1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom.
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1 1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom. (a) Most alpha particles used to bombard a thin gold foil pass through the foil without a significant change in direction. A few alpha particles are deviated from their original direction through angles greater than 90. Use these observations to describe the Rutherford atomic model (5) IB Questionbank Physics 1
2 Au (b) The isotope gold-197 ( Au ) is stable but the isotope gold-199 ( ) is not. Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable nuclei such as gold-197, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons. (3) 199 (ii) A nucleus of 79Au decays to a nucleus of 80Hg. State the two particles, other than γ-photon, emitted in this decay. 199 (Total 10 marks) 2. This question is about α-particle scattering and nuclear processes. α-particle scattering Radium-226 decays with the emission of α-particles to radon (Rn). (a) Complete the nuclear reaction equation. Ra Rn + IB Questionbank Physics 2
3 (b) Experimental evidence that supports a nuclear model of the atom was provided by α- particle scattering. The diagram represents the path of an α-particle as it approaches and then recedes from a stationary gold nucleus. On the diagram, draw lines to show the angle of deviation of the α-particle. Label this angle D. (ii) The gold nucleus is replaced by another gold nucleus that has a larger nucleon number. Suggest and explain the change, if any, in the angle D of an α-particle with the same energy and following the same initial path as in (b). (c) The diagram shows the initial path of an α-particle that approaches the gold nucleus along a line joining their centres. On the diagram draw the subsequent path of the α-particle. IB Questionbank Physics 3
4 Nuclear processes (d) The main nuclear process that gives rise to energy emission from the Sun may be simplified to 4H He + energy. State the name of this nuclear process. (ii) The total mass of four hydrogen (H) nuclei is kg and the mass of a helium (He) nucleus is kg. Show that the energy released in this reaction is J. (iii) The Sun has a radius R of m and emits energy at a rate of W. The nuclear reactions take place in the spherical core of the Sun of radius 0.25R. Use these data and the answer in (d)(ii) to determine the number of nuclear reactions occurring per cubic metre per second in the core of the Sun. (3) (Total 12 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 4
5 3. This question is about radioactive decay. Iodine-124 (I-124) is an unstable radioisotope with proton number 53. It undergoes beta plus decay to form an isotope of tellurium (Te). (a) State the reaction for the decay of the I-124 nuclide.... (b) The graph below shows how the activity of a sample of iodine-124 changes with time. State the half-life of iodine-124 IB Questionbank Physics 5
6 (ii) Calculate the activity of the sample at 21 days. (3) (iii) A sample of an unknown radioisotope has a half-life twice that of iodine-124 and the same initial activity as the sample of iodine-124. On the axes opposite, draw a graph to show how the activity of the sample would change with time. Label this graph X. (iv) A second sample of iodine-124 has half the initial activity as the original sample of iodine-124. On the axes opposite, draw a graph to show how the activity of this sample would change with time. Label this graph Y. (Total 8 marks) 4. This question is about radioactive decay. Nitrogen-13 ( 13 7 N ) is an isotope that is used in medical diagnosis. The decay constant of nitrogen-13 is s 1. (a) Define decay constant. IB Questionbank Physics 6
7 (ii) A sample of nitrogen-13 has an initial activity of 800 Bq. The sample cannot be used for diagnostic purposes if its activity becomes less than 150 Bq. Determine the time it takes for the activity of the sample to fall to 150 Bq. (b) Calculate the half-life of nitrogen-13 (ii) Outline how the half-life of a sample of nitrogen-13 can be measured in a laboratory. (3) IB Questionbank Physics 7
8 (c) Nitrogen-13 undergoes β + decay. Outline the experimental evidence that suggests another particle, the neutrino, is also emitted in the decay (Total 9 marks) 5. This question is about β + (positron) decay. (a) In a β + decay, a positron is emitted along with a neutrino, and a γ-ray photon. Although the energy spectrum for γ-rays involved is discrete, the energy spectrum for the positrons is continuous. State the difference between a discrete energy spectrum and a continuous energy spectrum. (ii) Explain how the existence of the neutrino accounts for the continuous nature of the positron energy spectrum. IB Questionbank Physics 8
9 (b) Sodium-22 is a radioisotope used in nuclear medicine that undergoes β + decay. The half-life of sodium-22 is 2.6 years. A sample of sodium-22 has an initial activity of Bq. Define decay constant. (ii) Calculate the decay constant of sodium-22. (iii) Calculate the activity of the sample of sodium-22 after 8.0 years. (3) (Total 8 marks) 6. This question is about nuclear physics and radioactive decay. (a) Define the decay constant of a radioactive nuclide (b) Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) has a half-life of years. Show that the decay IB Questionbank Physics 9
10 constant of Pu-239 is approximately year 1. (ii) Calculate the time taken for the activity of a freshly-prepared sample of Pu-239 to fall to 0.1 % of its initial value. (Total 4 marks) 7. This question is about nuclear decay and ionization. 226 (a) A nucleus of radium-91 ( 91Ra ) undergoes alpha particle decay to form a nucleus of radon (Rn). Identify the proton number and nucleon number of the nucleus of Rn. Proton number:... Nucleon number:... (b) Immediately after the decay of a stationary radium nucleus, the alpha particle and the radon nucleus move off in opposite directions and at different speeds. IB Questionbank Physics 10
11 Outline the reasons for these observations. (3) (ii) Show that the ratio initialkineticenergy of alpha particle initialkineticenergy of radon atom is about 56. (3) (c) The initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is 4.9 MeV. As the alpha particle passes through air, it loses all its kinetic energy by causing the ionization of air molecules. State what is meant by ionization. IB Questionbank Physics 11
12 (ii) Estimate, in joules, the average energy needed to ionize an air molecule. (d) Outline why a beta particle has a longer range in air than an alpha particle of the same energy (3) (Total 14 marks) 8. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy. (a) Describe what is meant by radioactive decay IB Questionbank Physics 12
13 (b) A nucleus of thallium-206 (Tl-206) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of lead-206 (Pb-206). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of lead and the particle x T 206 Z Pb x Z:... x:... (c) The mass of a Tl-206 nucleus is MeV c 2. Determine the binding energy per nucleon of Tl (4) (d) State why the binding energy of Pb-206 is greater than that of Tl (Total 9 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 13
14 9. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy. (a) Describe what is meant by radioactive decay (b) A nucleus of potassium-40 (K-40) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of argon-40 (Ar-40). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of argon and the particle x K 40 Z Ar Z:... x x:... (c) The mass of a K-40 nucleus is MeV c 2. Determine the binding energy per nucleon of K (4) IB Questionbank Physics 14
15 (d) State why the binding energy of Ar-40 is greater than that of K (Total 9 marks) 10. Radioactive decay (a) Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5500 years. It is produced in the atmosphere by neutron bombardment of nitrogen. The equation for this reaction is N 0n 6C X. 14 Explain what is meant by isotopes (ii) Identify the particle X.... IB Questionbank Physics 15
16 (b) Each gram of a living tree contains approximately atoms of carbon-14. On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time of the number of carbon-14 atoms in one gram of wood from a tree. Your graph should indicate the number of atoms for a period of years after the tree has died. (Half-life of carbon-14 = 5500 years) (3) (c) The activity of a radioactive sample is proportional to the number of atoms in the sample. The activity per gram of carbon from a living tree is 9.6 disintegrations per minute. The activity per gram of carbon in burnt wood found at an ancient campsite is 1.9 disintegrations per minute. Estimate the number of atoms of carbon-14 in the burnt wood (ii) From the graph you have drawn in (b), estimate the age of the burnt wood.... (Total 7 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 16
17 11. This question is about nuclear physics. (a) Define binding energy of a nucleus. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of plutonium ( 94Pu) is u. Deduce that the binding energy per nucleon for plutonium is 7.6 MeV. 239 (3) IB Questionbank Physics 17
18 (b) The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon. Plutonium ( Pu) undergoes nuclear fission according to the reaction given below Pu 0n 38Sr 56Ba x0n 1 Calculate the number x of neutrons produced. (ii) Use the graph to estimate the energy released in this reaction. IB Questionbank Physics 18
19 (c) Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than protons. By reference to the properties of the nuclear force and of the electrostatic force, suggest an explanation for this observation (4) (Total 11 marks) 12. This question is about unified atomic mass unit and a nuclear reaction. (a) Define the term unified atomic mass unit (b) The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is u. Calculate the mass in GeV c (c) In 1919, Rutherford produced the first artificial nuclear transmutation by bombarding nitrogen with α-particles. The reaction is represented by the following equation. α + 14 N O + X IB Questionbank Physics 19
20 Identify X. (ii) The following data are available for the reaction. Rest mass of α = GeV c 2 Rest mass of N = GeV c 2 7 Rest mass of 17 O + X = GeV c 2 8 The initial kinetic energy of the α-particle is 7.68 MeV. Determine the sum of the kinetic energies of the oxygen nucleus and X. (Assume that the nitrogen nucleus is stationary.) (3) (d) The reaction in (c) produces oxygen (O-17). Other isotopes of oxygen include O-19 which is radioactive with a half-life of 30 s. State what is meant by the term isotopes. (ii) Define the term radioactive half-life. IB Questionbank Physics 20
21 (e) A nucleus of the isotope O-19 decays to a stable nucleus of fluorine. The half-life of O-19 is 30 s. At time t = 0, a sample of O-19 contains a large number N 0 nuclei of O-19. On the grid below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the number N of O- 19 nuclei remaining in the sample. You should consider a time of t = 0 to t = 120 s. (Total 10 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 21
22 13. This question is about nuclear fission and fusion. (a) The graph shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon for nuclides with a nucleon number greater than 40. Define binding energy. (ii) On the graph, label with the letter S the position of the most stable nuclide. (iii) State why the nuclide you have labelled is the most stable. IB Questionbank Physics 22
23 (b) In a nuclear reactor, a nucleus of uranium(u)-235 fissions into barium(ba)-141 and krypton(kr)-92. The equation for this fission is U 56Ba 36Kr x 1 0 n. Use the graph to show that the fission of one nucleus of uranium-235 will release about 200 MeV of energy. (4) (ii) State the value of x in the equation. (iii) The mass defect in this reaction is kg. Calculate the number of uranium-235 nuclei that must fission in order to release 1.0 kj of energy. IB Questionbank Physics 23
24 (iv) Outline how this fission reaction can lead to a chain reaction. (c) Intensive scientific effort is devoted to developing nuclear fusion as a future energy source. Discuss what could be the social and environmental benefits of using nuclear fusion as compared with nuclear fission as an energy source (3) (Total 15 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 24
25 14. This question is about nuclear energy levels and radioactive decay. The diagram shows some of the nuclear energy levels of the boron isotope C 12 6 and the carbon isotope. Differences in energy between the levels are indicated on the diagram. A particular beta decay of boron and a gamma decay of carbon are marked on the diagram B (a) Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted in the gamma decay (b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted in the beta decay indicated IB Questionbank Physics 25
26 (c) Explain why the electrons emitted in the indicated beta decay of boron do not always have the kinetic energy calculated in (b) (Total 5 marks) 15. This question is about radioactive decay. (a) A nucleus of a radioactive isotope of gold (Au-189) emits a neutrino in the decay to a nucleus of an isotope of platinum (Pt). In the nuclear reaction equation below, state the name of the particle X and identify the nucleon number A and proton number Z of the nucleus of the isotope of platinum Au A Z Pt X v X:... A:... Z:... (b) The half-life of Au-189 is 8.84 minutes. A freshly prepared sample of the isotope has an activity of 124 Bq. Calculate the decay constant of Au-189. IB Questionbank Physics 26
27 (ii) Determine the activity of the sample after 12.0 min. (Total 5 marks) IB Questionbank Physics 27
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