Cell Structure and Function. Chapter 4
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1 Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4
2 Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
3 Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork Leeuwenhoek was the first to view live cells under a scope Matthias Schleiden discovered cells in all plants Theodor Schwann discovered cells in all animals Ruldolph Virchow discovered cells can only come from cells
4 Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms All cells arise from existing cells
5 Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
6 Structure and Function A cell s shape reflects its function cells are limited by surface-areato-volume ratio small surface-area-to-volume ratio helps with: exchanging material with surroundings less waste/needs less nutrients
7 Prokaryotic Cell no nucleus (Pro = No!), genetic material is freefloating no membrane-bound organelles cell membrane: cell s outer boundary ribosome: makes proteins cytoplasm: fluid in the cell flagella: for movement
8 Prokaryotic Cell
9 Eukaryotic Cell DNA inside nucleus membrane-bound organelles carry out specific functions in the cell
10 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
11 Organization Plants: Cell Leaf Tissue Leaf ORGAN CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM Humans: Cell Lung Tissue Lung Respiratory System
12 Organization Tissue: distinct group of cells Organs: specialized structure with a specific function Organ System: group of organs that carry out body functions
13 Body Types colonial organism: cells connected in a group but do not depend on each other for survival multicellular organism: most begin as a single cell; as the organism grows, the cells differentiate into specialized cells
14 Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
15 Cell Diversity Different organelles and features allow cells to function in a variety of unique ways EX: muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria (for energy)
16 Eukaryotic Animal Cell
17 Inside the Eukaryotic Cell cytoskeleton: helps the cell move, keep its shape, and organize its parts nucleus: surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; stores genetic information ribosomes: make proteins Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport vesicle: sac formed by a membrane lysosome: vesicle with enzymes to break down large molecules Smooth ER: no ribosomes; makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances Rough ER: ribosomes attached; prepares proteins for transport out of cell Mitochondria: uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP; has own DNA
18 Cell Membrane cells maintain homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane A lipid bilayer forms the cell membrane polar head non-polar tail
19 Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
20 Eukaryotic Plant Cell
21 Inside a Plant Cell central vacuole: holds water; helps a plant stand upright chloroplast: uses light to make sugar from CO 2 and water (photosynthesis) Also has: mitochondria nucleus vesicle Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus
protein synthesis cell theory Centrioles specialization. unicellular ribosomes. mitochondria cell interdependence prokaryotes
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