Biological control of the invasive weed, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia: A review
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1 Biological control of the invasive weed, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia: A review Greg Wheeler 1, F. McKay 2, M. Vitorino, 3 R. Diaz, 4 V. Manrique 4, and W. Overholt 4 1 Invasive Plant Research Lab, USDA/ARS, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA 2 FuEDEI (formerly USDA/ARS) Buenos Aires, Argentina 3 Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Brazil 4 University of Florida, Ft Pierce, FL
2 Schinus distribution in the US Classic tree invader damaging native habitats (Richardson & Rejmanek 2011) Introduced for horticulture Bird dispersed Invasive in several regions of the world, North America, Australia, South Africa In Fla & HI one of our most invasive spp
3 Classical Biological Control of Overseas surveys Weeds million insect spp, 90% herbivorous; 90% specific to a taxon Host range determination Phylogeny coevolution of taxa Overseas Quarantine No-choice starvation; choice tests Petition for release TAG/APHIS
4 Worldwide distribution of USDA/ARS biological control efforts FuEDEI South American Biological Control Lab, Buenos Aires, Argentina ARS/USDA Australian Biological Control Lab, Brisbane, Australia
5 Generalists vs. specialists Pandas eat bamboo, and little else
6
7 Examples of biological Recent examples Melaleuca quinquenervia control success
8 Melaleuca quinquenervia Biological control Reduces plant growth Limits reproduction Suppresses seedling survival Initiates leaf abscission Decreases plant density Has no non-target effects Oxyops vitiosa Boreiglycaspis melaleucae Lophodiplosis trifida
9 Biological control of Melaleuca stunts tree growth and tree reproduction Insecticide treated tree Biocontrol exposed tree
10 Schinus biological control research Began in HI 1950s-60s Introduced 3 spp in HI 1. leaf roller Episimus unguiculus (Tortricidae) established 2. seed feeder Lithraeus atronotatus (Bruchidae) established 3. stem borer Crasimorpha infuscata (Gelechiidae) Schinus still big problem
11 Where have we searched for biological control agents? Surveys of Brazil 2005 to Aug 2014 Defining the range Herbaria from 1) Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, 2) NYBG, 3) Tropicos distribution data Other biological control work HI, UF Our surveys, 20 trips to Brazil; > 900 sites Clusters of plants gaps in distribution due to agriculture Paraguay Argentina Uruguay
12 What have we found? Total number of spp Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) 65 spp Beetles (Coleoptera) 27 spp Bugs (Hemiptera) 10 spp Diseases 4 + spp (Barreto, Bruckart & de Macedo) Number potentially suitable, not already rejected or being worked on: 42 spp
13 Species accumulation curve Did we find everything? Asymptotic curve? More agents will be found with additional surveys
14 Potential candidates of Schinus control Tolype medialis Pseudophilothrips ichini Omolabus piceus Oospila pallidara Leurocephala schinusae Nystalea ebalea Tecmessa elegans Plectrophoroides lutra
15 Geometridae from Brazilian pepper native range surveys Iridopsis sp. Prochoerodes sp.
16 One of 4 boxes sent to Geometridae specialists
17 Diversity of potential agents: Paectes spp. (Euteliidae) DNA reveals many species Paectes obrotunda Florida spp.: Paectes nana & P.asper Brazilian spp.: P. longiformis, P. similis, P. sinuosa, and more
18 Diversity of potential agents: Episimus spp.
19 Diversity of potential agents: Episimus spp. Brazilian sp. Episimus unguiculus released in HI Florida native sp. Episimus transferranus
20 Diversity of potential agents: Episimus spp. PD SH C LS
21 Diversity of potential agents: Episimus unguiculus (Tortricidae) target Gelechiidae sp.1 Gelechiidae sp.2 Psilocorsis sp. (Depressariidae) Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Tortricidae) Clarkeulia sp. (Tortricidae)
22 Diversity of potential agents: Episimus spp. Episimus transferranus Pos. 6 new spp to work with
23 Pseudophilothrips ichini Thrips P. ichini damage adults Feed and distort flushing leaf tips Brazil Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) Wide range Bahia to SC, Brazil; sea level to 1300 m High degree of host specificity Native range
24 Pseudophilothrips ichini Thrips life cycle Life stages (scale 0.5 mm): Adult > 50 d Egg 5-6 d Larvae 2 stages 13 d Pupae 3 stages 6 d Total dev time ~ 20 d Feeding stages larvae & adults only. Stages to test
25 Psyllid from Bahia: Candidate for biological control Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) Discovered in 2010 in Bahia, Brazil High degree of host specificity High mortality due to parasites/pathogens in native range Brazil Male Female Burckhardt et al, 2011 Diaz et al, 2014
26 C. latiforceps life cycle: 45 days Diaz et al, 2014
27 Determination of safety Plant spp tested: Thrips 117 spp, 58 genera Calophya 89 spp Protocol: 1) No-choice (Starvation) 2) Choice 3) Multi-generation Results: Thrips some reproduction on S. molle, R. sandwicensis (HI sp.) Calophya all crawlers died on non-targets
28 Calophya latiforceps damage After 3 months Calophya damage reduced chlorophyll plants 31% shorter, 25% greater leaf abscission, 12% reduced RGR
29 TAG petition for thrips submitted for biological control of Brazilian pepper
30 Acknowledgements Funding: Florida Fish Wildlife Commission (D. Schmitz, D. Leslie, G. Jubinsky) SFWMD (L. Rogers, D. Thayer) USDA/ARS Work: Kirsten Dyer, USDA/ARS/IPRL Chawner, Rendon, Hernandez, Silverson, Fung, Jones, SCA/AmeriCorps D. Williams, TCU D. Davis, Smithsonian J Brown, M. Pogue, M. Gates, R. Kula, et al. USDA/ARS/SEL C. O Brien, Green Valley, AZ L. Mound, CSIRO Canberra Australia J.F. Landry, Ag Canada, Ottawa, Canada R. Barreto, Univ Fed Vicosa, Brazil
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