1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom."

Transcription

1 1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom. (a) Most alpha particles used to bombard a thin gold foil pass through the foil without a significant change in direction. A few alpha particles are deviated from their original direction through angles greater than 90. Use these observations to describe the Rutherford atomic model (5) IB Questionbank Physics 1

2 Au (b) The isotope gold-197 ( Au ) is stable but the isotope gold-199 ( ) is not. Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable nuclei such as gold-197, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons. (3) 199 (ii) A nucleus of 79Au decays to a nucleus of 80Hg. State the two particles, other than γ-photon, emitted in this decay. 199 (Total 10 marks) 2. This question is about α-particle scattering and nuclear processes. α-particle scattering Radium-226 decays with the emission of α-particles to radon (Rn). (a) Complete the nuclear reaction equation. Ra Rn + IB Questionbank Physics 2

3 (b) Experimental evidence that supports a nuclear model of the atom was provided by α- particle scattering. The diagram represents the path of an α-particle as it approaches and then recedes from a stationary gold nucleus. On the diagram, draw lines to show the angle of deviation of the α-particle. Label this angle D. (ii) The gold nucleus is replaced by another gold nucleus that has a larger nucleon number. Suggest and explain the change, if any, in the angle D of an α-particle with the same energy and following the same initial path as in (b). (c) The diagram shows the initial path of an α-particle that approaches the gold nucleus along a line joining their centres. On the diagram draw the subsequent path of the α-particle. IB Questionbank Physics 3

4 Nuclear processes (d) The main nuclear process that gives rise to energy emission from the Sun may be simplified to 4H He + energy. State the name of this nuclear process. (ii) The total mass of four hydrogen (H) nuclei is kg and the mass of a helium (He) nucleus is kg. Show that the energy released in this reaction is J. (iii) The Sun has a radius R of m and emits energy at a rate of W. The nuclear reactions take place in the spherical core of the Sun of radius 0.25R. Use these data and the answer in (d)(ii) to determine the number of nuclear reactions occurring per cubic metre per second in the core of the Sun. (3) (Total 12 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 4

5 3. This question is about radioactive decay. Iodine-124 (I-124) is an unstable radioisotope with proton number 53. It undergoes beta plus decay to form an isotope of tellurium (Te). (a) State the reaction for the decay of the I-124 nuclide.... (b) The graph below shows how the activity of a sample of iodine-124 changes with time. State the half-life of iodine-124 IB Questionbank Physics 5

6 (ii) Calculate the activity of the sample at 21 days. (3) (iii) A sample of an unknown radioisotope has a half-life twice that of iodine-124 and the same initial activity as the sample of iodine-124. On the axes opposite, draw a graph to show how the activity of the sample would change with time. Label this graph X. (iv) A second sample of iodine-124 has half the initial activity as the original sample of iodine-124. On the axes opposite, draw a graph to show how the activity of this sample would change with time. Label this graph Y. (Total 8 marks) 4. This question is about radioactive decay. Nitrogen-13 ( 13 7 N ) is an isotope that is used in medical diagnosis. The decay constant of nitrogen-13 is s 1. (a) Define decay constant. IB Questionbank Physics 6

7 (ii) A sample of nitrogen-13 has an initial activity of 800 Bq. The sample cannot be used for diagnostic purposes if its activity becomes less than 150 Bq. Determine the time it takes for the activity of the sample to fall to 150 Bq. (b) Calculate the half-life of nitrogen-13 (ii) Outline how the half-life of a sample of nitrogen-13 can be measured in a laboratory. (3) IB Questionbank Physics 7

8 (c) Nitrogen-13 undergoes β + decay. Outline the experimental evidence that suggests another particle, the neutrino, is also emitted in the decay (Total 9 marks) 5. This question is about β + (positron) decay. (a) In a β + decay, a positron is emitted along with a neutrino, and a γ-ray photon. Although the energy spectrum for γ-rays involved is discrete, the energy spectrum for the positrons is continuous. State the difference between a discrete energy spectrum and a continuous energy spectrum. (ii) Explain how the existence of the neutrino accounts for the continuous nature of the positron energy spectrum. IB Questionbank Physics 8

9 (b) Sodium-22 is a radioisotope used in nuclear medicine that undergoes β + decay. The half-life of sodium-22 is 2.6 years. A sample of sodium-22 has an initial activity of Bq. Define decay constant. (ii) Calculate the decay constant of sodium-22. (iii) Calculate the activity of the sample of sodium-22 after 8.0 years. (3) (Total 8 marks) 6. This question is about nuclear physics and radioactive decay. (a) Define the decay constant of a radioactive nuclide (b) Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) has a half-life of years. Show that the decay IB Questionbank Physics 9

10 constant of Pu-239 is approximately year 1. (ii) Calculate the time taken for the activity of a freshly-prepared sample of Pu-239 to fall to 0.1 % of its initial value. (Total 4 marks) 7. This question is about nuclear decay and ionization. 226 (a) A nucleus of radium-91 ( 91Ra ) undergoes alpha particle decay to form a nucleus of radon (Rn). Identify the proton number and nucleon number of the nucleus of Rn. Proton number:... Nucleon number:... (b) Immediately after the decay of a stationary radium nucleus, the alpha particle and the radon nucleus move off in opposite directions and at different speeds. IB Questionbank Physics 10

11 Outline the reasons for these observations. (3) (ii) Show that the ratio initialkineticenergy of alpha particle initialkineticenergy of radon atom is about 56. (3) (c) The initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is 4.9 MeV. As the alpha particle passes through air, it loses all its kinetic energy by causing the ionization of air molecules. State what is meant by ionization. IB Questionbank Physics 11

12 (ii) Estimate, in joules, the average energy needed to ionize an air molecule. (d) Outline why a beta particle has a longer range in air than an alpha particle of the same energy (3) (Total 14 marks) 8. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy. (a) Describe what is meant by radioactive decay IB Questionbank Physics 12

13 (b) A nucleus of thallium-206 (Tl-206) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of lead-206 (Pb-206). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of lead and the particle x T 206 Z Pb x Z:... x:... (c) The mass of a Tl-206 nucleus is MeV c 2. Determine the binding energy per nucleon of Tl (4) (d) State why the binding energy of Pb-206 is greater than that of Tl (Total 9 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 13

14 9. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy. (a) Describe what is meant by radioactive decay (b) A nucleus of potassium-40 (K-40) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of argon-40 (Ar-40). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of argon and the particle x K 40 Z Ar Z:... x x:... (c) The mass of a K-40 nucleus is MeV c 2. Determine the binding energy per nucleon of K (4) IB Questionbank Physics 14

15 (d) State why the binding energy of Ar-40 is greater than that of K (Total 9 marks) 10. Radioactive decay (a) Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5500 years. It is produced in the atmosphere by neutron bombardment of nitrogen. The equation for this reaction is N 0n 6C X. 14 Explain what is meant by isotopes (ii) Identify the particle X.... IB Questionbank Physics 15

16 (b) Each gram of a living tree contains approximately atoms of carbon-14. On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time of the number of carbon-14 atoms in one gram of wood from a tree. Your graph should indicate the number of atoms for a period of years after the tree has died. (Half-life of carbon-14 = 5500 years) (3) (c) The activity of a radioactive sample is proportional to the number of atoms in the sample. The activity per gram of carbon from a living tree is 9.6 disintegrations per minute. The activity per gram of carbon in burnt wood found at an ancient campsite is 1.9 disintegrations per minute. Estimate the number of atoms of carbon-14 in the burnt wood (ii) From the graph you have drawn in (b), estimate the age of the burnt wood.... (Total 7 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 16

17 11. This question is about nuclear physics. (a) Define binding energy of a nucleus. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of plutonium ( 94Pu) is u. Deduce that the binding energy per nucleon for plutonium is 7.6 MeV. 239 (3) IB Questionbank Physics 17

18 (b) The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon. Plutonium ( Pu) undergoes nuclear fission according to the reaction given below Pu 0n 38Sr 56Ba x0n 1 Calculate the number x of neutrons produced. (ii) Use the graph to estimate the energy released in this reaction. IB Questionbank Physics 18

19 (c) Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than protons. By reference to the properties of the nuclear force and of the electrostatic force, suggest an explanation for this observation (4) (Total 11 marks) 12. This question is about unified atomic mass unit and a nuclear reaction. (a) Define the term unified atomic mass unit (b) The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is u. Calculate the mass in GeV c (c) In 1919, Rutherford produced the first artificial nuclear transmutation by bombarding nitrogen with α-particles. The reaction is represented by the following equation. α + 14 N O + X IB Questionbank Physics 19

20 Identify X. (ii) The following data are available for the reaction. Rest mass of α = GeV c 2 Rest mass of N = GeV c 2 7 Rest mass of 17 O + X = GeV c 2 8 The initial kinetic energy of the α-particle is 7.68 MeV. Determine the sum of the kinetic energies of the oxygen nucleus and X. (Assume that the nitrogen nucleus is stationary.) (3) (d) The reaction in (c) produces oxygen (O-17). Other isotopes of oxygen include O-19 which is radioactive with a half-life of 30 s. State what is meant by the term isotopes. (ii) Define the term radioactive half-life. IB Questionbank Physics 20

21 (e) A nucleus of the isotope O-19 decays to a stable nucleus of fluorine. The half-life of O-19 is 30 s. At time t = 0, a sample of O-19 contains a large number N 0 nuclei of O-19. On the grid below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the number N of O- 19 nuclei remaining in the sample. You should consider a time of t = 0 to t = 120 s. (Total 10 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 21

22 13. This question is about nuclear fission and fusion. (a) The graph shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon for nuclides with a nucleon number greater than 40. Define binding energy. (ii) On the graph, label with the letter S the position of the most stable nuclide. (iii) State why the nuclide you have labelled is the most stable. IB Questionbank Physics 22

23 (b) In a nuclear reactor, a nucleus of uranium(u)-235 fissions into barium(ba)-141 and krypton(kr)-92. The equation for this fission is U 56Ba 36Kr x 1 0 n. Use the graph to show that the fission of one nucleus of uranium-235 will release about 200 MeV of energy. (4) (ii) State the value of x in the equation. (iii) The mass defect in this reaction is kg. Calculate the number of uranium-235 nuclei that must fission in order to release 1.0 kj of energy. IB Questionbank Physics 23

24 (iv) Outline how this fission reaction can lead to a chain reaction. (c) Intensive scientific effort is devoted to developing nuclear fusion as a future energy source. Discuss what could be the social and environmental benefits of using nuclear fusion as compared with nuclear fission as an energy source (3) (Total 15 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 24

25 14. This question is about nuclear energy levels and radioactive decay. The diagram shows some of the nuclear energy levels of the boron isotope C 12 6 and the carbon isotope. Differences in energy between the levels are indicated on the diagram. A particular beta decay of boron and a gamma decay of carbon are marked on the diagram B (a) Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted in the gamma decay (b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted in the beta decay indicated IB Questionbank Physics 25

26 (c) Explain why the electrons emitted in the indicated beta decay of boron do not always have the kinetic energy calculated in (b) (Total 5 marks) 15. This question is about radioactive decay. (a) A nucleus of a radioactive isotope of gold (Au-189) emits a neutrino in the decay to a nucleus of an isotope of platinum (Pt). In the nuclear reaction equation below, state the name of the particle X and identify the nucleon number A and proton number Z of the nucleus of the isotope of platinum Au A Z Pt X v X:... A:... Z:... (b) The half-life of Au-189 is 8.84 minutes. A freshly prepared sample of the isotope has an activity of 124 Bq. Calculate the decay constant of Au-189. IB Questionbank Physics 26

27 (ii) Determine the activity of the sample after 12.0 min. (Total 5 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 27

CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW

CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 94 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.

More information

7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet

7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet 7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet Required: Tsokos, pp 373-378 Hamper pp 244-255 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 963-979, 986-990 REMEMBER TO. Work through all of the example problems in

More information

T7-1 [255 marks] The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which region are nuclei most stable?

T7-1 [255 marks] The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which region are nuclei most stable? T7-1 [255 marks] 1. In the Geiger Marsden experiment alpha particles were directed at a thin gold foil. Which of the following shows how the majority of the alpha particles behaved after reaching the foil?

More information

Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4

Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4 Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4 Use the laws of conservation of mass number and charge to determine the identity of X in the equations below. Refer to a periodic table as needed. 222 a. Rn

More information

u d Fig. 6.1 (i) Identify the anti-proton from the table of particles shown in Fig [1]

u d Fig. 6.1 (i) Identify the anti-proton from the table of particles shown in Fig [1] 1 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the quark composition of some particles. proton neutron A B u u d u d d u d u u u u d Fig. 6.1 (i) Identify the anti-proton from the table of particles shown in Fig. 6.1. (ii) State

More information

[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]

[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1] (a) The following nuclear reaction occurs when a slow-moving neutron is absorbed by an isotope of uranium-35. 0n + 35 9 U 4 56 Ba + 9 36Kr + 3 0 n Explain how this reaction is able to produce energy....

More information

D) g. 2. In which pair do the particles have approximately the same mass?

D) g. 2. In which pair do the particles have approximately the same mass? 1. A student constructs a model for comparing the masses of subatomic particles. The student selects a small, metal sphere with a mass of gram to represent an electron. A sphere with which mass would be

More information

The wavefunction ψ for an electron confined to move within a box of linear size L = m, is a standing wave as shown.

The wavefunction ψ for an electron confined to move within a box of linear size L = m, is a standing wave as shown. 1. This question is about quantum aspects of the electron. The wavefunction ψ for an electron confined to move within a box of linear size L = 1.0 10 10 m, is a standing wave as shown. State what is meant

More information

NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics

NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?

More information

RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy

RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy ~ TRANSMUTATION: the change of one element into another due to

More information

Chapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved.

Chapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. Chapter 37 Nuclear Chemistry Copyright (c) 2 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. 37. Radioactivity Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off

More information

Nuclear Physics 3 8 O+ B. always take place and the proton will be emitted with kinetic energy.

Nuclear Physics 3 8 O+ B. always take place and the proton will be emitted with kinetic energy. Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 3. A student suggests that the following transformation may take place. Measurement of rest masses shows that 7 7 N+ He 8 O+ total rest mass( N 7 + He ) < total rest mass( O

More information

Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of nuclei. The first radioactive. elements discovered were the heavy atoms thorium and uranium.

Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of nuclei. The first radioactive. elements discovered were the heavy atoms thorium and uranium. Chapter 16 What is radioactivity? Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of nuclei. The first radioactive elements discovered were the heavy atoms thorium and uranium. These heavy atoms and others

More information

Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry

Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry 1 Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Lesson 1: Radioactive Decay Objective: Construct nuclear equations for

More information

RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy

RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy ~ TRANSMUTATION: the change of one element into another due to

More information

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology

Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology Nuclear Chemistry Up to now, we have been concerned mainly with the electrons in the elements the nucleus has just been a positively charged things that attracts electrons The nucleus may also undergo

More information

Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction

Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear

More information

Topic 7 &13 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics

Topic 7 &13 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics Name: Date:. Isotopes provide evidence for the existence of A. protons. B. electrons. C. nuclei. Topic 7 &3 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics D. neutrons.. The atomic line spectra of elements

More information

RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2

RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2 RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2 Radioactivity Radioactivity: Results from radioactive decay, which is the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei transform and emit radiation. Has existed longer than the

More information

Chemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:

Chemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below: ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred

More information

There are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83.

There are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83. Nuclear Chemistry Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation. All

More information

UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For

More information

Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes

Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Chapter 9 Prep-Test Chemistry 9 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the illustrations above

More information

Table O: Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry

Table O: Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry Packet 12: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY STABLITY OF NUCLEI Most nuclei are stable and don t change. They are found within the belt of stability. Some nuclei are unstable and break down spontaneously giving off rays

More information

(3) (1) Complete the equation below to represent the emission of an α particle by a nucleus. Th + α

(3) (1) Complete the equation below to represent the emission of an α particle by a nucleus. Th + α Q1. (a) Describe how the strong nuclear force between two nucleons varies with the separation of the nucleons quoting suitable values for separation................... (b) An unstable nucleus can decay

More information

Name Date Class NUCLEAR RADIATION. alpha particle beta particle gamma ray

Name Date Class NUCLEAR RADIATION. alpha particle beta particle gamma ray 25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION Section Review Objectives Explain how an unstable nucleus releases energy Describe the three main types of nuclear radiation Vocabulary radioisotopes radioactivity radiation alpha

More information

Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry

Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Name Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Atomic Structure 2. Determining Nuclear Stability 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Using N + O to Write Decay Equations Period 5. Solve Various Half

More information

CHAPTER 12 TEST REVIEW

CHAPTER 12 TEST REVIEW IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 76 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 12 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.

More information

Chapter. Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter. Nuclear Chemistry Chapter Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 01 Chapter 22 Slide 2 Chapter 22 Slide 3 Alpha Decay: Loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus) 4 2 He 238 92 U 234 4 U He 90 + 2 Chapter 22 Slide 4 Beta Decay:

More information

Chapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry The energy of the sun comes from nuclear reactions. Solar flares are an indication of fusion reactions occurring at a temperature of millions of degrees. Introduction to General,

More information

Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3

Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3 Class: Date: Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3 Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An atom

More information

Chapter 25. Nuclear Chemistry. Types of Radiation

Chapter 25. Nuclear Chemistry. Types of Radiation Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chemical Reactions 1. Bonds are broken and formed 2. Atoms may rearrange, but remain unchanged 3. Involve only valence electrons 4. Small energy changes 5. Reaction rate is

More information

Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes

Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes St Ninian s High School Chemistry Department National 5 Chemistry Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes Name Learning Outcomes After completing this topic you should be able to :

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems PSI AP Physics B 1. The atomic nucleus consists of: (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C)Protons and electrons (D) Protons and neutrons (E) Neutrons and electrons

More information

Atomic Concepts and Nuclear Chemistry Regents Review

Atomic Concepts and Nuclear Chemistry Regents Review 1. In the late 1800s, experiments using cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the 10.Compared to an atom of phosphorus-31, an atom of sulfur-32 contains A) electron B) neutron C) positron D) proton

More information

fission and fusion and classify a nuclear reaction as either a fission or fusion reaction.

fission and fusion and classify a nuclear reaction as either a fission or fusion reaction. Chemistry HP Unit 11 Nuclear Chemistry Learning Targets (Your exam at the end of Unit 11 will assess the following:) 11. Nuclear Chemistry 11-1. Write the nuclide symbol for a given isotope. 11-2. Describe

More information

Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table. B. Predicting Atomic Stability

Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table. B. Predicting Atomic Stability Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table Type Symbol Charge Mass (AMU) Effect on Atomic # Alpha α +2 4 decrease by 2 Beta β- -1 0 increase electron by 1 Beta β+

More information

Nuclear Chemistry - HW

Nuclear Chemistry - HW Nuclear Chemistry - HW PSI AP Chemistry Name 1) In balancing the nuclear reaction 238 92U 234 90E + 4 2He, the identity of element E is. A) Pu B) Np C) U D) Pa E) Th 2) This reaction is an example of.

More information

UNIT VIII ATOMS AND NUCLEI

UNIT VIII ATOMS AND NUCLEI UNIT VIII ATOMS AND NUCLEI Weightage Marks : 06 Alpha-particles scattering experiment, Rutherford s model of atom, Bohr Model, energy levels, Hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of Nucleus, atomic

More information

Nonrenewable Energy: Nuclear. Energy Part 2

Nonrenewable Energy: Nuclear. Energy Part 2 Nonrenewable Energy: Nuclear Energy Part 2 What do you know about Nuclear Chemistry? http://ed.ted.com/lessons/radioactivity-expect-the-unexpected-steveweatherall I. Radiation Radiation = any movement

More information

RADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions

RADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions 1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous emissions from the nucleus of certain atoms, of either alpha, beta or gamma radiation. These radiations are emitted when the nuclei of the radioactive substance

More information

da u g ht er + radiation

da u g ht er + radiation RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of radioactivity can be attributed to several scientists. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and shortly after that Henri Becquerel observed radioactive behavior while

More information

Alta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications

Alta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains Protons Positively Charged

More information

= : K A

= : K A Atoms and Nuclei. State two limitations of JJ Thomson s model of atom. 2. Write the SI unit for activity of a radioactive substance. 3. What observations led JJ Thomson to conclusion that all atoms have

More information

General Physics (PHY 2140)

General Physics (PHY 2140) General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 37 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Radioactivity Nuclear reactions http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~apetrov/phy2140/ Chapter 29 1 Lightning Review Last lecture: 1. Nuclear

More information

NUCLEAR PHYSICS. Challenging MCQ questions by The Physics Cafe. Compiled and selected by The Physics Cafe

NUCLEAR PHYSICS. Challenging MCQ questions by The Physics Cafe. Compiled and selected by The Physics Cafe NUCLEAR PHYSICS Challenging MCQ questions by The Physics Cafe Compiled and selected by The Physics Cafe 1 The activity of a radioactive sample decreases to one third of its original activity Ao in a period

More information

(a) (i) State the proton number and the nucleon number of X.

(a) (i) State the proton number and the nucleon number of X. PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Nuclei of 218 84Po decay by the emission of an particle to form a stable isotope of an element X. You may assume that no emission accompanies the decay. (a) (i) State the

More information

Friday, 05/06/16 6) HW QUIZ MONDAY Learning Target (NEW)

Friday, 05/06/16 6) HW QUIZ MONDAY Learning Target (NEW) Friday, 05/06/16 1) Warm-up: If you start with 100g of a radioactive substance, how much will be left after 3 half-lives? 2) Review HW & Nuclear Notes 3) Complete Modeling Energy Investigation 4) Complete:

More information

Radioactivity Review (Chapter 7)

Radioactivity Review (Chapter 7) Science 10 Radioactivity Review (Chapter 7) 1. The alpha decay of radon-222 will yield which of the following? a. bismuth-220 c. astatine-222 b. francium-222 d. polonium-218 2. Which of the following types

More information

Supervised assessment: Ionising radiation

Supervised assessment: Ionising radiation Physics 27 Sample assessment instrument and indicative Supervised assessment: Ionising radiation This sample is intended to inform the design of assessment instruments in the senior phase of learning.

More information

State the main interaction when an alpha particle is scattered by a gold nucleus

State the main interaction when an alpha particle is scattered by a gold nucleus Q1.(a) Scattering experiments are used to investigate the nuclei of gold atoms. In one experiment, alpha particles, all of the same energy (monoenergetic), are incident on a foil made from a single isotope

More information

Nuclear Chemistry or Radiochemistrv

Nuclear Chemistry or Radiochemistrv Nuclear Chemistry or Radiochemistrv -Know basic vocabulary -2 types of transmutations -4 nuclear decay emissions -Write nuclear decay reactions -Calculate y^ lives -know how nuclear powerplants work -Know

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Decay Reactions The most common form of nuclear decay reactions are the following:

Nuclear Chemistry. Decay Reactions The most common form of nuclear decay reactions are the following: Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear reactions are transmutation of the one element into another. We can describe nuclear reactions in a similar manner as regular chemical reactions using ideas of stoichiometry,

More information

General Physics (PHY 2140)

General Physics (PHY 2140) General Physics (PHY 140) Lecture 18 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear properties Binding energy Radioactivity The Decay Process Natural Radioactivity Last lecture: 1. Quantum physics Electron Clouds

More information

Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The

More information

CHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.

CHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nuclear Reactions deal with chemical processes in nuclei atoms. Unlike normal chemical reactions where the identity of the elements stay the same, nuclear

More information

Information Nuclide = is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus (protons and neutrons) Neutron

Information Nuclide = is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus (protons and neutrons) Neutron NAME: DUE DATE: JULY nd AP Chemistry SUMMER REV: Balancing Nuclear Reactions Why? Nuclear reactions are going on all around us in the form of transmutation, fission and fusion. Using correctly balanced

More information

Unit 2 Exam - Atomic Structure and Nuclear

Unit 2 Exam - Atomic Structure and Nuclear 1. The atomic number of an atom is always equal to the total number of. neutrons in the nucleus. protons in the nucleus 5. The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of. neutrons, only. protons,

More information

Chem 1A Chapter 5 and 21 Practice Test Grosser ( )

Chem 1A Chapter 5 and 21 Practice Test Grosser ( ) Class: Date: Chem A Chapter 5 and 2 Practice Test Grosser (203-204) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. The periodic law states that the properties

More information

Nuclear Chemistry Notes

Nuclear Chemistry Notes Nuclear Chemistry Notes Definitions Nucleons: Subatomic particles in the nucleus : protons and neutrons Radionuclides: Radioactive nuclei. Unstable nuclei that spontaneously emit particles and electromagnetic

More information

Nuclear Physics. AP Physics B

Nuclear Physics. AP Physics B Nuclear Physics AP Physics B Nuclear Physics - Radioactivity Before we begin to discuss the specifics of radioactive decay we need to be certain you understand the proper NOTATION that is used. To the

More information

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 6-3 NUCLEAR REACTIONS Review Videos-Radioactivity2 Review Videos - Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces IB Assessment Statements, Topic 7.3

More information

Unit 12: Nuclear Chemistry

Unit 12: Nuclear Chemistry Unit 12: Nuclear Chemistry 1. Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation.

More information

HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp )

HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp ) CHAPTER 22 HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp. 701 702) Define. 1. nucleons 2. nuclide 3. mass defect 4. nuclear binding energy Solve. Use masses of 1.0087 amu for the neutron, 1.00728 amu for the proton, and 5.486 x 10

More information

Name Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Name Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 25 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY SECTION 25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION (pages 799 802) This section describes the nature of radioactivity and the process of radioactive decay. It characterizes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation

More information

Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms?

Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms? Name Chemistry Essential question: How were the parts of the atom determined? Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms? Vocabulary: alpha particle fusion

More information

PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY

PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS / NUCLEAR RADIUS & DENSITY / PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION / INTENSITY & BACKGROUND RADIATION / EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY

More information

Mass number i. Example U (uranium 235) and U (uranium 238) atomic number e. Average atomic mass weighted of the isotopes of that element i.

Mass number i. Example U (uranium 235) and U (uranium 238) atomic number e. Average atomic mass weighted of the isotopes of that element i. CP NT Ch. 4&25 I. Atomic Theory and Structure of the Atom a. Democritus all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles, which he named i. Atom smallest particle of an element that retains all

More information

Fission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016

Fission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016 Fission and Fusion Book pg 286-287 cgrahamphysics.com 2016 Review BE is the energy that holds a nucleus together. This is equal to the mass defect of the nucleus. Also called separation energy. The energy

More information

the properties of that element

the properties of that element Name Date Due Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table: Unit Objective Study Guide Part 1 Directions: Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. For problem solving, all of the

More information

Nuclear Chemistry Review Packet

Nuclear Chemistry Review Packet Name Date Nuclear Chemistry Review Packet 1. The ratio of stability is (1) proton : neutron (2) neutron : proton (3) proton : positron (4) beta : proton 2. Which nuclear reaction is classified as alpha

More information

[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.

[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K. (a) State, with a reason, whether or not protons and neutrons are fundamental particles....... [] (b) State two fundamental particles that can be classified as leptons.... [] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas,

More information

Regents review Nuclear Chemistry

Regents review Nuclear Chemistry 2011-2012 1. Given the nuclear equation: 14 7N + X 16 8O + 2 1H What is particle X? A) an alpha particle B) a beta particle C) a deuteron D) a triton 2. The nucleus of a radium-226 atom is unstable, which

More information

Particle Physics. Question Paper 1. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. International A Level. Exam Board Particle & Nuclear Physics

Particle Physics. Question Paper 1. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. International A Level. Exam Board Particle & Nuclear Physics For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Particle Physics Question Paper 1 Level International Level Subject Physics Exam oard IE Topic Particle & Nuclear Physics Sub

More information

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.

More information

Nuclear Study Packet. 1. What subatomic particles are involved in nuclear reactions? 2. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions?

Nuclear Study Packet. 1. What subatomic particles are involved in nuclear reactions? 2. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions? Name Period Nuclear Study Packet Set 1 1. What subatomic particles are involved in nuclear reactions? 2. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions? 3. If an atom undergoes a reaction

More information

SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models

SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may

More information

Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons

Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons Radio-isotopes Isotope of an element that is UNSTABLE. They spontaneously emit particles (energy) in order to achieve a

More information

Name Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics

Name Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics 28 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Conceptual Curriculum Concrete concepts More abstract concepts or math/problem-solving Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics Honors Curriculum Core honors content Options

More information

Notes: Part 1 - Nuclear Chemistry

Notes: Part 1 - Nuclear Chemistry Notes: Part 1 - Nuclear Chemistry NUCLEAR REACTIONS: NUCLEAR FISSION: NUCLEAR FUSION: NUCLIDES: -most nuclides have even # of protons and neutrons the neutron-to-proton ratio determines the stability of

More information

Atoms and Nuclei 1. The radioactivity of a sample is X at a time t 1 and Y at a time t 2. If the mean life time of the specimen isτ, the number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time interval (t

More information

: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted

: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. 1 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment

More information

The number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number Z, and determines the chemical properties of the element.

The number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number Z, and determines the chemical properties of the element. I. NUCLEAR PHYSICS I.1 Atomic Nucleus Very briefly, an atom is formed by a nucleus made up of nucleons (neutrons and protons) and electrons in external orbits. The number of electrons and protons is equal

More information

Nice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics

Nice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics SPH4UI Physics Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Nucleus Protons tom and neutrons Let s see what s inside! 3 Nice Try Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics

More information

Nuclear forces and Radioactivity. Two forces are at work inside the nucleus of an atom

Nuclear forces and Radioactivity. Two forces are at work inside the nucleus of an atom Nuclear forces and Radioactivity Two forces are at work inside the nucleus of an atom Forces act in opposing directions Electrostatic repulsion: pushes protons apart Strong nuclear force: pulls protons

More information

A. Incorrect! Do not confuse Nucleus, Neutron and Nucleon. B. Incorrect! Nucleon is the name given to the two particles that make up the nucleus.

A. Incorrect! Do not confuse Nucleus, Neutron and Nucleon. B. Incorrect! Nucleon is the name given to the two particles that make up the nucleus. AP Physics - Problem Drill 24: Nuclear Physics 1. Identify what is being described in each of these statements. Question 01 (1) It is held together by the extremely short range Strong force. (2) The magnitude

More information

Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity

Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all of the properties of that element. Composition

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment

More information

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Describe briefly one scattering experiment to investigate the size of the nucleus of the atom. Include a description of the properties of the incident radiation which makes

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes

Nuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes 1 Nuclear Chemistry Mass Defect 4 Some of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 Energy Mass Speed of light Radioactivity 2 Types of Radiation 5 One of the pieces

More information

Chemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry

Chemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry A nuclear reaction involves changes in the nucleus of an atom Nuclear chemistry the study of nuclear reactions, with an emphasis in their uses

More information

The previous images display some of our hopes and fears associated with nuclear radiation. We know the images, and some of the uses, but what is Nuclear Radiation and where does it come from? Nuclide In

More information

Binding Energy and Mass defect

Binding Energy and Mass defect Binding Energy and Mass defect Particle Relative Electric Charge Relative Mass Mass (kg) Charge (C) (u) Electron -1-1.60 x 10-19 5.485779 x 10-4 9.109390 x 10-31 Proton +1 +1.60 x 10-19 1.007276 1.672623

More information

Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray

More information

Slide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems

Slide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons

More information

Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes

Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Chapter 9 Prep-Test Chemistry 9 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the illustrations above

More information

2. Electrons: e - charge = negative -1 mass ~ 0

2. Electrons: e - charge = negative -1 mass ~ 0 Notes Ch. and 5: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry History and Structure the Nuclear Atom The Atom smallest particle an element that retains all properties the element I. Early Models the Atom A.

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons

Nuclear Chemistry. Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons Nuclear Chemistry Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons 1 Nuclear Chemistry Friend or Fiend 2 The Nucleus What is in the nucleus? How big is it vs. the atom? How

More information