Plate Tectonics. Why Continents and Ocean Basins Exist
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- Bertina Hodges
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1 Plate Tectonics
2 Plate Tectonics Why Continents and Ocean Basins Exist
3 Topics Density Structure of Earth Isostasy Sea-Floor Spreading Mechanical Structure of Earth Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics Lithospheric Plate Interactions Plate Tectonics and the Depth of the sea floor
4 Topics Density Structure of Earth Isostasy Sea-Floor Spreading Mechanical Structure of Earth Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics Lithospheric Plate Interactions Plate Tectonics and the Depth of the sea floor
5 Isostasy
6 Isostasy Rocks Can Float On Other Rocks
7 km above sea level km below sea level Distribution of Crustal Elevations Percentage of the Earth s surface
8 km above sea level sea level km below sea level Distribution of Crustal Elevations Percentage of the Earth s surface
9 Distribution of Crustal Elevations km above sea level sea level km below sea level Avg 840 m above sea level Percentage of the Earth s surface
10 Distribution of Crustal Elevations km above sea level sea level km below sea level Avg 840 m above sea level Avg 3800 m below sea level Percentage of the Earth s surface
11
12 Another way to present the same data. The average elevation of continental crust is 840 m above sea level. The average depth of oceanic crust is 3800 m below sea level.
13
14 Crustal Elevations
15 Two Types of Crust The two average crustal elevations means that Earth has two types of crust:
16 Two Types of Crust The two average crustal elevations means that Earth has two types of crust: 1. Continental crust
17 Two Types of Crust The two average crustal elevations means that Earth has two types of crust: 1. Continental crust 2. Oceanic crust
18 Two Types of Crust The two average crustal elevations means that Earth has two types of crust: 1. Continental crust 2. Oceanic crust The high crust
19 Two Types of Crust The two average crustal elevations means that Earth has two types of crust: 1. Continental crust 2. Oceanic crust The high crust The low crust
20
21 Avg 840 m above SL Continental crust
22 Avg 3800 m below SL Continental crust Avg 840 m above SL Oceanic crust
23 Why two elevations?
24 Why two elevations? Each type of crust forms by a different process
25 Why two elevations? Each type of crust forms by a different process But why two different elevations?
26 Why two elevations? Each type of crust forms by a different process But why two different elevations? Geologists explain the different elevations using the concept of isostasy
27 Definition
28 Definition Isostasy - a condition of equilibrium, similar to buoyancy, in which the crust floats on the mantle
29 Definition Isostasy - a condition of equilibrium, similar to buoyancy, in which the crust floats on the mantle The theory of isostasy was developed to explain the deep roots of mountains
30
31 Mountains have deep roots Roots
32 Isostasy - the crust floats on the mantle
33 Isostasy - the crust floats on the mantle Isostasy explains why mountains have roots
34 Isostasy - the crust floats on the mantle Isostasy explains why mountains have roots Isostasy implies two concepts:
35 Isostasy - the crust floats on the mantle Isostasy explains why mountains have roots Isostasy implies two concepts: 1. The crust is buoyant
36 Isostasy - the crust floats on the mantle Isostasy explains why mountains have roots Isostasy implies two concepts: 1. The crust is buoyant 2. The mantle behaves like a fluid
37
38 Crust is buoyant
39
40 Ship moves up and down in response to changes in mass
41
42 Add containers and the ship sinks
43 Add containers and the ship sinks
44
45 Remove containers and the ship rises
46 Remove containers and the ship rises
47 Crust is Buoyant
48 Crust is Buoyant As the mountain grows, the crust sinks into the mantle
49 Crust is Buoyant As the mountain grows, the crust sinks into the mantle Forming the roots of the mountain
50 The Mantle Behaves like a Fluid
51 The Mantle Behaves like a Fluid As the crust sinks into the mantle
52 The Mantle Behaves like a Fluid As the crust sinks into the mantle The mantle flows out of the way
53 The Mantle Behaves like a Fluid As the crust sinks into the mantle The mantle flows out of the way
54 Crust is Buoyant
55 Crust is Buoyant As the mountain erodes, the crust rises
56 Mantle Behaves Like a Fluid
57 Mantle Behaves Like a Fluid As the crust rises, the mantle flows back
58 Question
59 Question Why are the plains surrounding the mountains subsiding?
60 Question
61 Question Why does the mantle flow when stressed but the crust does not?
62 Question Why does the mantle flow when stressed but the crust does not?
63 The mantle flows because it is very hot
64 Temperature increases with increasing depth The mantle flows because it is very hot
65 The mantle flows because it is very hot
66 The mantle flows because it is very hot The mantle flows when stressed because it is very hot compared to the crust The mantle is hotter and weaker than the crust
67 Earth s Interior Heat Source
68 Earth s Interior Heat Source The primary heat source for Earth s interior is radioactivity 238 U 235 U 87 Rb 232 Th 40 K
69 Why does continental crust float higher than oceanic crust? Continental crust floats higher than oceanic crust for two reasons:
70 Why does continental crust float higher than oceanic crust? Continental crust floats higher than oceanic crust for two reasons: 1. Continental crust is thicker
71 Why does continental crust float higher than oceanic crust? Continental crust floats higher than oceanic crust for two reasons: 1. Continental crust is thicker 2. Continental crust is less dense
72
73 For example, both icebergs have the same density
74
75 But one iceberg floats higher because it is thicker
76 Thicker But one iceberg floats higher because it is thicker
77 Thicker Thinner But one iceberg floats higher because it is thicker
78
79 One reason that continental crust floats higher than oceanic crust is because it is thicker
80
81 Thickness of the crust in kilometers
82
83 Another reason that continental crust floats higher than oceanic crust is because it is less dense
84 Question
85 Question Why is continental crust less dense than oceanic crust?
86 Question Why is continental crust less dense than oceanic crust?
87 Crustal Composition Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust because it has a different composition:
88 Crustal Composition Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust because it has a different composition: Continental crust predominantly is Al silicate
89 Crustal Composition Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust because it has a different composition: Continental crust predominantly is Al silicate Oceanic crust predominantly is Fe, Mg silicate
90 A
91 Fe, Mg silicate A
92 A Fe, Mg silicate Al silicate
93 Sea-Floor Spreading
94 Next Sea-Floor Spreading
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b e n c h m a r k t e s t : e a r t h a n d s p a c e s c i e n c e Multiple Choice 1. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth s interior by A measuring pressure differences at Earth s surface.
Exploring Inside the Earth
Plate Tectonics Exploring Inside the Earth Geologists have used evidence from rock samples and evidence from seismic waves to learn about Earth s interior. Geologists are scientists who study the forces