant the series of progressive changes that take place throughout its life is regulated in complex ways. Factors take part
More informationSupplemental Data. Perrella et al. (2013). Plant Cell /tpc
Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity 150 50 150 0 10 20 50 C 150 0 10 20 50 D 0 10 20 Distance (μm) 50 20 40 E 50 F 0 10 20 50 0 15 30 Distance (μm) Supplemental Figure 1: Co-localization
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Nat Struct Mol Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 September 4.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 June ; 17(6): 642 645. doi:10.1038/nsmb0610-642. Unraveling the paradoxes of plant hormone signaling integration
More informationCBMG688R. ADVANCED PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY II G. Deitzer Spring 2006 LECTURE
1 CBMG688R. ADVANCED PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY II G. Deitzer Spring 2006 LECTURE Photomorphogenesis and Light Signaling Photoregulation 1. Light Quantity 2. Light Quality 3. Light Duration 4. Light
More informationPhotoreceptor Regulation of Constans Protein in Photoperiodic Flowering
Photoreceptor Regulation of Constans Protein in Photoperiodic Flowering by Valverde et. Al Published in Science 2004 Presented by Boyana Grigorova CBMG 688R Feb. 12, 2007 Circadian Rhythms: The Clock Within
More informationEXPRESSION OF THE FIS2 PROMOTER IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
EXPRESSION OF THE FIS2 PROMOTER IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Bergstrand, Lauren Janel Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright is held by the author. Digital
More informationThe signal transducing photoreceptors of plants
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49: 653-664 (2005) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.051989kf The signal transducing photoreceptors of plants KEARA A. FRANKLIN*, VICTORIA S. LARNER and GARRY C. WHITELAM Department of Biology, University
More informationLight Regulation of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis
Chapter 38 Light Regulation of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis Xuhong Yu and Chentao Lin Introduction Plant development is dependent on not only endogenous conditions but also environmental factors. One
More informationLECTURE 4: PHOTOTROPISM
http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/ Password: https://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/ LECTURE 4: PHOTOTROPISM LECTURE FLOW 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION INITIAL STUDY PHOTROPISM MECHANISM PHOTORECEPTORS
More informationCytokinin. Fig Cytokinin needed for growth of shoot apical meristem. F Cytokinin stimulates chloroplast development in the dark
Cytokinin Abundant in young, dividing cells Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem Synthesized in root tip, developing embryos, young leaves, fruits Transported passively via xylem into shoots from
More informationGENETIC ANALYSES OF ROOT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOMATO CROP MODEL
GENETIC ANALYSES OF ROOT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOMATO CROP MODEL Kelsey Hoth 1 Dr. Maria Ivanchenko 2 Bioresourse Research 1, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology 2, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
More informationSOMNUS, a CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Protein in Arabidopsis, Negatively Regulates Light-Dependent Seed Germination Downstream of PIL5 W
The Plant Cell, Vol. 20: 1260 1277, May 2008, www.plantcell.org ª 2008 American Society of Plant Biologists SOMNUS, a CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Protein in Arabidopsis, Negatively Regulates Light-Dependent
More informationChanges in photoperiod or temperature alter the functional relationships between phytochromes and reveal roles for phyd and phye
Edinburgh Research Explorer Changes in photoperiod or temperature alter the functional relationships between phytochromes and reveal roles for phyd and phye Citation for published version: Halliday, KJ
More informationGenetic Characterization and Functional Analysis of the GID1 Gibberellin Receptors in Arabidopsis W
The Plant Cell, Vol. 18, 3399 3414, December 2006, www.plantcell.org ª 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists Genetic Characterization and Functional Analysis of the GID1 Gibberellin Receptors in Arabidopsis
More informationHRS1 Acts as a Negative Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling to Promote Timely Germination of Arabidopsis Seeds
HRS1 Acts as a Negative Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling to Promote Timely Germination of Arabidopsis Seeds Chongming Wu 1,2., Juanjuan Feng 1,2., Ran Wang 1,2, Hong Liu 1,2, Huixia Yang 1,2, Pedro
More informationTansley insight. Signal transduction mediated by the plant UV-B photoreceptor UVR8. Review. Tong Liang 1,2, Yu Yang 1,2 and Hongtao Liu 1.
Review Signal transduction mediated by the plant UV-B photoreceptor Author for correspondence: Hongtao Liu Tel: +86 21 54924291 Email: htliu@sibs.ac.cn Received: 5 July 2018 Accepted: 23 August 2018 Tong
More informationDiurnal Dependence of Growth Responses to Shade in Arabidopsis: Role of Hormone, Clock, and Light Signaling
RESEARCH ARTICLE Diurnal Dependence of Growth Responses to Shade in Arabidopsis: Role of Hormone, Clock, and Light Signaling Romina Sellaro, Manuel Pacín and Jorge J. Casal 1 IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía,
More informationUtilizing Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to gain insights into small RNA biogenesis and function
Utilizing Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to gain insights into small RNA biogenesis and function Brian D. Gregory Department of Biology Penn Genome Frontiers Institute University of Pennsylvania
More informationArabidopsis thaliana. Lucia Strader. Assistant Professor, Biology
Arabidopsis thaliana Lucia Strader Assistant Professor, Biology Arabidopsis as a genetic model Easy to grow Small genome Short life cycle Self fertile Produces many progeny Easily transformed HIV E. coli
More informationSupplementary Materials for
www.sciencesignaling.org/cgi/content/full/9/452/ra106/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Stem-piped light activates phytochrome B to trigger light responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots Hyo-Jun Lee, Jun-Ho
More informationGFP GAL bp 3964 bp
Supplemental Data. Møller et al. (2009) Shoot Na + exclusion and increased salinity tolerance engineered by cell type-specific alteration of Na + transport in Arabidopsis Supplemental Figure 1. Salt-sensitive
More informationAuthor Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication
Serveur Académique Lausannois SERVAL serval.unil.ch Author Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections
More informationLeucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), HAESA, ERECTA-family
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), HAESA, ERECTA-family GENES & DEVELOPMENT (2000) 14: 108 117 INTRODUCTION Flower Diagram INTRODUCTION Abscission In plant, the process by which a plant
More informationPHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN IMP A TIENS PAR VIFLORA AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED NATURAL CANOPY RADIATIONS
New Phytol. (1982) 90, fill 618 PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN IMP A TIENS PAR VIFLORA AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED NATURAL CANOPY RADIATIONS Department BY G. C. WHITELAM* AND C. B. JOHNSON of Botany,
More informationTopic Covered. Name of the College/Institute: S K N College of Agriculture (SKNAU) Jobner
Title of the Course & Course Number: Principles of Plant Physiology (PPHYS-5) Month: Aug,06-7 Stomata structure and function.8.06 Mechanism of stomatal movement 3.8.06 3 Antitranspirants. 5.8.06 4 Physiology
More informationThe shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes
Plant, Cell and Environment (1997) 20, 840 844 TECHNICAL REPORT (white this line if not required) The shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes H. SMITH & G. C. WHITELAM
More informationPhytochrome A is an irradiance-dependent red light sensor
The Plant Journal (007) 50, 108 117 doi: 10.1111/j.165-1X.007.006.x Phytochrome A is an irradiance-dependent red light sensor Keara A. Franklin *, Trudie Allen and Garry C. Whitelam Department of Biology,
More informationSupplemental Data. Chen and Thelen (2010). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Data. Chen and Thelen (2010). Plant Cell 10.1105/tpc.109.071837 1 C Total 5 kg 20 kg 100 kg Transmission Image 100 kg soluble pdtpi-gfp Plastid (PDH-alpha) Mito (PDH-alpha) GFP Image vector
More informationFlower Development Pathways
Developmental Leading to Flowering Flower Development s meristem Inflorescence meristem meristems organ identity genes Flower development s to Flowering Multiple pathways ensures flowering will take place
More informationChapter 39. Plant Reactions. Plant Hormones 2/25/2013. Plants Response. What mechanisms causes this response? Signal Transduction Pathway model
Chapter 39 Plants Response Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary life Animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior Move toward positive stimuli Move away from negative stimuli Plants respond to stimuli
More informationLinked circadian outputs control elongation growth and flowering in response to photoperiod and temperature
Published online: January 9, 5 Article Linked circadian outputs control elongation growth and flowering in response to photoperiod and temperature Daniel D Seaton,, Robert W Smith,,, Young Hun Song,, Dana
More informationCharacterisation of abiotic stress inducible plant promoters and bacterial genes for osmotolerance using transgenic approach
Characterisation of abiotic stress inducible plant promoters and bacterial genes for osmotolerance using transgenic approach ABSTRACT SUBMITTED TO JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA NEW DELHI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
More informationAcceleration of Flowering during Shade Avoidance in Arabidopsis Alters the Balance between FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Repression and Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering 1[W][OA] Amanda C. Wollenberg,
More informationEpigenetics and Flowering Any potentially stable and heritable change in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence
Epigenetics and Flowering Any potentially stable and heritable change in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.110.tt0110 Epigenetics Usually
More informationPlant Stimuli pp Topic 3: Plant Behaviour Ch. 39. Plant Behavioural Responses. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones pp
Topic 3: Plant Behaviour Ch. 39 Plants exist in environments that are constantly changing. Like animals, plants must be able to detect and react to stimuli in the environment. Unlike animals, plants can
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field.
Supplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field. A, Phenotypes of 30-day old wild-type (WT) and abci8 mutant plants grown in a paddy field under normal sunny
More informationMajor Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid
Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells
More informationSupplemental Figure 1. Phenotype of ProRGA:RGAd17 plants under long day
Supplemental Figure 1. Phenotype of ProRGA:RGAd17 plants under long day conditions. Photo was taken when the wild type plant started to bolt. Scale bar represents 1 cm. Supplemental Figure 2. Flowering
More informationPlants are sessile. 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg
Plants are sessile www.mccullagh.org/db9/ 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg Plants have distinct requirements because of their sessile nature Organism-level requirements Must adjust to environment at given location
More informationCh Plant Hormones
Ch. 39 Plant Hormones I. Plant Hormones Chemical signals that coordinate the parts of an organism. Only minute amounts are needed to get the desired response. Control plant growth and development by affecting
More informationCONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #5 NAME DATE HOUR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS HORMONES MECHANISM FOR HORMONE ACTION Plant Form and Function Activity #5 page 1 CONTROL OF CELL ELONGATION Plant
More informationIs that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda!
Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda! 1 Using Plant Growth Regulators Growth regulators DO NOT interfere with plant respiration, photosynthesis, or other internal plant functions
More informationHeterosis and inbreeding depression of epigenetic Arabidopsis hybrids
Heterosis and inbreeding depression of epigenetic Arabidopsis hybrids Plant growth conditions The soil was a 1:1 v/v mixture of loamy soil and organic compost. Initial soil water content was determined
More informationLife Science Journal 2014;11(9) Cryptochrome 2 negatively regulates ABA-dependent seed germination in Arabidopsis
Cryptochrome 2 negatively regulates ABA-dependent seed germination in Arabidopsis Sung-Il Kim 1, Sang Ik Song 3, Hak Soo Seo 1, 2, 4 * 1 Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture
More informationChapter 6. General discussion
Chapter 6 General discussion 67 Chapter 6 General discussion Plants react in various ways on environmental stress conditions. The riverplain species Rumex palustris responds to submergence with an upward
More informationChapter 39. Plant Response. AP Biology
Chapter 39. Plant Response 1 Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary Life u animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior move toward positive stimuli move away from negative stimuli u plants respond
More informationExpression Patterns of OsPIL11, a Phytochrome-Interacting Factor in Rice, and Preliminary Analysis of Its Roles in Light Signal Transduction
Rice Science, 2012, 19(4): 263 268 Copyright 2012, China National Rice Research Institute Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved Expression Patterns of OsPIL11, a Phytochrome-Interacting Factor
More informationSynergistic and Antagonistic Action of Phytochrome (Phy) A and PhyB during Seedling De-Etiolation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 12199-12212; doi:10.3390/ijms160612199 Article OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Synergistic and Antagonistic
More informationRegulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes. Nelson Saibo
Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes Nelson Saibo saibo@itqb.unl.pt In eukaryotes gene expression is regulated at different levels 1 - Transcription 2 Post-transcriptional modifications 3 RNA transport
More informationLight-Independent Phytochrome Signaling Mediated by Dominant GAF Domain Tyrosine Mutants of Arabidopsis Phytochromes in Transgenic Plants W OA
The Plant Cell, Vol. 19: 2124 2139, July 2007, www.plantcell.org ª 2007 American Society of Plant Biologists Light-Independent Phytochrome Signaling Mediated by Dominant GAF Domain Tyrosine Mutants of
More informationThe combined use of Arabidopsis thaliana and Lepidium sativum to find conserved mechanisms of seed germination within the Brassicaceae family
www.seedbiology.de The combined use of Arabidopsis thaliana and Lepidium sativum to find conserved mechanisms of seed germination within the Brassicaceae family Linkies, A., Müller, K., Morris, K., Gräber,
More information10/4/2017. Chapter 39
Chapter 39 1 Reception 1 Reception 2 Transduction CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light cgmp Second messenger
More informationThe effect of temperature on the germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds
The effect of temperature on the germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds Tina Afshar, Nikeisha Dass, Caron Lau, Alana Lee Abstract Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism widely used by researchers
More informationAbiotic Stress in Crop Plants
1 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants Mirza Hasanuzzaman, PhD Professor Department of Agronomy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University E-mail: mhzsauag@yahoo.com Stress Stress is usually defined as an external
More information** * * * Col-0 cau1 CAU1. Actin2 CAS. Actin2. Supplemental Figure 1. CAU1 affects calcium accumulation.
Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Supplemental Data. Fu et al. Plant Cell. (213). 1.115/tpc.113.113886 A 5 4 3 * Col- cau1 B 4 3 2 Col- cau1 ** * * ** C 2 1 25 2 15 1 5 Shoots Roots *
More informationSupplementary Figure S1. Amino acid alignment of selected monocot FT-like and TFL-like sequences. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW and analyzed
Supplementary Figure S1. Amino acid alignment of selected monocot FT-like and TFL-like sequences. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW and analyzed using the Geneious software. Accession numbers of the
More informationCryptochromes Are Required for Phytochrome Signaling to the Circadian Clock but Not for Rhythmicity
The Plant Cell, Vol. 12, 2499 2509, December 2000, www.plantcell.org 2000 American Society of Plant Physiologists Cryptochromes Are Required for Phytochrome Signaling to the Circadian Clock but Not for
More information(17) CYCLANILIDE: MECHANISM OF ACTION AND USES AS A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN COTTON
(17) CYCLANILIDE: MECHANISM OF ACTION AND USES AS A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN COTTON Jim Burton 1 and Marianne Pedersen Abstract. Cyclanilide [1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic
More informationPOTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD. by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey
POTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey Low K High K High K Low K Low K High K Low K High K Control K Deficiency Cakmak et al., 1994, J. Experimental Bot.
More informationChapter 2 Regulation of Seed Dormancy Cycling in Seasonal Field Environments
Chapter 2 Regulation of Seed Dormancy Cycling in Seasonal Field Environments W.E. Finch-Savage and S. Footitt Seeds Select the Habitat, Climate Space and Season in Which to Germinate by Sensing and Responding
More informationThe DET1-COP1-HY5 Pathway Constitutes a Multipurpose Signaling Module Regulating Plant Photomorphogenesis and Thermomorphogenesis
Report The DET1-COP1-HY5 Pathway Constitutes a Multipurpose Signaling Module Regulating Plant Photomorphogenesis and Thermomorphogenesis Graphical Abstract Authors Carolin Delker, Louisa Sonntag,..., Korbinian
More informationUseful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.
Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop
More informationProspecting for Green Revolution Genes
Learning Objectives: Prospecting for Green Revolution Genes 1) Discover how changes in individual genes produce phenotypic change 2) Learn to apply bioinformatics tools to identify groups of related genes
More informationAP Biology Summer 2017
Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free response questions that require about 22 minutes to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3-6 are short free- response questions that require about
More informationAuthor Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication
Serveur Académique Lausannois SERVAL serval.unil.ch Author Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections
More informationDifferent Ratios of LED and Compared to Fluorescent Lighting
Analysis of Arabidopsis Lightsensitive Mutants Grown Under Different Ratios of LED and Compared to Fluorescent Lighting Susan M. Bush, Julin N. Maloof, Melanie Yelton Macalester College, St. Paul, MN;
More informationDEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CHASE BALLARD LINDA EAN HECTOR LOPEZ DR. JOANNA WERNER-FRACZEK IN COLLABORATION WITH DR. PATRICIA SPRINGER S LAB AT UCR AND ROBERT KOBLE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
More informationPh.D. thesis. Study of proline accumulation and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in this process in Arabidopsis thaliana
Ph.D. thesis Study of proline accumulation and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in this process in Arabidopsis thaliana Written by: Edit Ábrahám Temesváriné Supervisors: Dr. László Szabados
More informationActions of auxin. Hormones: communicating with chemicals History: Discovery of a growth substance (hormone- auxin)
Hormones: communicating with chemicals History- discovery of plant hormone. Auxin Concepts of hormones Auxin levels are regulated by synthesis/degradation, transport, compartmentation, conjugation. Polar
More informationGrowth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red
1 Supplementary Information 2 3 4 Growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red and blue laser light 5 6 7 8 Authors Amanda Ooi 1 *, Aloysius Wong 1 *, Tien Khee Ng 2, Claudius
More informationLight signals, phytochromes and cross-talk with other environmental cues
Advance Access published December 12, 2003 Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 395, Cross-talk in Plant Signal Transduction Special Issue, Page 1 of 6, January 2004 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh026 Light
More informationPlant Responses to Internal and External Signals
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal
More informationGERMINATION OF THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE SEEDS OF OCIMUM AMERICANUM LINN.
New Phytol. (1968) 67, 125-129. GERMINATION OF THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE SEEDS OF OCIMUM AMERICANUM LINN. BY C. K. VARSHNEY Department of Botany, University of Delhi {Received 30 June 1967) SUMIVT.'\RY A brief
More informationPLANTS modulate their growth and development in
Copyright Ó 29 by the Genetics Society of America DOI: 1.1534/genetics.18.99887 Blue Light Induces Degradation of the Negative Regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 1 to Promote Photomorphogenic Development
More informationPlant Development. Chapter 31 Part 1
Plant Development Chapter 31 Part 1 Impacts, Issues Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous Grapes Gibberellin and other plant hormones control the growth and development of plants environmental cues influence hormone
More informationPositive Regulation of Phytochrome B on Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Chloroplast Development in Rice
Rice Science, 2013, 20(4): 243 248 Copyright 2013, China National Rice Research Institute Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60133-X Positive Regulation of Phytochrome
More informationGenetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on March 6, 2009 as /genetics
Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on March 6, 2009 as 10.1534/genetics.108.099887 Blue light induces degradation of the negative regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 1 to promote
More informationChapter Three. The effect of reduced DNA methylation on the flowering time and vernalization. response of Arabidopsis thaliana
Chapter Three The effect of reduced DNA methylation on the flowering time and vernalization response of Arabidopsis thaliana 3.1 Introduction The time at which a plant flowers is influenced by environmental
More informationAttenuation of Phytochrome A and B Signaling Pathways by the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock
The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, 1727-1743, ctober 1997 1997 American Society of Plant Physiologists Attenuation of Phytochrome A and B Signaling Pathways by the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock Shawn L. Anderson,all
More informationSupplemental Data. Wang et al. (2014). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Figure1: Mock and NPA-treated tomato plants. (A) NPA treated tomato (cv. Moneymaker) developed a pin-like inflorescence (arrowhead). (B) Comparison of first and second leaves from mock and
More informationEngineering light response pathways in crop plants for improved performance under high planting density
Engineering light response pathways in crop plants for improved performance under high planting density Tom Brutnell Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Cornell University, Ithaca NY 6000 years
More informationThe unique function of the Arabidopsis circadian clock gene PRR5 in the regulation of shade avoidance response
Plant Signaling & Behavior ISSN: (Print) 1559-2324 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/kpsb20 The unique function of the Arabidopsis circadian clock gene PRR5 in the regulation of
More information15. PHOTOPERIODISM. 1. Short day plants
15. PHOTOPERIODISM Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to the photoperiod,
More informationNATURAL VARIATION IN THE CYTOKININ METABOLIC NETWORK IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
NATURAL VARIATION IN THE CYTOKININ METABOLIC NETWORK IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PŘÍRODNÍ VARIACE METABOLISMU CYTOKININŮ U ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Samsonová Z. 1, 2, 3, Kuklová A. 1, 2, Mazura P. 1, 2, Rotková
More informationLight perception. phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins.
Light perception phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins. all photoreceptors consist of proteins bound to light absorbing pigments i.e. chromophores. the spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor depends
More informationAP Biology Plant Control and Coordination
AP Biology Plant Control and Coordination 1. What is the effect of the plant hormone ethylene on fruit ripening? 2. How does fruit change as it ripens? 3. What is the mechanism behind ripening? 4. Why
More informationMeasuring TF-DNA interactions
Measuring TF-DNA interactions How is Biological Complexity Achieved? Mediated by Transcription Factors (TFs) 2 Regulation of Gene Expression by Transcription Factors TF trans-acting factors TF TF TF TF
More informationGenetic and Molecular Regulation by DELLA Proteins of Trichome Development in Arabidopsis 1[W][OA]
Genetic and Molecular Regulation by DELLA Proteins of Trichome Development in Arabidopsis 1[W][OA] Yinbo Gan, Hao Yu, Jinrong Peng, and Pierre Broun* Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kristi K. Barckley for the degree of Bachelors of Science in Bioresource Research presented on June 6, 20002. Title: Genetic Analysis of Interactions Between the Plant Hormones
More information