Test Review: Scientific Method and Measurement
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1 Test Review: Scientific Method and Measurement Remember that in order to be eligible for a retake you must complete this review sheet before the test. Scientific Method: Problem: Must be a question, must be testable Information: Helps you to provide reasoning in your hypothesis. Hypothesis: If (explain the experiment), Then (give a prediction), Because (provide reasoning) Experiment: Materials and Procedure (numbered list) (remember to be detailed!) Results: Observations, data tables, graphs Conclusion: Must refer to the hypothesis (what was it?), tell if hypothesis was supported (was it right?) and use data to justify (how could you tell if your hypothesis was right or wrong?) Measurement The metric system is also called the International System of Units (SI) The metric system uses a consistent set of prefixes (including kilo, centi and milli) and base units meters (length), liters (volume of a liquid), grams (mass) The metric system is based on the number ten. This means that to convert between units, you only have to move the decimal point. Length: When asked to measure the length of an object, measure to the nearest tenth (0.1) of a centimeter. o Kilometer, km=long distances (from one city to another) o Meter, m=medium-range lengths (classroom length, parking lot size) o Centimeter, cm=small lengths (piece of paper, height of chair) o Millimeter, mm=very small lengths (width of finger, width of pencil) Tools: o Ruler, Meter stick Conversions: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 cm = 10 mm Area: Area=Length x Width Always use square units with area!! Area is measuring two dimensions o Square kilometer, km 2 =very large area (size of a city) o Square meter, m 2 =large area (area a room, area of the school) o Square centimeter, cm 2 = small area (area of a piece of paper, book cover) o Square millimeter, mm 2 =tiny area (piece of confetti) Tools: o Ruler, Meter stick
2 Volume: Volume is the measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space. Different ways to calculate volume: (we will only use liquid volume in this class) o Volume of an irregular-shaped object that fits into a graduated cylinder: Fill the graduated cylinder with water to a ten number. Record the starting milliliters (ml). Place the object in the graduated cylinder, notice the water has been displaced and the water level is now higher. Record the water height (ml) with the object in the graduated cylinder. Subtract the beginning volume (ml) from the end volume (ml) to find the volume of the object. ml (what we use in class) could also be liters (L) Tool: Graduated Cylinder o Volume of an irregular-shaped object that does not fit in a graduated cylinder: Fill an overflow can past the spout and allow the water to run out into the sink. The water level should now be just below the spout. Place a graduated cylinder under the spout. Put the object into the overflow can and catch the displaced water. Record the volume of water contained in the graduated cylinder (ml), this is the volume of your object. ml (what we use in class) could also be liters (L) Tools: Overflow can and graduated cylinder Unit Review: cm 3 are the units for solids that are box-shaped objects, while milliliters (ml) or liters (L) are used for liquids or objects that are measured using the displacement of a liquid. Mass Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. Measure mass by placing an object on a triple beam balance and using the weights to balance the scale. o Grams, g=medium mass measure (paperback book, pencil, stapler) These are the units measured with a triple beam balance o Kilograms, kg=heavy objects (table, yourself, a horse) o Milligrams, mg=light objects (small piece of string, a pinch of sugar) Tool: Triple Beam Balance, electronic balance Density Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. Density=mass / volume (mass divided by volume) The density of water is 1g/mL In a column of liquids, the most dense liquid will be on the bottom If something sinks in water the density is more than 1g/ml, if something floats on water the density is less than 1 g/ml You carry over whatever units were used in the calculation (the units for the mass divided by the units for the volume): o g/cm 3, g/ml (most often used in class) also kg/l, mg/ml, kg/m 3 Tools: Only tools used are tools to measure mass and volume.
3 Metric Conversion Use the ladder method to convert between metric units. Review Questions 1. What is the process that scientists use to solve problems called? 2. What is a variable? 3. Why is it important to control variables in an experiment? 4. What is a hypothesis? What format must you use to write a hypothesis? 5. What must you do in the conclusion step? 6. What is a good way to organize and analyze data? 7. What is the purpose of the information step? 8. What should be included in the experiment step? 9. Meters are a unit for measuring what physical property? 10. What are examples of things you would measure with millimeters, centimeters, meters and kilometers? (give an example for each) 11. Grams are a unit for measuring what physical property?
4 12. What are examples of things you would measure with milligrams, grams and kilograms? (Give an example for each) 13. What does area measure (definition)? 14. What does mass measure (definition)? 15. How is mass different from weight? 16. What does volume measure (definition)? 17. What does density measure (definition)? 18. Liters are a unit for measuring what physical property? 19. Grams are a unit for measuring what physical property? 20. What are examples of things you would measure with milliliters and liters? (give an example for each) 21. The metric system is also called what? 22. Why is the metric system easy to use? 23. What tools might you use to measure length, width or height? 24. How do you calculate area? 25. What are your units when calculating area? 26. What tools might you use to measure volume? 27. How do you measure the volume of something that will fit in a graduated cylinder? 28. How do you measure the volume of something that will not fit in a graduated cylinder? 29. What tools might you use to measure mass? 30. How do you calculate density? 31. What units do you use when measuring density?
5 32. Explain how liquids with different densities would layer themselves in a column. 33. What are the metric base units? 34. How do you read a graduated cylinder? 35. How do you read a triple beam balance? 36. What is the density of a liquid with a mass of 33 g and a volume of 57 ml? 37. What is the density of a liquid with a mass of 84 g and a volume of 49 ml? 38. How many milligrams are in 43.7 grams? 39. How many meters would be in kilometers? milliliters is how many deciliters? decigrams is how many hectograms? 42. How many centimeters are in 673 millimeters? Be prepared to write a testable question, hypothesis, procedure and conclusion for an experiment. Be prepared to make a graph that is appropriate for the data provided and a data table.
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Test Review: Scientific Method and Measurement ANSWER KEY Remember that in order to be eligible for a retake you must complete this review sheet before the test. Scientific Method: Problem: Must be a question,
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