ESSENTIALS OF PALEOMAGNETISM
|
|
- Holly Poole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ESSENTIALS OF PALEOMAGNETISM LISA TAUXE With Contributions from Robert F. Butler, R. Van der Voo, and Subir K. Banerjee
2 CONTENTS PREFACE xiii 1 THE PHYSICS OF MAGNETISM What is a magnetic field? Magnetic moment 2 '1.3 Magnetic flux ; Magnetic energy Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility Relationship of B and H 6 17 A brief tour of magnetic units in the cgs system The magnetic potential Origin of the geomagnetic field Problems 13 2 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD Components of magnetic vectors Reference magnetic field Geocentric axial dipole (GAD) and other poles.23 '2.4 Plotting magnetic directional data.26 - / D, I transformation Virtual geomagnetic poles Virtual dipole moment Problems.31 3 INDUCED AND REMANENT MAGNETISM * Magnetism at the atomic level Induced magnetization Orbital contribution and diamagnetism Role of electronic spins and paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Problems 45
3 4 MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY AND DOMAINS The magnetic energy of particles Exchange energy Magnetic moments and external fields Magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy Magnetostriction: stress anisotropy Magnetostatic (shape) anisotropy Magnetic energy and magnetic stability Magnetic domains Thermal energy Putting it all together Problems 64 5 MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS The "flipping" field Hysteresis loops Uniaxial anisotropy Magnetic susceptibility Cubic anisotropy Superparamagnetic particles Particles with domain walls Hysteresis of mixtures of SP, SD, and MD grains First-order reversal curves Problems 83 6 MAGNETIC MINERALOGY Iron-oxides Titanomagnetites Fe 3x Ti x Hematite-ilmenite Fe Ti O Oxidation of (titano)magnetites to (titano)maghemites Iron-oxyhydroxides and iron-sulfides FeTi oxides in igneous rocks Magnetic mineralogy of soils and sediments Problems 98 7 HOW ROCKS GET AND STAY MAGNETIZED The concept of dynamic equilibrium Essential Neel theory.' Viscous remanent magnetization Thermal remanent magnetization Chemical remanent magnetization Detrital remanent magnetization Physical alignment of magnetic moments in viscous fluids 116
4 7.6.2 Post-depositional processes ; Inclination error Isothermal remanent magnetization Thermo-viscous remanent magnetization Natural remanent magnetization Artificial remanences Problems APPLIED ROCK (ENVIRONMENTAL) MAGNETISM Images Critical temperatures Magnetic susceptibility Measurement of magnetic susceptibility Temperature dependence Frequency dependence Outcrop measurements Magnetization Magnetic interactions: IRM and ARM techniques IRM "unmixing" Combining thermal and isothermal information for rock magnetic characterization Hysteresis parameters The building blocks of hysteresis loops Hysteresis behavior of mixtures Trends in parameters with grain size Ratios Applications of rock magnetism Paleoclimatic information from lake sediments Paramagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility Separation of two superparamagnetic particle size distributions Identification of biogenic magnetite in natural samples Concluding remarks Problems GETTING A PALEOMAGNETIC DIRECTION Paleomagnetic sampling Types of samples Orientation in the field A note on terminology Measurement of magnetic remanence Changing coordinate systems Demagnetization techniques Estimating directions from demagnetization data Vector difference sum Best-fit lines and planes 176
5 9.8 Field strategies Problems PALEOINTENSITY Paleointensity with TRMs Step-wise heating family of experiments Reducing the effect of heating Quality assurance and data selection Paleointensity with DRMs Problems FISHER STATISTICS The normal distribution Statistics of vectors Estimation of Fisher statistics Some illustrations Significance tests Watson's test for randomness Comparison of precision Comparing known and estimated directions Comparing two estimated directions Combining directions and great circles Inclination-only data Is a given data set Fisher distributed? Problems BEYOND FISHER STATISTICS Non-Fisherian parametric approaches The Kent distribution The Bingham distribution The Bingham-LeGoff approximation The bi-gaussian distribution The simple (naive) bootstrap The parametric bootstrap, When are two data sets distinct? Application to the "reversals test" Application to the "fold test" Problems PALEOMAGNETIC TENSORS Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility Hext statistics Hext confidence ellipses Hext F statistics for significance of eigenvalue ratios.252
6 13.3 Limitations of Hext statistics Bootstrap confidence ellipses Comparing mean eigenvectors with other axes Shape Anisotropy of magnetic remanence Anisotropy of ARM andtrm Anisotropy of DRM Problems ; THE ANCIENT GEOMAGNETIC FIELD Historical measurements Archaeo- and paleomagnetic records Pioneers in paleomagnetism The last seven millenia Westward drift The more distant past Time series of paleomagnetic data Excursions Reversals Geomagnetic polarity time scale a first look The time-averaged field Long-term changes in paleointensity Statistical models of paleosecular variation Problems THE GPTS AND MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY Early efforts in defining the GPTS The addition of biostratigraphy Astrochronology A note on terminology Current status of the geological time scale Applications Dating geological sequences Measuring rates Tracing of magnetic isochrons Problems TECTONIC APPLICATIONS OF PALEOMAGNETISM Essentials of plate tectonic theory Poles and apparent polar wander The Gondwana APWP Inclination shallowing and GAD Paleomagnetism and plate reconstructions Discordant poles and displaced terranes 331
7 16.7 Inclination-only data and APWPs Concluding remarks Problems 335 APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS, DERIVATIONS, AND TRICKS 339 A.1 Definitions 339 A.2 Derivations 343 A.2.1 Langevin function for a paramagnetic substance.343 A.2.2 Superparamagnetism.344 A.3 Useful tricks 345 A.3.1 Spherical trigonometry 345 A.3.2 Vector addition 346 A.3.3 Vector subtraction 346 A.3.4 Vector multiplication 347 A.3.5 Tricks with tensors.347 A.3.6 Upside down triangles, V.357 A.3.7 The statistical bootstrap.361 A.3.8 Directions using a sun compass.362 APPENDIX B: PLOTS USEFUL IN PALEOMAGNETISM.365 B.1 Equal-area projections.365 B.1.1 Calculation of an equal-area projection.365 B.1.2 Plotting directions 365 B.1.3 Bedding tilt corrections 367 B.1.4 Reading ternary diagrams.368 B.1.5 Quantile-Quantile plots 369 APPENDIX C: PALEOMAGNETIC STATISTICS AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION 373 C.1 Hysteresis parameters 373 C.2 Directional statistics 375 C.2.1 Calculation of Watson's V n 375 C.2.2 Combining lines and planes 375 C.2.3 Inclination-only calculation 376 C.2.4 Kent 95% confidence ellipse : 378 C.2.5 Bingham95% confidence parameters 379 C.3 Paleointensity statistics.380 APPENDIX D: ANISOTROPY IN PALEOMAGNETISM 385 D.1 The 15-measurement protocol 385
8 D.2 The spinning protocol 386 D.3 Correction of inclination error with AARM 387 APPENDIX E: THE MagIC DATABASE '. 391 E.1 Introduction 391 E.2 Getting started 392 E.3 Perusing the existing data 392 E.4 Uploading data to the database.392 E.5 Structure of the database tables.393 E.6 A word about method codes 393 APPENDIX F: COMPUTER SKILLS 397 F.1 Programming Python for paleomagnetism 397 F.1.1 Why Python? 397 F.1.2 Installing and starting Python.398 F.1.3 Finding the command line window.398 F.1.4 Programming essentials.398 F.1.5 A first program 400 F.1.6 Variables 400 F.1.7 Data structures 400 F. 1.8 Operations and comparisons.402 F.1.9 Conditionals and flow control.402 R1.10 Input/output 403 F.1.11 Functions and modules,.405 F.1.12 Plotting 405 F.2 Survival *NIX 407 F.2.1 Redirecting input and output.408 F.2.2 Wildcards 408 F.2.3 *NIX commands 409 F.2.4 Text editors 411 F.3 The PmagPy software package.411 F.3.1 Downloading and installing PmagPy.411 F.3.2 General characteristics of PmagPy programs.411 F.3.3 Examples of how to use PmagPy programs.412 R4 Complaints department 461 BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 INDEX 479
The Earth's Magnetism
Roberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth's Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists With 167 Figures and 6 Tables 4y Springer Contents 1 The Earth's Magnetic Field 1 1.1 Observations and Geomagnetic Measurements
More informationLecture 13: Tensors in paleomagnetism. What are tensors anyway? anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) how to find it. what to do with it
Lecture 13: Tensors in paleomagnetism What are tensors anyway? anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) how to find it what to do with it anisotropy of magnetic remanence 1 What is a tensor? An array
More informationLecture 5. Chapters 3 & 4. Induced magnetization: that which is induced in the presence of an applied magnetic field. diamagnetic.
Lecture 5 Induced magnetization: that which is induced in the presence of an applied magnetic field diamagnetic paramagnetic Remanent magnetization: that which remains in the absence of an external field
More informationThe Magnetic Field of the Earth
The Magnetic Field of the Earth Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle RONALD T. MERRILL Department of Geophysics University of Washington Seattle, Washington MICHAEL W. McELHINNY Gondwana Consultants
More informationChapter 1. General Theory
Chapter 1. General Theory There are now a number of excellent books on rock magnetism, palaeomagnetism and geomagnetism. Recommended texts on palaeomagnetism are Tarling (1983), Butler (1992) and Tauxe
More informationMethods in Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism. Techniques and instrumentation
Methods in Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism Techniques and instrumentation Methods in Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism Techniques and instrumentation D. W. Collinson Department of Geophysics and Planetary
More informationThe Magnetic Field of the Earth. Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle
The Magnetic Field of the Earth Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle This is Volume 63 in the INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS SERIES A series of monographs and textbooks Edited by RENATA DMOWSKA and
More informationLecture 17: Tectonic applications. Paleomagnetic poles. Brief review of plate tectonics. Apparent polar wander paths
Lecture 17: Tectonic applications Paleomagnetic poles Brief review of plate tectonics Apparent polar wander paths Paleomagnetism and plate reconstructions 1 Paleomagnetic poles Assume the magnetic field
More informationClockwise rotation of the entire Oman ophiolite occurred in a suprasubduction zone setting Antony Morris et al.
GSA Data Repository 216351 Clockwise rotation of the entire Oman ophiolite occurred in a suprasubduction zone setting Antony Morris et al. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24 25
More informationData Repository Item
Data Repository Item 2002103 Supplementary Material for Sedimentologic-Magnetic Record of Western Pangean Climate in Upper Paleozoic Loessite (Lower Cutler Beds, Utah) G.S. (Lynn) Soreghan, R. Douglas
More informationThe Geodynamo and Paleomagnetism Brown and Mussett (1993) ch. 6; Fowler p
In this lecture: The Core The Geodynamo and Paleomagnetism Brown and Mussett (1993) ch. 6; Fowler p. 32-50 Problems Outer core Physical state Composition Inner core Physical state Composition Paleomagnetism
More informationPALAEOMAGNETISM. Results from palaeomagnetism Polar wander curves: continental drift and rotation.
PALAEOMAGNETISM OUTLINE Magnetism in rocks Induced and remanent magnetism: - dia, para, ferro, antiferro, and ferrimagnetics; domain theory, Curie temperature, blocking temperature. Natural remanent magnetism
More informationMAGNETIC MATERIALS. Fundamentals and device applications CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS NICOLA A. SPALDIN
MAGNETIC MATERIALS Fundamentals and device applications NICOLA A. SPALDIN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Acknowledgements 1 Review of basic magnetostatics 1.1 Magnetic field 1.1.1 Magnetic poles 1.1.2 Magnetic
More informationChapter 2 Magnetic Properties
Chapter 2 Magnetic Properties Abstract The magnetic properties of a material are the basis of their applications. Specifically, the contrast agents that will be developed in Chaps. 4 and 5 use their magnetic
More informationContents. Acknowledgments
MAGNETIC MATERIALS Fundamentals and Applications Second edition NICOLA A. SPALDIN University of California, Santa Barbara CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Acknowledgments page xiii I Basics 1 Review
More informationOcean Crustal Magnetization and Magnetic Anomalies
Ocean Crustal Magnetization and Magnetic Anomalies Anomaly and magnetization basics Lavas as largest magnetic source what controls their magnetization? Do lower crustal layers contribute? Magnetic anomalies
More information复习题. 2 Calculate the intensity of magnetic field in the air gap of the magnetic circuit shown in the figure. Use the values N=200,
复习题 1 Calculate the magnetic moment of a sphere of radius R made from a magnetic material with magnetic susceptibility, when it is magnetized by an external magnetic field H. How is the value of the moment
More informationRoberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth s Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists
Roberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth s Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists Roberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth s Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists With 167 Figures and 6 Tables Authors
More informationSupplementary Information
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2013334 Yamazaki Supplementary Information Figure DR1. Magnetic properties of red clay core NP21. The ~7 m core was taken from the North Pacific Gyre (NPG) at 19 59.9 N, 172 34.5 E,
More informationGEOMAGNETISM, PALEOMAGNETISM, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY
GEOMAGNETISM, PALEOMAGNETISM, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY defini&ons Geomagne7sm studies the current magne&c field of Earth Paleomagne7sm studies the ancient magne&c field of Earth, as recorded in rocks Magne7c
More information12. PALEOMAGNETISM AND ROCK MAGNETISM OF UPPER JURASSIC LIMESTONE AND BASALT FROM SITE 367
. PALEOMAGNETISM AND ROCK MAGNETISM OF UPPER JURASSIC LIMESTONE AND BASALT FROM SITE 367 Dennis V. Kent and Lan Ping Tsai, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York
More informationLecture 14: Paleointensity
Lecture 14: Paleointensity Key assumptions Paleointensity with TRMs Paleointensity with DRMs Paleointensity with IRMs? 1 Key assumptions: The proportionality function between remanence and field is known
More informationPhysics of Magnetism. Chapter references are to Essentials of Paleomagnetism, UC Press, 2010
Physics of Magnetism Chapter references are to Essentials of Paleomagnetism, UC Press, 2010 http://magician.ucsd.edu/essentials 1 Magnetic units (sorry!) SI cgs Magnetic fields as the gradient of a scalar
More informationcurve show no change in susceptibility with temperature, ideal paramagnetic curve is a straight line
Figure DR1. Low-Temperature susceptibility Normalized reciprocal magnetic susceptibility (ko/k) as a function of temperature. Ideal ferromagnetic curve show no change in susceptibility with temperature,
More informationFerromagnetism. In free space, the flux density and magnetizing field strength are related by the expression
1 Ferromagnetism B In free space, the flux density and magnetizing field strength are related by the expression H B =µ 0 H µ 0 =4π x 10-7 H.m -1, the permeability of free space. 2 Ferromagnetism B H For
More informationPaleomagnetic Pole Positions and Geomagnetic Secular Variation from the Cretaceous Ponta Grossa Dike Swarm (Brazil)
GEOFÍSICA INTERNACIONAL (2015) 54-2: 167-178 ORIGINAL PAPER Paleomagnetic Pole Positions and Geomagnetic Secular Variation from the Cretaceous Ponta Grossa Dike Swarm (Brazil) * Urrutia-Fucugauchi Resumen
More informationLecture 15: The ancient geomagnetic field. Why study the ancient field. Paleosecular variation: the Holocene. past 5 Myr. Excursions and reversals
Lecture 15: The ancient geomagnetic field Why study the ancient field Paleosecular variation: the Holocene past 5 Myr Excursions and reversals 1 Why study the ancient geomagnetic field The geomagnetic
More informationWith a group, get a bar magnet, some plastic wrap, iron filings and a compass.
Name: EPS 50 Lab 8: The Earth's Magnetic Field Chapter 2, p. 39-41: The Seafloor as a Magnetic Tape Recorder Chapter 7, p. 213: Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy Chapter 14, p. 396-406: Earth s Magnetic Field
More informationWinmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course Physics UNIT 10. Magnetism
Physics UNIT 10 Magnetism The word magnetism is derived from iron ore magnetite (Fe3O4), which was found in the island of magnesia in Greece. It was Gilbert who laid the foundation for magnetism and had
More informationLecture 4. Things we might want to know about the geomagnetic field. Components of the geomagnetic field. The geomagnetic reference field
Lecture 4 Things we might want to know about the geomagnetic field Components of the geomagnetic field The geomagnetic reference field All sorts of magnetic poles observables Things we might want to know
More informationIntroduction to magnetism of confined systems
Introduction to magnetism of confined systems P. Vavassori CIC nanogune Consolider, San Sebastian, Spain; nano@nanogune.eu Basics: diamagnetism and paramagnetism Every material which is put in a magnetic
More informationTectonic applications
Tectonic applications Paleomagnetic poles Brief review of plate tectonics Apparent polar wander paths Paleomagnetism and plate reconstructions 1 Continental Drift? 2 An old idea (from 1596 even) e.g.,
More informationIs the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus) a complete, transform. fault bounded Neotethyan ridge segment?
GSA Data Repository DR1 Is the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus) a complete, transform fault bounded Neotethyan ridge segment? Antony Morris and Marco Maffione Data Repository methods 1.1. Paleomagnetic analysis
More informationDR Table 1 - Summary site statistics for paleomagnetic data
Table 1 - Summary site statistics for paleomagnetic data Site Lat Lon Level (m) S D D g I g D s I s R! " 95 # p $ p Formation Section BH0414 % 44.69721 W108.34584 0.0 123 12S 3 196.2-46.3 191.6-59.9 2.8
More informationMAGMA FLOW DIRECTION OF THE SHIP ROCK RADIAL DIKE SWARM, NEW MEXICO
MAGMA FLOW DIRECTION OF THE SHIP ROCK RADIAL DIKE SWARM, NEW MEXICO DENISE MARIE HARDMAN The College of Wooster Sponsor: Robert Varga ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Field work on the Navajo Nation was conducted under
More informationThe Physics of Ferromagnetism
Terunobu Miyazaki Hanmin Jin The Physics of Ferromagnetism Springer Contents Part I Foundation of Magnetism 1 Basis of Magnetism 3 1.1 Basic Magnetic Laws and Magnetic Quantities 3 1.1.1 Basic Laws of
More informationDR Supplementary material
1 2 3 DR2011048 Supplementary material 4 5 6 7 8 Figure DR1. Schematic diagram of the rain collector assembly. Modeled after Scholl et al., (1996) 1 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Figure DR2. Monthly average
More informationDisplacement Current. Ampere s law in the original form is valid only if any electric fields present are constant in time
Displacement Current Ampere s law in the original form is valid only if any electric fields present are constant in time Maxwell modified the law to include timesaving electric fields Maxwell added an
More informationGeomagnetics. Magnetic Surveying
Geomagnetics ieso 2010 Magnetic Surveying The investigation of the subsurface geology on the basis of anomalies in the Earth s magnetic field resulting from the magnetic properties of the causative body.
More informationErroneous fold tests as an artifact of alteration chemical remanent magnetization
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. B12, 2369, doi:10.1029/2001jb000805, 2002 Erroneous fold tests as an artifact of alteration chemical remanent magnetization Karen Nørgaard Madsen and Harald
More informationThe Earth's Magnetic Field. Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective
The Earth's Magnetic Field Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective RONALD T. MERRILL Geophysics Program University of Washington Seattle, USA MICHAEL W. McELHINNY Formerly, Research School of Earth
More informationB for a Long, Straight Conductor, Special Case. If the conductor is an infinitely long, straight wire, θ 1 = 0 and θ 2 = π The field becomes
B for a Long, Straight Conductor, Special Case If the conductor is an infinitely long, straight wire, θ 1 = 0 and θ 2 = π The field becomes μ I B = o 2πa B for a Curved Wire Segment Find the field at point
More informationhttp://foundation.aapg.org/students/undergraduate/weeks.cfm Tim Carr - West Virginia University 3 Potential Fields Indirect Visualization Density and Magnetization Gravity and Magnetic Exploration Locate
More informationLecture 19: Magnetic properties and the Nephelauxetic effect
Lecture 19: Magnetic properties and the Nephelauxetic effect sample balance thermometer connection to balance left: the Gouy balance for Gouy Tube determining the magnetic susceptibility of materials north
More informationMagnetism. Magnets Source of magnetism. Magnetic field. Magnetic force
Magnetism Magnets Source of magnetism Magnetic field Magnetic force Magnets and magnetic force Historical First magnets were pieces of iron-bearing rock called loadstone (magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 ) found originally
More informationWhat do variable magnetic fabrics in gabbros of the Oman ophiolite reveal about lower oceanic crustal magmatism at fast spreading ridges?
GSA Data Repository 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5 51 52 What do variable magnetic fabrics in of
More informationShallow bias in Neogene palaeomagnetic directions from the Guide Basin, NE Tibet, caused by inclination error
Geophys. J. Int. (2005) 163, 944 948 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02802.x GJI Geomagnetism, rock magnetism and palaeomagnetism Shallow bias in Neogene palaeomagnetic directions from the Guide Basin, NE
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF A SURFACE ON HYSTERESIS LOOPS FOR SINGLE-DOMAIN FERROMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
THE INFLUENCE OF A SURFACE ON HYSTERESIS LOOPS FOR SINGLE-DOMAIN FERROMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Saad Alsari
More informationCHAPTER 2 MAGNETISM. 2.1 Magnetic materials
CHAPTER 2 MAGNETISM Magnetism plays a crucial role in the development of memories for mass storage, and in sensors to name a few. Spintronics is an integration of the magnetic material with semiconductor
More informationPHYSICS 4750 Physics of Modern Materials Chapter 8: Magnetic Materials
PHYSICS 475 Physics of Modern Materials Chapter 8: Magnetic Materials 1. Atomic Magnetic Dipole Moments A magnetic solid is one in which at least some of the atoms have a permanent magnetic dipole moment
More informationGE 2400 Test #2 3/26/03. Name
GE 2400 Test #2 3/26/03 Name 9. Fill in the blank. a. minerals have a negative magnetic susceptibility. b. Ground surveys that use gradiometer magnetometers generally measure the. c. Horizontal derivatives
More informationGeomagnetism. The Earth s Magnetic field. Magnetization of rocks. The Earth s magnetic record. Proof of continental drift.
Geomagnetism The Earth s Magnetic field. The Earth s magnetic record Magnetization of rocks C Gary A. Glatzmaier University of California, Santa Cruz Proof of continental drift Magnetism Magnetic Force
More informationElectromagnetism II. Instructor: Andrei Sirenko Spring 2013 Thursdays 1 pm 4 pm. Spring 2013, NJIT 1
Electromagnetism II Instructor: Andrei Sirenko sirenko@njit.edu Spring 013 Thursdays 1 pm 4 pm Spring 013, NJIT 1 PROBLEMS for CH. 6 http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko/phys433/phys433eandm013.htm Can obtain
More informationMagnetic minerals are ubiquitous in the natural environment, and
Mineral Magnetism: Providing New Insights into Geoscience Processes Richard J. Harrison 1 and Joshua M. Feinberg 2 1811-5209/09/0005-0209$2.50 DOI: 10.2113/gselements.5.4.209 Magnetic minerals are ubiquitous
More informationOver six hundred 2.54 cm cores were collected at 18 sites in the Portilla Formation and
Weil et al., page 1 DATA REPOSITORY 2001112 SAMPLING AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Over six hundred 2.54 cm cores were collected at 18 sites in the Portilla Formation and 41 sites in the Santa Lucia Formation
More informationGeophysics 210 D1: Basics of Geomagnetism. D1.1 Introduction
Geophysics 210 D1: Basics of Geomagnetism D1.1 Introduction Lodestone was known to the Greeks (800 BC) and Chinese (300 BC) First compass (200 BC) made by Chinese, but not clear why it worked Europeans
More information2. When the current flowing through a wire loop is halved, its magnetic moment will become a. half. b. one-fourth. c. double. d. quadruple.
13 1. When a magnetic needle is kept in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a. neither a force nor a torque. b. a force and not a torque. c. a torque and a force. d. only a torque.. Magnetic lines
More informationGeophysics 223 January Geophysics 223 C1: Basics of Geomagnetism. C1.1 Introduction
Geophysics 223 C1: Basics of Geomagnetism C1.1 Introduction Lodestone was known to the Greeks (800 BC) and Chinese (300 BC) First compass (200 BC) made by Chinese, but not clear why it worked Europeans
More informationSection 24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials A Current Loop in a Uniform Field Slide 24-2 A Current Loop in a Uniform Field A magnetic dipole will rotate to line up with a magnetic field just as an electric
More informationGlobal Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth.
Global Tectonics Kearey, Philip ISBN-13: 9781405107778 Table of Contents Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Historical perspective. 1.1 Continental drift. 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics.
More informationLuigi Paolasini
Luigi Paolasini paolasini@esrf.fr LECTURE 5: MAGNETIC STRUCTURES - Mean field theory and magnetic order - Classification of magnetic structures - Collinear and non-collinear magnetic structures. - Magnetic
More informationTaslima Anwar. Doctor of Philosophy. Geophysics
Study of the Chinese loess and Siberian flood basalts: new global scale insights to the paleoclimate and geomagnetic field changes by Taslima Anwar A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationGEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Plate Tectonics - Geomagnetism, Earthquakes, and Gravity
Name GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Plate Tectonics - Geomagnetism, Earthquakes, and Gravity I. Geomagnetism The earth's magnetic field can be viewed as a simple bar magnet located near the center of
More informationCAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN REMAGNETIZED CARBONATES OF THE ARGENTINE EASTERN PRECORDILLERA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN REMAGNETIZED CARBONATES OF THE ARGENTINE EASTERN PRECORDILLERA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Sabrina Y. Fazzito 1, Augusto E. Rapalini 1,2 1 IGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Buenos
More informationTypes of Magnetism and Magnetic Domains
Types of Magnetism and Magnetic Domains Magnets or objects with a Magnetic Moment A magnet is an object or material that attracts certain metals, such as iron, nickel and cobalt. It can also attract or
More information7. PALEOLATITUDE OF THE SOUTHERN KERGUELEN PLATEAU INFERRED FROM THE PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF UPPER CRETACEOUS BASALTS 1
Wise, S. W., Jr., Schlich, R., et al., 1992 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 120 7. PALEOLATITUDE OF E SOUERN KERGUELEN PLATEAU INFERRED FROM E PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF
More informationLecture contents. Magnetic properties Diamagnetism Band paramagnetism Atomic paramagnetism Ferromagnetism. Molecular field theory Exchange interaction
1 Lecture contents Magnetic properties Diamagnetism and paramagnetism Atomic paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Molecular field theory Exchange interaction NNSE 58 EM Lecture #1 [SI] M magnetization or magnetic
More informationMacroscopic properties II
Paolo Allia DISAT Politecnico di Torino acroscopic properties II acroscopic properties II Crucial aspects of macroscopic ferromagnetism Crystalline magnetic anisotropy Shape anisotropy Ferromagnetic domains
More informationPhysics 12. Unit 8 Magnetic Field and Electromagnetism Part I
Physics 12 Unit 8 Magnetic Field and Electromagnetism Part I 1. Basics about magnets Magnets have been known by ancient people since long time ago, referring to the iron-rich rocks, called magnetite or
More informationThe Application of Environmental Magnetism to Sediment Source Tracing: A New Approach
CSIRO LAND and WATER The Application of Environmental Magnetism to Sediment Source Tracing: A New Approach Gary G Caitcheon CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report No. 21/98 April 1998 CSIRO AUSTRALIA Acknowledgements
More informationMagnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
Anisoft5 Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks Martin Chadima AGICO Inc., Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Geology, ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic Magnetic anisotropy of rocks Literature Tarling, D.H. &
More informationLectures in Paleomagnetism, 2005 by Lisa Tauxe. Citation:
Lectures in Paleomagnetism, 2005 by Lisa Tauxe Citation: http://earthref.org/magic/books/tauxe/2005/ May 30, 2005 Tauxe, 2005 0-0 Lectures in Paleomagnetism Chapter 1 The Physics of Magnetism Suggested
More informationMagnetism.
Magnetism Magnetism https://twistedsifter.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/visualizing-magnetic-fields-with-iron-filings-2.jpg?w=800&h=600 Magnets Are dipoles as opposed to monopoles + - + Referred to as North
More informationFollow this and additional works at: Part of the Physics Commons
Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 Surface Effect Of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles On Transition Between Single- And Multi-Domain Structure
More informationMagnetism and Levitation
Magnetism and Levitation Brent Hobbs Dan Stark Timothy Wofford Junior Lab I Wednesday, December 11, 2002 Types of Magnetism Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism Ferrimagnetism Paramagnetism Superparamagnetism
More informationl μ M Right hand Screw rule
Magnetic materials Magnetic property The response of the materials to external magnetic field All the materials are magnetic, only the degree of response varies, which is measured in terms of their magnetization
More informationEQUATION LANGEVIN. Physics, Chemistry and Electrical Engineering. World Scientific. With Applications to Stochastic Problems in. William T.
SHANGHAI HONG WorlrfScientific Series krtonttimfjorary Chemical Physics-Vol. 27 THE LANGEVIN EQUATION With Applications to Stochastic Problems in Physics, Chemistry and Electrical Engineering Third Edition
More informationMagnetism. Ram Seshadri MRL 2031, x6129, Some basics:
Magnetism Ram Seshadri MRL 2031, x6129, seshadri@mrl.ucsb.edu Some basics: A magnet is associated with magnetic lines of force, and a north pole and a south pole. he lines of force come out of the north
More informationTsunami, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Tsunami, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Destruction of Moawhitu. Plate tectonics: terminology
Tsunami, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Tsunami, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Tsunami: Wavelenths > 200 km Very fast in open ocean Destruction of Moawhitu Brian Flintoff, New Zealand Plate tectonics
More informationPaleomagnetic studies on Icelandic lavas in , and their relation to worldwide research in paleomagnetism
Paleomagnetic studies on Icelandic lavas in 1950-2015, and their relation to worldwide research in paleomagnetism Leó Kristjánsson Emeritus Research Professor Institute of Earth Sciences University of
More informationPutting Things Together. Plate Tectonics & Earth History
Putting Things Together Plate Tectonics & Earth History Ideas of Importance The Earth is Hot The Heat is released through earthquakes and volcanoes. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur along linear belts.
More informationGJI Geomagnetism, rock magnetism and palaeomagnetism
Geophys. J. Int. (24) 157, 117 126 doi: 1.1111/j.1365-246X.24.2231.x Saturation magnetostriction and its low-temperature variation inferred for natural titanomaghemites: implications for internal stress
More information4. DATA REPORT: REVISED MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC MINERALOGY OF SEDIMENTS FROM WALVIS RIDGE, LEG 208 1
Kroon, D., Zachos, J.C., and Richter, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 8 4. DATA REPORT: REVISED MAGETOSTRATIGRAPHY AD MAGETIC MIERALOGY OF SEDIMETS FROM WALVIS
More informationMagnetic ordering, magnetic anisotropy and the mean-field theory
Magnetic ordering, magnetic anisotropy and the mean-field theory Alexandra Kalashnikova kalashnikova@mail.ioffe.ru Ferromagnets Mean-field approximation Curie temperature and critical exponents Magnetic
More informationChapter 5. Magnetism and Matter
Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter TABLE 5.1 THE DIPOLE ANALO Diamagnetic materials, when placed in a magnetic field, are magnetized in the direction opposite to the magnetic field; whereas paramagnetic and
More informationData Repository DR Supplemental Data File. Feinberg et al., Figure DR2. Isothermal remanent magnetization data for typical lapillus
Data Repository DR2968 Supplemental Data File Feinberg et al., 29 Age Constraints on Alleged Footprints Preserved in the Xalnene Tuff near Puebla, Mexico The accompanying pages include additional evidence
More informationLecture #13 notes, Geology 3950 Spring 2006: CR Stern Magnetic reversals (text pages th edition and in the 5 th edition)
Lecture #13 notes, Geology 3950 Spring 2006: CR Stern Magnetic reversals (text pages 35-37 4 th edition and 53-55 in the 5 th edition) The earth has a magnetic field generated by circulation of charged
More informationPreliminary Report of the Paleomagnetism of the Twin Sisters Dunite Intrusion, Washington, L.S.A.
JOURNAL OF GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOELECTRICITY VOL. 23, No. 3, 4, 1971 Preliminary Report of the Paleomagnetism of the Twin Sisters Dunite Intrusion, Washington, L.S.A. (Received November 4, 1971) This letter
More informationMagnetic States and Hysteresis Properties of Small Magnetite Particles
The Physics of Metals and Metallography, Vol. 86, No. 3, 998, pp. 269 275. Original Russian Text Copyright 998 by Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie, Afremov, Panov. English Translation Copyright 998 by
More informationElectromagnetism II. Cristina Lazzeroni Lecture 5
Electromagnetism II Cristina Lazzeroni c.lazzeroni@bham.ac.uk Lecture 5 Maxwell s equations for free space They apply simultaneously at any given point in free space. How do they change in presence of
More information5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism
5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism 5. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 5.. The discovery of magnetism Mankind s interest in magnetism began as a fascination with the curious attractive properties of the mineral
More informationFundamentals of Magnetism
Fundamentals of Magnetism Part II Albrecht Jander Oregon State University Real Magnetic Materials, Bulk Properties M-H Loop M M s M R B-H Loop B B s B R H ci H H c H M S - Saturation magnetization H ci
More informationLectures in Paleomagnetism, 2005 by Lisa Tauxe. Citation:
Lectures in Paleomagnetism, 2005 by Lisa Tauxe Citation: http://earthref.org/magic/books/tauxe/2005/ June 3, 2005 Tauxe, 2005 8-2 Lectures in Paleomagnetism Chapter 9 Getting a paleomagnetic direction
More informationMagnetic Field Lines for a Loop
Magnetic Field Lines for a Loop Figure (a) shows the magnetic field lines surrounding a current loop Figure (b) shows the field lines in the iron filings Figure (c) compares the field lines to that of
More informationChapter 28 Magnetic Fields Sources
Chapter 28 Magnetic Fields Sources All known magnetic sources are due to magnetic dipoles and inherently macroscopic current sources or microscopic spins and magnetic moments Goals for Chapter 28 Study
More informationG 3. AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society
Geosystems G 3 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society Technical Brief Volume 4, Number 1 23 January 2003 1007, doi:10.1029/2001gc000227 ISSN: 1525-2027
More informationClass XII Chapter 5 Magnetism And Matter Physics
Question 5.1: the following questions regarding earth s magnetism: (a) A vector needs three quantities for its specification. Name the three independent quantities conventionally used to specify the earth
More information28. VRM STUDIES IN LEG 37 IGNEOUS ROCKS 1
28. VRM STUDIES IN LEG 37 IGNEOUS ROCKS 1 D. V. Kent, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York and W. Lowrie, Institüt für Geophysik, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8049 Zurich,
More informationChapter 14. Optical and Magnetic Materials. 경상대학교 Ceramic Design Lab.
Chapter 14 Optical and Magnetic Materials Magnetic field strength = H H = Ni/l (amp-turns/m) N = # turns i = current, amps l = conductor length B = Magnetic Induction or Magnetic flux density (Wb/m 2 )
More informationG 3. AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society
Geosystems G 3 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society Article Volume 9, Number 2 9 February 2008 Q02005, doi: ISSN: 1525-2027 Magnetostatic interactions
More information