Slide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
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1 Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
2 Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice
3 Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons and neutrons Neutrons and electrons
4 Slide 4 / 57 2 The atomic mass number represents the following: A B C D E The total number of electrons in the atom The total number of protons in the atom The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom The total number of neutrons in the atom The total number of electrons and protons in the atom
5 Slide 5 / 57 3 The atomic number represents the following: A B C D E The number of protons in the atom The number of neutrons in the atom The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom The total number of electrons and neutrons in the atom The total number of protons and electrons in the atom
6 Slide 6 / 57 4 The isotope of carbon consists of: Protons Neutrons (A) 6 6 (B) 6 7 (C) 6 8 (D) 6 14 (E) 6 12
7 Slide 7 / 57 5 The isotope of uranium consists of: Protons Neutrons (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
8 Slide 8 / 57 6 When an electron is emitted by an unstable nucleus the atomic mass number is: A Increased by 1 B Increased by 2 C Decreased by 1 D Decreased by 2 E Doesn t change
9 Slide 9 / 57 7 When a positron is emitted by an unstable nucleus the atomic mass number is: A Increased by 1 B Increased by 2 C Decreased by 1 D Decreased by 2 E Doesn t change
10 Slide 10 / 57 8 When an α- particle is emitted by an unstable nucleus the atomic mass number is: A Increased by 1 B Increased by 2 C Decreased by 1 D Decreased by 2 E Doesn t change
11 Slide 11 / 57 9 When free protons and neutrons join to form a nucleus the energy is: A B C D E Absorb Destroyed Created Stays the same Released
12 Slide 12 / Which of the following statements about the mass of separated nucleons and the mass of the nucleus they form is correct: A B C D E The mass of separated nucleons is greater than the nucleus mass The mass of separated nucleons is less that the nucleus mass The mass of separated nucleons is equal to the nucleus mass The mass of separated nucleons is greater than the nucleus mass only for light nuclei The mass of separated nucleons is greater than the nucleus mass only for heavy nuclei
13 Slide 13 / Which of the following is the defect mass of a nucleus? (M nucleus s mass, mp proton s mass, mn neutron s mass) A B C D E Δm = Nm n + Zm p + M Δm = Nm n - Zm p M Δm = Nm n - Zm p M Δm = Nm n + Zm p M Δm = M - Nm n + Zm p
14 Slide 14 / Which of the following is the binding energy? A B E = hf E = mgh C E = 1/2mv 2 D E = qv E E = Δmc 2
15 Slide 15 / Which of the following is the correct product of the α decay:? A B C D E
16 Slide 16 / Which of the following is the correct product of the β- decay:? A B C D E
17 Slide 17 / Which of the following is the correct product of the β+ decay:? A B C D E
18 Slide 18 / Which of the following statements is not TRUE about α- radiation? A B C D E It is produced by unstable nuclei It can penetrate a piece of paper It can ionize gasses It can be deflected by a magnetic field It is a short wavelength electromagnetic photon
19 Slide 19 / Which of the following statements is not TRUE about γ-radiation A B C D E It is produced by unstable nuclei It can penetrate several centimeters of lead It can ionize gasses It can be deflected by a magnetic field It is a short wavelength electromagnetic photon
20 Slide 20 / If the half-life time of a radioactive material is 2 days, how much of the material will be left after 6 days? A 1/2 B 1/4 C 1/6 D 1/8 E 1/16
21 Slide 21 / In an experiment with a radioactive material a physics student conducted two measurements. Initially, it was measured 120 g of the material and after a certain time the amount of the radioactive material was reduced to 7.5 g. If the half-life time of the material is 20 min, what is the elapsed time between the two measurements? A B C D E 20 min 40 min 60 min 80 min 100 min
22 Slide 22 / The nuclear reaction occurs spontaneously. If M x, M Y, and M Z are the masses of the three particles, which of the following relation ships is true? A B C D E M x < M y - M z M x < M y + M z M x > M y + M z M x - M y < M z M x - M z < M y
23 Slide 23 / The half-life of is 24 days. If 8 kilogram of this isotope is present initially, what amount remains after 72 days? A B C D E 2 kg 1 kg 5 kg 4 kg 0.5 kg
24 Slide 24 / Cobalt 60 is a radioactive source with a half-life of about 5 years. After how many years will the activity of a new sample of cobalt 60 be decreased to 1/8 its original value? A B C D E 2.5 years 5 years 10 years 15 years 25 years
25 Slide 25 / A free proton (m p = U) captures a neutron (m n = U) and forms a deuterium (m d = U). Which of the following is true about the mass of deuterium? A B C D E Less than U U Greater than U U Less than U U Less than U U U It is equal to U U
26 Slide 26 / When the nuclear reaction takes place, which of the following true about the reaction? I. The energy is conserved II. The electric charge is conserved III. The mass is conserved IV. The number of nucleons is conserved. A B C D E I and II only I, II, and III only III only I, II and IV only IV only
27 Slide 27 / The name of the following reaction is: A B C D E Fission Fusion α-decay β-decay γ-decay
28 Slide 28 / The name of the following reaction is: A B C D E Fission Fusion α-decay β-decay γ-decay
29 Slide 29 / How many neutrons are released during the following fission reaction? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6 E 12
30 Slide 30 / What is the missing element from the following reaction? A B C D E
31 Slide 31 / What is the missing element from the following reaction? A B C D E
32 Slide 32 / What is the missing element from the following reaction? A B C D E
33 Slide 33 / 57 Free-Response
34 Slide 34 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. A. Complete the reaction equation. What is the name of the new particle released during the reaction? B. Determine the mass defect of a single reaction, given the following information. C. Determine the energy in joules released during a single fusion reaction. D. The United States requires about 1020 J per year to meet its energy needs. How many single reactions would be necessary to provide this magnitude of energy?
35 Slide 35 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. A. Complete the reaction equation. What is the name of the new particle released during the reaction?
36 Slide 36 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. B. Determine the mass defect of a single reaction, given the following information.
37 Slide 37 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. C. Determine the energy in joules released during a single fusion reaction.
38 Slide 38 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. D. The United States requires about 1020 J per year to meet its energy needs. How many single reactions would be necessary to provide this magnitude of energy?
39 Slide 39 / Consider the following nuclear fusion reaction that uses deuterium and tritium as fuel. A. Complete the reaction equation. What is the name of the new particle released during the reaction? B. Determine the mass defect of a single reaction, given the following information. C. Determine the energy in joules released during a single fusion reaction. D. The United States requires about 1020 J per year to meet its energy needs. How many single reactions would be necessary to provide this magnitude of energy?
40 Slide 40 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. A. From the graph, determine the halflife of isotope 1 and the half-life of isotope 2. B. At time t = 5 years, which isotope is decaying at the greater rate? Explain your reasoning. C. What type of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) would be most likely to escape through the container walls? D. What characteristics of the type of radiation named in part (c) distinguish it from the other two? E. After many years, when the container is removed, it is found to contain helium gas, and the total mass of the contents is found to have decreased. Explain each of these two observations.
41 Slide 41 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. A. From the graph, determine the halflife of isotope 1 and the half-life of isotope 2.
42 Slide 42 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. B. At time t = 5 years, which isotope is decaying at the greater rate? Explain your reasoning.
43 Slide 43 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. C. What type of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) would be most likely to escape through the container walls?
44 Slide 44 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. D. What characteristics of the type of radiation named in part (c) distinguish it from the other two?
45 Slide 45 / Two radioactive isotopes are placed in a metal container, which is then sealed. The graph represents the number of remaining radioactive nuclei n 1 and n 2 as a function of time. E. After many years, when the container is removed, it is found to contain helium gas, and the total mass of the contents is found to have decreased. Explain each of these two observations.
46 Slide 46 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m a. Determine the kinetic energy of the proton. b. Determine the speed of the helium nucleus. c. Determine the kinetic energy of the helium nucleus. d. Determine the mass that is transformed into kinetic energ decay. e. Determine the rest mass of the lithium nucleus.
47 Slide 47 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m a. Determine the kinetic energy of the proton.
48 Slide 48 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m b. Determine the speed of the helium nucleus.
49 Slide 49 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m c. Determine the kinetic energy of the helium nucleus.
50 Slide 50 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m d. Determine the mass that is transformed into kinetic energ decay.
51 Slide 51 / A lithium nucleus, while at rest, decays into a helium nucleu x kg and a proton of rest mass x kg, a following reaction. In this reaction, momentum and total energy are conserved. Af the proton moves with a non- relativistic speed of 2.12 x 10 7 m e. Determine the rest mass of the lithium nucleus.
52 Slide 52 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) a. Determine each of the following. i. The atomic number of the lead nucleus ii. The mass number of the lead nucleus b. Determine the mass difference between the polonium nucleus and the lead nucleus, taking into account the kinetic energy of the alpha particle but ignoring the recoil energy of the lead nucleus. c. Determine the speed of the alpha particle. A classical (non-relativistic) approximation is adequate. d. Determine the De Broglie wavelength of the alpha particle. The alpha particle is scattered from a gold nucleus (atomic number 79) in a "head-on" collision. e. Write an equation that could be used to determine the distance of clos approach of the alpha particle to the gold nucleus. It is not necessary to
53 Slide 53 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) a. Determine each of the following. i. The atomic number of the lead nucleus ii. The mass number of the lead nucleus
54 Slide 54 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) b. Determine the mass difference between the polonium nucleus and the lead nucleus, taking into account the kinetic energy of the alpha particle but ignoring the recoil energy of the lead nucleus.
55 Slide 55 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) c. Determine the speed of the alpha particle. A classical (non-relativistic) approximation is adequate.
56 Slide 56 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) d. Determine the De Broglie wavelength of the alpha particle.
57 Slide 57 / A polonium nucleus of atomic number 84 and mass number 210 decays to a nucleus of lead by the emission of an alpha particle of mass atomic mass units and kinetic energy 5.5 MeV. (1 atomic mass unit = MeV/c2 = 1.66 x kg.) The alpha particle is scattered from a gold nucleus (atomic number 79) in a "head-on" collision. e. Write an equation that could be used to determine the distance of clos approach of the alpha particle to the gold nucleus. It is not necessary to actually solve this equation.
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