Evan K. Franseen, Dustin Stolz, Robert H. Goldstein, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas
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1 Reservoir Character of the Avalon Shale (Bone Spring Formation) of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and Southeast New Mexico: Effect of Carbonate-rich Sediment Gravity Flows Evan K. Franseen, Dustin Stolz, Robert H. Goldstein, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas
2 Goals of Study Avalon is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic unconventional play Active in New Mexico Emerging in west Texas Determine mechanisms, timing, and controls for deposition of the different facies Determine facies that form the best reservoir Determine controls on location of sweet spots
3 Stratigraphy GR PEF NPHI DPHI Permian Bone Spring Formation (Leonardian) No strict boundary definitions Consists of interbedded carbonate-rich deposits and siliceous mudstones Avalon Shale Subdivisions: Shaly Upper Avalon Carbonate-rich Middle Avalon Shaly Lower Avalon Uppermost First Carbonate Upper Avalon* ( feet) Middle Avalon* ( feet) Lower Avalon ( feet) *Intervals mapped in project Modified from Saller et al. (1989)
4 Geologic Setting Location * Delaware Basin * 6,100 km 2 (2,300 mi 2 ) * Basin surrounded by carbonate platforms - Supplied sediment to basin * 2 cores Data * 500+ well logs
5 Core Features Interbedded mudstones (dark) & carbonates (light) Different thicknesses Carbonates * Sharp bases, scours * Both sharp & gradational tops * Graded, massive * Mudstone clasts Mudstones * Laminated, burrowed Sediment Gravity Flows (SGFs) Dominant
6 Lithofacies (Texture and XRD) Grainy, Carbonate Facies Packstone Arg. Packstone Siliceous Packstone Fine-V.Fine sand size grains Skeletal fragments Sponge spicules Detrital silt Proximal SGFs Increase Quartz Muddy Facies Siliceous Mudstone Calc. Mudstone Calc. Feldspathic Mudstone Marlstone Abundant detrital silt Radiolarians Increase Carbonate Distal SGFs & pelagic deposits 0.1 mm 0.1 mm 0.1 mm Packstone Siliceous Packstone Siliceous Mudstone
7 Effect of Carbonate on Reservoir Porosity (%) Carbonate Content vs. Porosity y = x R² = Carbonate Content (vol. %) Permeability (nd) Carbonate Content vs. Permeability y = e x R² = Carbonate Content (vol. %) TOC (%) Carbonate Content vs. TOC y = x R² = Carbonate Content (vol. %) *GRI data from cored wells ** Permeability values are absolute permeability Carbonate influx through mass transport results in: Decreased porosity Decreased permeability Decreased TOC
8 Mudstones Kerogen/Clay/Quartz (vol. %) Carbonate vs. Organics/Clay/Quartz y = x R² = y = x R² = y = x R² = Kerogen Clay Quartz Clay, quartz, and organics increase with decreased carbonate Porosity (%) Carbonate Content (vol. %) Organics, Quartz, & Clay vs. Porosity y = x R² = y = x R² = y = x R² = Kerogen Clay Quartz Increased clay, quartz, and organics results in increased porosity Kerogen/Quartz/Clay (vol. %) *GRI data from cored wells ** Permeability values are absolute permeability
9 Reservoir Properties of Avalon Facies 10, Petrophysical Properties of Avalon Facies Packstone 1, Arg. Packstone Permeability (nd) Silic. Packstone Marlstone Calc. Mudstone Calc. Feld. Mudstone Low Quality Facies Packstones Porosity (%) Moderate Quality Facies Calcareous mudstones Siliceous mudstones Silic. Mudstone High Quality Facies Siliceous mudstones *GRI data from cored wells ** Permeability values are absolute permeability
10 Genetic Units & Correlations U. & M. Avalon genetic units defined by distinct traceable shales Marker Defined Units (MDUs) * Large scale patterns * High correlation confidence Finer Scale Log Intervals (FLIs) * The scale needed for facies mapping, geometries, depositional controls
11 Sediment Gravity Flow Geobody Classification 3-D body of carbonate facies deposited within FLI interval. A. Apron parallel basin margin; restricted to slope & toe-of-slope B. Sheet - broad amorphous shape beyond toe-of-slope; multiple point sources C. Fan lobate deposits in slope & basin locations; single proximal point source D. Linear geobody linear trending deposits confined by other geobodies
12 FLI 2.2 Isopach Facies
13 FLI 3.5
14 FLI 4.2
15 NW Dip Cross Section
16 Northern Strike Cross Section Fan Apron Sheet Fan (NE) Fan Apron Sheet Fan
17 Three Phases of Deposition Backstepping
18 Distribution of Avalon Sweet Spots Net mud isopach map Ratio of net mud to gross Avalon thickness
19 Sweet Spot Depositional Model Slope Point-sourced fan creates topographic relief (lowstand; phase 1 & 3) Muddy facies deposited on margins of carbonate geobodies in distal areas with reduced carbonate influx Basin Fan deposition ceases (transgression/ highstand phase 2) Muddy facies from other sources drape sides, filling in relief and covering Creates thick muddy deposits in proximity to distal portions of lobes Topography reset for subsequent deposition
20 Key Findings Avalon dominated by sediment gravity flow deposits Grainy, carbonate-rich deposits form poor reservoir Depositional trends change throughout Avalon deposition Sources and deposit types fluctuate Two phases of fan development (regression/lowstand) separated by a phase of apron development (transgression/highstand) Muddy deposits should be focus of drilling Thickest mudstones on margins of fan lobes Deposited during transgression/highstand
21 Up Western Escarpment, Guadalupe Mountains
22
23
24 Generalized Leonardian Ramp Profile & Facies Trends
25 Reservoir Properties 0.1 mm 0.1 mm Muddy deposits: * Higher Porosity: 7.8% * Higher Permeability: 554 nd * Higher TOC: 4.4% * Low water saturation: 27% Grainier, carbonate-rich sediment gravity flows: * Lower Porosity: 3.6% * Lower Permeability: 27 nd * Lower TOC: 1.3% * Low water saturation: 26% *GRI data from cored wells ** Permeability values are absolute permeability
Dustin J. Stolz. Advisory Committee: Robert H. Goldstein, Co-Chairman. Evan K. Franseen, Co-Chairman. John Doveton. Date Defended: 3/19/2014
Reservoir Character of the Avalon Shale (Bone Spring Formation) of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and Southeast New Mexico: Effect of Carbonate-rich Sediment Gravity Flows By Dustin J. Stolz Submitted
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