Uvod v znanost o športu. Športna fiziologija
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1 Uvod v znanost o športu Športna fiziologija
2 Tesen preplet različnih telesnih sistemov skeletni sistem opora gibanju srčno-žilni sistem dostava hranil in snaga odpadnih snovi srčnopljučno žilni sistem dostava kisika in odstranjevanje hlapljive kisline površni sistem uravnavanje telesne temperature urinarni sistem homeostaza tekočin, elektrolitov, kislin/baz in arterijskega tlaka živčni in endokrini sistem - koordinacija
3 Fiziologija telesne aktivnosti in športna fiziologija fiziologija telesne aktivnosti preučuje kratkoročne in dolgoročne prilagoditve na povečano telesno aktivnost športna fiziologija se ukvarja s fiziološkimi procesi, ki lahko izboljšajo športni rezultat prehrana športnika težave pretiranega treninga
4 Monitoring fizioloških parametrov med telesno aktivnostjo aktivnosti srca respiratorna aktivnost površinska in globoka temperatura mišična aktivnost poraba kisika presnovni parametri (glukoza, laktat, maščobne kisline)
5 Dejavniki, ki vplivajo na fiziološke meritve (tek 14 km/h) Okoljski dejavnik Temperatura (50% vlaga) 21 o C 35 o C Zračna vlaga (21 o C) 50% 90% Raven hrupa (21 o C, 50%) nizka visoka Vnos hrane (21 o C, 50%) malo, 3 ure prej veliko, 0,5 ure prej srčna frekvenca (utripi/minuto) mirovanje vadba
6 Diurnalna variacija srčnega utripa v mirovanju in med vadbo razmere čas dneva 2:00 6:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 mirovanje lahka vadba zmerna vadba maksimalna vadba okrevanje, 3 min
7 Kronične fiziološke adaptacije na aerobni trening
8 Osnovni principi treninga individualnost specifičnost neuporaba progresivno nadobremenjevanje
9 Tipi programov treninga obremenitveni trening intervalni trening kontinuirni trening visoka intenziteta (85-95% HR max ) nizka intenziteta (60-80% HR max ) Fartlek (menjava intenzitete) krožni trening
10 Pomen intervalnega treninga
11 Pomen kontinuirnega treninga nizke intenzitete
12 Osnove premikanja mišična kontrola med vadbo živčna kontrola vadbe živčno-mišične adaptacije na trening
13 Cilji Struktura skeletne mišice, mišičnega vlakna in miofibrile Celični dogodki, ki privedejo do krčenja mišice Krčenje mišice med telesno vadbo Tipi mišičnih vlaken in pomen pri fizični aktivnosti
14
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16 Zveza breme hitrost - moč
17 Učinek dolžine na moč kontrakcije pri intaktni mišici
18 Sklopitev vzdraženja in krčenja skeletne mišice
19 Zveza med Ca 2+ in krčenjem skeletne mišice
20 Tvorba energije za krčenje skeletne mišice
21 Tipi mišičnih vlaken Počasna oksidativna vlakna, tip I (~50%) Hitra vlakna, tip II tip IIa (25%), hitra oksidativna/glikolitična (FOG) tip IIx pri človeku (~25%) ~ IIb pri živalih, hitra glikolitična (FG) tip IIc (1-3%) Odstotek posameznih mišičnih tipov mišičnih vlaken se razlikuje med mišicami, posamezniki in tipom vadbe
22 Utrujanje skeletne mišice
23 Izometrična kontrakcija hitra in počasna vlakna
24 Razporeditev tipov vlaken pri različnih športnikih športna zvrst spol mišica % počasnih % hitrih vlaken šprint 100 m tek na dolge proge kolesarjenje M Ž M Ž M Ž dvoglava mečna mišica dvoglava mečna mišica vastus lateralis plavanje M posteriorni deltoid dvigovanje uteži M dvoglava mečna mišica triatlon nešportnik M Ž M Ž dvoglava mečna mišica dvoglava mečna mišica
25 Biopsija skeletne mišice
26 Fotomikrografija, ki kaže tip I, tip IIa in tip IIx mišičnih vlaken tip I (črna), tip IIa svetlo siva), tip IIx (temno siva)
27 Razvoj tipov skeletno-mišičnih vlaken glikolitična vlakna kapilare oksidativna vlakna
28 Strukturne in funkcionalne lastnosti skeletno-mišičnih vlaken Presnovne lastnosti Počasna oksidativna vlakna (Tip I) Hitra oksidativna vlakna (Tip IIA) Hitra glikolitična vlakna (Tip IIB) hitrost krčenja počasna hitra hitra ATPazna aktivnost miozina počasna hitra hitra primarna pot sinteze ATP aerobna aerobna/anaerobna anaerobna vsebnost mioglobina visoka visoka nizka skladišče glikogena nizko srednje visoko zaporednje nabora prvi drugi tretji hitrost utrujanja počasna srednja hitra Optimalna aktivnost Strukturne lastnosti maraton, stanje hoja, sprint kratkotrajni in intenzivni gibi barva rdeča rdeča/rožnata bleda premer vlakna majhen srednji velik mitohondriji mnogo mnogo malo kapilare mnogo mnogo malo
29 Določitev izooblik miozina
30 Kvantifikacija funkcionalnih lastnosti skeletno-mišičnih vlaken razvoj moči med tetaničnim krčenjem (mn) Počasna oksidativna vlakna (Tip I) Hitra oksidativna vlakna (Tip IIA) Hitra glikolitična vlakna (Tip IIB) hitrost trzaja (ms) fuzijska frekvenca tetaničnega krčenja (Hz) hitrost prevajanja po živčnem vlaknu (m/s)
31 Tvorba sile med stimulacijo različnih frekvenc Adapted, by permission, from G.A. Brooks, et al., 2005, Exercise Physiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill), 388. With permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies.
32 Nastavitev napetosti (moči) na celotni mišici načelo vse ali nič seštevanje moči nabor vlaken frekvenčno seštevanje
33 Zveza med hitrostjo daljšanja in krajšanja mišice in tvorjene sile
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