CHEMOSTRAT. Marta Barbarano, Gemma Hildred, Tim Pearce
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1 CHEMOSTRAT Geographical and stratigraphical provenance changes in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada, as revealed by heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology Marta Barbarano, Gemma Hildred, Tim Pearce
2 Optimizing production in oil sands reservoirs Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) production method: affected by reservoir heterogeneities that can be impermeable layers. Muddy and silty layers: Baffle/barrier Wightman et al., 2003 Modified after Fustic et al. (2012) Sand-on-sand contact
3 Scope & Techniques Combining provenance-related techniques to clarify the provenance and geological model of the McMurray Fm. Highlighting stratigraphical & geographical provenance changes Heavy Mineral analysis (optical & Raman) Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology
4 The McMurray Fm.: a meandering river system Point-bar migration: changes of lithofacies: inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS) Tide-influenced Purely fluvial IHS ~ 1km MC Hubbard et al., 2011 (Long Lake area) Musial et al., 2012
5 The McMurray Fm.: a meandering river system IHS MC: sand with mud clasts SS1: medium-coarse cross-bedded sand (principal reservoir) SS2: very fine-fine massive to ripple laminated sand Moreton and Carter, 2015 MC Modified after Hubbard et al., 2011
6 The McMurray Fm.: a meandering river system IHS Hypothetical Heavy Mineral assemblages in a point-bar Moreton and Carter, 2015 Modified after Hubbard et al., 2011
7 Applications of Heavy Mineral Analysis (HMA) Same lithofacies (in different drainage systems) can have different HM assemblages (if they have different provenance) and different reservoir quality is thus possible Provenance A Provenance B
8 Raman spectroscopy: a new technique for HMA Automated analysis Analysis of silt Cost & time effective Info on mineral chemistry: Raman HMA only instead of optical HMA + Microprobe analysis (e.g., garnet)
9 Raman spectroscopy: a new technique for HMA Spectra: function of chemistry (and structure). Each garnet Type is related to a different provenance. Andò & Garzanti, 2013
10 Chemostratigraphy in the McMurray Fm. Na/K (plagioclase vs. K feldspar) Chemostrat data published by Benyon (2014; master) Ga/Rb (kaolinite vs. illite) Many factors can control the sediment chemistry, e.g.: Provenance Diagenesis Weathering Paleo-climate Paleo-environment Grain-size
11 Heavy Minerals in the McMurray Fm. Different sandstones are characterized by different HM assemblages. This could be due to provenance and / or hydraulic sorting.
12 Hydraulic sorting in fluvial environment ts sort detrital grains according to their size, shape, and density ents, light and ssociated with aller heavy s zircon and se they IHS have velocity Hydraulic sorting HM are not only controlled by provenance. Due to hydraulic sorting, finer sediments can be enriched in denser HM. ve currents sort detrital grains according to their size, shape, and density ouse 1943; Gibbs Komar 1981; Cheng 1997) ted sediments, light ls (quartz and ars) are associated with cantly smaller heavy MC ls, such as zircon and ite, because they have Resen%ni'et'al.,'2013'C&G' ' ' Garzanti et al., 2009; 2010; Resentini et al., 2013
13 Heavy Minerals in the McMurray Fm. Principal Component 2 MD) : m m 1:500 GR 0 API 150 Tops Top MCM SB600 Facies W4 Rutile (%) 30 - Ti (%) Zircon (%) Nb (ppm) Garnet_% Zr (ppm) Cr (ppm) Eu/Lu Facies MC SS1 SS2 Range (MD) : m m Scale : 1:500 Depth (m) GR 0 API 150 Tops Top MCM SB600 Facies W4 Rutile (%) 30 - Ti (%) Zircon (%) Nb (ppm) Garnet_% Zr (ppm) Cr (ppm) Eu/Lu Zircon, rutile and chloritoid - are common in very fine sands and in lithofacies SS2, probably as consequence of hydraulic sorting. Base MCM 230 Base MCM Principal Component 1
14 Garnet end-members (Raman HMA) Chemostrat data Mahan et al. (2008) With Raman spectroscopy we can determine HM assemblages and garnet composition. Results show similar garnet composition in the sediment of the McMurray Fm. and in one of the possible source areas, the Athabasca granulite terrane.
15 Garnet end-members (Raman HMA) Chemostrat data Mahan et al. (2008) Athabasca granulite terrane: Felsic granulite: plagioclase + K-feldspar + quartz + garnet + sillimanite ± orthopyroxene ± biotite ± muscovite ± kyanite. Metamorphic generation of zircon at 2550 and 1900 Ma (Mahan et al., 2008)
16 Detrital zircon geochronology in the McMurray Fm. (c) (b) (a) Long transport and / or recycling & input of fresh sediments from the North America Cordillera are suggested for the McMurray Fm. (e.g., Raines et al., 2013) Data and map by Benyon et al. (2014; 2016)
17 Detrital zircon geochronology: Upsection change 25m Middleupper McMurray Lower McMurray Benyon et al. (2014)
18 K Feldspar input Detrital zircon geochronology: Upsection change Na/K (plagioclase vs. K feldspar) Ga/Rb (kaolinite vs. illite) Middleupper McMurray A clear change Lower McMurray in the zircon age population occurs where the chemistry of the sediment also dramatically changes (P1-P2 boundary), suggesting a provenance change. Moreover, the HM assemblage changes Chemostrat data published by Benyon (2014; master) Benyon et al. (2014)
19 25m Discussion: Up-section change & datasets integration Middleupper McMurray Lower McMurray both on the West (Cordillera) and the East (Trans-Hudson & Canadian Shield) of the McMurray Fm.: kyanite and c Ma & >2550 Ma metamorphic events are documented, suggesting a correlation between the two datasets. These up-section changes probably reflect provenance rather than hydraulic sorting.
20 Discussion: Up-section change & paleodrainage variation Middle-upper McMurray Fm.: Dilution of the metamorphic signal Grenvillian & Appalachian zircons Larger fluvial channels Lower McMurray Fm.: Smaller fluvial channels Local provenance (kyanite & staurolite) (Hubbard et al., 2011; Benyon et al., 2016)
21 South to North changes Trans-Hudsonian zircon ages & metamorphic HM are more abundant in the N, suggesting local provenance Ultrastable minerals and Appalachian & Grenvillian zircon ages are more abundant in the S, suggesting distal provenance
22 South to North changes in literature N S Blum & Pecha (2014) In Firebag & Muskeg areas: higher kyanite abundance than in Cold Lake (qualitative data by Blum & Pecha, 2014). Both datasets reflect Chemostrat data.
23 South to North changes & fluvial tributaries Previously shown data are compatible with fluvial tributaries draining different geological terrains. Thus, HM and zircon geochronology data can be applied for identifying discrete fluvial tributaries and stacked fluvial channels, useful when designing production with the SAGD method. Modified after Peacock (2010)
24 Conclusion Different lithofacies of the McMurray Fm. have different HM assemblages (hydraulic sorting) Main stratigraphical & geographical changes are related to sediment provenance and data can be used for designing SAGD production
25 Future studies Correlating available chemostratigraphy (>350 wells) Compiling a complete map of HM assemblages and zircon age populations Mapping lateral tributaries
26 CHEMOSTRAT Thank you
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