Coursebook. Cambridge IGCSE Geography. Gary Cambers and Steve Sibley '"''~''''' CAMBRIDGE

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1 Gary Cambers and Steve Sibley Cambridge IGCSE Geography Coursebook Completely Cambridge - Cambridge resomees for Cambridge qualifieations Cambridge University Press works closely with University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) as parts of the University of Cambridge. We enable thousands of students to pass their CIE exams by providing comprehensive, high-quality, endorsed resomees. To find out more about University of Cambridge International visit To find out more about Cambridge University Press visit Examinations '"''~''''' CAMBRIDGE ;:; UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Information on this tide: Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published rd printing 2011 Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd A cata/ogue recordjor this pub/ication is avai/ab/e /rom the British Library ISBN Paperback with CD-ROM for Windows and Mac Cover image: Boaz Rottem / Alamy Illustrations: Kathy Baxendale and Pete Smith Photo research: Suzanne Williams Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

3 Introduction Part A Geographical Themes - Preparing for Paper 1 1 vii Theme 1 Populationand Settlement 3 Topic 1 Population growth 4 Case Study 1a: Rapid population growth in Niger 6 Case Study 1b: Population decline in Russia 8 Topic 2 Too many or too few? 10 Case Study 2a: Overpopulation in Nigeria 12 Case Study 2b: Underpopulation in Australia 14 Topic 3 Population structure and control 16 Case Study 3a: Reducing population in China 18 Case Study 3b: Increasing population in Singapore 20 Topic 4 Population density 22 Case Study 4a: Low population density in Namibia 24 Case Study 4b: High population density in Japan 26 Topic 5 International migration 28 Case Study 5: Polish workers move into the UK 30 Topic 6 Rural settlements 32 Case Study 6a: Rural settlement in Ethiopia 34 Case Study 6b: Rural settlement in France 36 Topic 7 Urban settlements Case Study 7a: Urban settlements in Sardinia Case Study 7b: Barcelona - urban land use Topic 8 Urbanisation Case Study 8a: Urbanisation Case Study 8b: Urbanisation in Peru - Lima in India - Mumbai Topic 9 Urban problems 50 Case Study 9a: Urban problems and solutions - Cairo 52 Case Study 9b: Urban problems and solutions - Baltimore 54 Topic 10 Urban sprawl Case Study 10: Urban sprawl in Atlanta Global Issue 1 HIV/AIDS iii

4 Contents Theme 2 The Natural Environment 61 Topic 11 Plate tectonics 62 Case Study lla: A volcano in Chile 64 Case Study 11b: An earthquake in China 66 Topic 12 Weathering 68 Topic 13 Rivers - fram source to mouth 70 Case Study 13a River erosion - Niagara Falls 72 Case Study 13b River deposition - the Ganges delta 74 Topic 14 Coasts 76 Case Study 14a Coastal erosion - The Twelve Apostles 78 Case Study 14b Coastal deposition - the Hel spit 80 Topic 15 Coral reefs 82 Case Study 15 The Great Barrier Reet, Australia 84 Topic 16 Weather and climate 86 Topic 17 Tropical rainforests 88 Case Study 17 Madagascar's rainforest 90 Topic 18 Hot deserts 92 Case Study 18 The Sahara Desert and Mali 94 Topic 19 Natural hazards 96 Case Study 19a Cyclone Nargis - Myanmar 98 Case Study 19b Drought in Australia 100 Topic 20 Human activity has impacts 102 Case Study 20a Floods in Mozambique 104 Case Study 20b National Parks in Costa Rica 106 Global Issue 2 Reducing carbon emissions 108

5 Contents Theme 3 Economic Development and the Use of Resources 109 Topic 21 Agriculture 110 Case Study 21a Subsistence agriculture in Brazil 112 Case Study 21b Commercial agriculture in New Zealand 114 Topic 22 Food shortages 116 Case Study 22 Famine in Darfur, Sudan 118 Topic 23 Work and employment 120 Case Study 23a Changing employment - South Africa 122 Case Study 23b Changing employment - Russia 124 Topic 24 Manufacturing industry 126 Case Study 24 Manufacturing steel- Pakistan 128 Topic 25 Hi-tech industry 130 Case Study 25 Hi-tech industry in Bangalore 132 Topic 26 Tourism 134 Case Study 26a Tourism in the Seychelles 136 Case Study 27b Tourism in Dubai 138 Topic 27 Energy supply and demand 140 Case Study 27a Fuelwood in D.R. Congo 142 Case Study 27b Oil in Saudi Arabia 144 Case Study 27c Renewable energy in Iceland 146 Topic 28 Generating electricity 148 Case Study 28 Electricity generation in France 150 Topic 29 Water 152 Case Study 29 The Lesotho Highlands Water Project 154 Topic 30 Damaging the environment 156 Case Study 30a Soil erosion in Nepal 158 Case Study 30b Global warming - the Maldives 160 Case Study 30c Deforestation in Amazonia, Brazil 162 Topic 31 Conservation and management Case Study 31a The Arctic Case Study 31b The Antarctic Global Issue 3 Reduce, reuse, recycle v

6 Contents Part B Geographical Skills - Preparing for Paper Map work 1 Monsefu, Peru 172 Map work 2 Harare, Zimbabwe 178 Map work 3 Ewaso Kedong, Kenya 184 Map work 4 Montego Bay, Jamaica 190 Map work 5 Negara, Indonesia 196 Map work 6 Le Port, Reunion Island 202 So what map skills do we need? 208 Part C The Alternative to Coursework - Preparing for Paper Topic 1 Investigating the CBD 210 Topic 2 Investigating rivers 218 Topic 3 Investigating tourism 226 Topic 4 Investigating weather 234 So what coursework could we do? 242 Resources 243 World map 244 Glossary 246 Index 250 Acknowledgements 254