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10 5.2 APPENDIX D2 Geotechnical Report
11 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development ILINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT - GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 2014 Prepared for: Lukhanji Municipality Private Bag X 7111 Queenstown 5320 Tel: agaji@lukhanji.co.za Prepared by: Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd 1 st Floor, Block 5 Greenacres Office Park Second Avenue, Newton Park 6045 PO Box 27308, Greenacres 6057 Tel: Fax: parfittl@jgi.co.za PM/TS 3524 ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT_Final September 2014
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13 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page i Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Scope of Report Scope of Work Available Information Site Description General Site Description Regional Geology Site Drainage Climatic Conditions Fieldwork Results Ilinge Site Profile Summary Lesseyton Site Profile Summary Laboratory Testing Soil Testing Cemetery Site Selection Criteria Site Topography Soil Excavatibility Site Drainage Soil Permeability Positioning in Respect of Domestic Water Supplies Positioning in Respect of Drainage Features Basal Buffer Zone Grave Stability Soil Workability Cemetery Size Conclusions General Selected Bibliography Appendices Appendix A.: Figures Appendix B.: Trial Pit Profiles Appendix C.: Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Results Appendix D.: Laboratory Results PM/TS 3524 ILLINGE AND LESSEYTON CEMETERY DEVELOPMENT_Final September 2014
14 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 2 1 Introduction and Scope of Report Jeffares & Green Pty (Ltd) were appointed by the Lukhanji Local Municipality (Lukhanji) to conduct geotechnical investigations to determine the suitability of two sites for proposed cemetery developments. The sites are located near the villages of Illinge and Lesseyton, near Queenstown. The proposed Illinge cemetery site is located west of the village on Erf No. 218 and has a footprint of m 2. The proposed Lesseyton cemetery site is located adjacent to the National Route N6 on Erf No. 100 and has a footprint of m 2. The following report presents the finding of the invasive geotechnical investigation and laboratory testing conducted in July, August and September 2014, attempts to classify the site in terms of suitability for the proposed cemetery developments. 2 Scope of Work The following work was completed during the geotechnical investigation for the proposed Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemeteries: Test Pits o o A total of ten test pits, labelled ITP1 to ITP10, were excavated to depths ranging between 1.30m and 3.50m below natural ground level, at selected locations across the Municipal site near Illinge using a TLB; A total of five test pits, labelled LTP1 to LTP5, were excavated to depths ranging between 3.00m and 3.20m below natural ground level, at selected locations across the Municipal site near Lesseyton using a TLB Laboratory Testing o Six (6No.) and three (3No.) representative, disturbed subsoil samples were retrieved from the test pits excavated across the Municipal sites at Illinge and Lesseyton, respectively, and were submitted to LABCO Material Investigations Laboratory in Port Elizabeth for the following laboratory testing and analysis: Particle Size Distribution; Atterberg Limits Determination; and Potential Expansiveness Testing. Modified AASHTO California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
15 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 3 3 Available Information The following information was used during the compilation of this report: 1: scale 3125 Geological Map Sheet for Queenstown 1: scale 3127CC Topographical Map Sheet for Queenstown; 1: scale 3126DD Geotechnical Map Sheet for Queenstown; The document entitled Geotechnical Investigation Guidelines for Cemetery Site Selection drafted by the Council for Geosciences in 2004 (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). 4 Site Description 4.1 General Site Description Illinge: The proposed Municipal Cemetery site under investigation are located within the village of Ilinge, which lies approximately 20km south-east of Queenstown City Centre. At present this site is of open fields and are surrounded by sparse semi-rural residential dwellings. Short grass and abundant ant heaps dominate the study area. The site is accessed via the Ilinge village turnoff from the National Route N6. There after site access is gained via a farm gate onto the proposed gravesite. The site is buffered by a mountain range in the north and tar road in the south. The elevation at site ranges from 1169mamsl (meters above mean sea level) to 1175mamsl (Google Imagery, 2014). Lesseyton: The proposed Municipal Cemetery site under investigation are located within the village of Lesseyton, which lies approximately 15km north-west of Queenstown City Centre. At present this site is of open fields and are surrounded by sparse semi-rural residential dwellings. Short grass, shrubs and trees dominate the study area. The site is accessed via the Lesseyton village turnoff from the National Route N6. There after site access is gained from the unsurfaced road onto the proposed gravesite. The site is buffered by a stream to the north and tar road in the south. The elevation at site ranges from 1111mamsl (meters above mean sea level) to 1113mamsl (Google Imagery, 2014) Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
16 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Regional Geology According to the 1: Queenstown scaled Geological Map Sheet, the site is underlain by the Burgersdorp Formation (Trb). This formation is represented by brownish, red and grey mudstone and sandstone. The Burgersdorp Formation has since be intruded numerous times by post-karoo dykes and sills (Jd). A Geological map is provided in Figure 3, Appendix A. 4.3 Site Drainage Illinge: No major surface water bodies were noted within the site boundary during the geotechnical investigation. However, a stream was identified during the investigation which lies approximately 100m east. Lesseyton: No major surface water bodies were noted within the site boundary during the geotechnical investigation. However, a perennial river was identified during the investigation which lies approximately 150m to the north. 4.4 Climatic Conditions Table 4-1 below indicates the general climatic conditions experienced within the Queenstown area. Table 4-1: Climatic Data for Queenstown Month Average Rainfall Average Maximum Average Minimum Temperature (mm) Temperature (ºC) (ºC) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Information extracted from saexplorer.co.za Annual average midday temperatures ranging from 16.8ºC to 27.6ºC have been recorded within the Queenstown area. The area experiences the coldest temperatures during July with an average night temperature of 2ºC Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
17 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 5 In general the Queenstown area receives approximately 399mm of rainfall per annum with the highest rainfall recorded during the summer months. On average the lowest rainfall of approximately 3mm is recorded July which are considered the dry months while the highest rainfall value of 67mm is recorded in March. 5 Fieldwork Results 5.1 Ilinge Site Profile Summary A summary of the subsoils encountered within the investigation site has been described in the table below, with the detailed field logs presented in Appendix B of this report. The approximate locations of the test pits excavated are shown in Appendix A, Figure 1. Table 5-1: Ilinge Site Condensed Log Trial Pits ITP1 Silty Sand sis Sandy silt ssi Sandy Clay scl Silty Clay sicl Depth (m) Description T sis C sis ITP2 R scl H sicl R scl ITP3 T sis R cls H sis ITP4 T sis C cls MW Mudrock ITP5 T sis R scl SW Mudrock R sis THICKNESS OF SOIL LAYERS (m) TOPSOIL T / COLLUVIUM C / HILLWASH H / RESIDUAL R Clayey Sand cls ITP6 T sis R scl R MW Mudrock ITP7 T sis R scl MW to SW Mudrock R scl ITP8 T cls HW Dolerite R cls R scl ITP9 T sis R scl CW Dolerite ITP10 T sis R cls R scl Clayey Silt clsi Gravelly Clay ROCK SW - Slightly Weathered / MW - Moderately Weathered / HW - Highly Weathered / CW - Completely Weathered Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
18 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Lesseyton Site Profile Summary A summary of the subsoils encountered within the investigation site has been described in the table below, with the detailed field logs presented in Appendix B of this report. The approximate locations of the test pits excavated are shown in Appendix A, Figure 2. Table 5-2: Trial Pits Lesseyton Site Condensed Log THICKNESS OF SOIL LAYERS (m) TOPSOIL T / ALLUVIAL A Silty Sand sis Clayey Sand cls Sandy silt ssi Sandy Clay scl LTP1 T sis A cls A cls LTP2 T sis A cls A sis LTP3 T ssi A cls A cls LTP4 T ssi A cls A cls LTP5 T ssi A cls A sis 6 Laboratory Testing 6.1 Soil Testing The tables below display the results of the soil testing that was conducted on six subsoil samples retrieved from the test pits excavated within the Illinge Cemetery site boundary and three subsoil samples retrieved from the Lesseyton Cemetery site boundary. The laboratory test results obtained during testing have been summarised below. A full set of results has been included in Appendix D of this report Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
19 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 7 Table 6-1: Foundation Indicator Results Soil Mortar Analysis (%) Atterberg Limits (%) Sample Trial Potential Depth (m) Description Coarse Medium Fine Passing GM No. Pit No. Coarse Expansion Fine Fine Fine LL PI LS Sand sand Sand Sand mm Illinge ITP1 ITP Silty Sand LOW ITP2 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP5 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP6 ITP Gravelly Clay LOW ITP7 ITP Sandy Clay LOW ITP10 ITP Sandy Clay LOW Lesseyton LTP1 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW LTP4 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW LTP5 LTP Silty Clayey Sand LOW According to the soil mortar analysis the Sediments passing <0.075mm form the bulk components of soils retrieved from the trial pits at both the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites (49 66 %). The clay (< mm diameter) component ranged between 4 10 % at the Illinge site and between 3 5 % at the Lesseyton site. The sampled material had Plasticity Index (PI) values of % and 6 8 % with Linear Shrinkage (LS) values of % and % for the Illinge and Lesseyton sites, respectively. These soil parameters suggest a low potential for expansion and moisture-related shrinkage for the samples. Table 6-2: MoD/CBR Results Maximum CBR Swell Sample No. Trial Pit No. Depth (m) Description MDD kg/m 3 OMC % 90% 93% 95% 98% 100% MAASHTO % TRH 14 Classification Illinge ITP1 ITP Silty Sand <G10 ITP2 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP5 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP6 ITP Gravelly Clay <G10 ITP7 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 ITP10 ITP Sandy Clay <G10 Lesseyton LTP1 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 LTP4 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 LTP5 LTP Silty Clayey Sand <G10 Where: MDD is maximum dry density Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
20 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 8 OMC is optimum moisture content CBR is California bearing ratio The results from the MOD/ CBR tests are fairly conclusive in their representation of in situ materials sampled from the investigation sites. The classification of materials reflects the composition and strengths of the in situ soil. The materials on both the Illinge and Lesseyton sites are of a very poor (>G10) quality according to TRH 14 (1985). The very poor quality material is not suitable for use as fill and/ or in layerworks, and should be spoiled. All material classifications were assessed in accordance with TRH 14 (1985). 7 Cemetery Site Selection Criteria 7.1 Site Topography Site observations along with the topographic data reviewed indicates that both the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites generally exhibit consistent topography. The Illinge site generally dips gently towards the south-east at a slope of approximately 5. The site is located at the foot of a mountain. The Lesseyton site is generally flat with minor ridges evident on the site. Richards and Croukamp (2004) classifies the slope categories for cemetery site selection as follows: Most Suitable/Favourable: Less than 6. Intermediate: Between 6 and 9 Unsuitable/ Unfavourable: More than 9 Using the above slope categories the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery sites have been evaluated in terms of the suitability of the topography for a cemetery development below: Illinge Site o The Illing Cemetery site is dominated by favourable topography i.e. gentle topography with slope angles of less than 6 ; o The proposed site is located at the foot of a mountain. Unsutable/ Unfavourable topography is located immediately to the north of the site i.e. moderate to steep topography with slope angles in excess of 9. Lesseyton Site o The Lesseyton Cemetery site is dominated by favourable topography i.e. gentle topography with slope angles of less than Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
21 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page Soil Excavatibility Whilst a TLB was used during the excavation of the test pits during the geotechnical investigation, according to Richards and Croukamp (2004) the ease of excavation for a cemetery should be defined by in terms of ease of excavation by manual methods due to the difficulty associated with obtaining machinery for grave excavation. Excavation depths of at least 1.8m are considered suitable for cemetery site selection however depths of at least 3.0m are preferred to ensure that an adequate soil horizon is present below the graves to act as an aeration zone (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). This impedes groundwater pollution, and enables the possibility of duplex or multiple graves as required by certain religious sects or as a space saving measure in city cemeteries. The ease with which the soil and/or rock materials encountered across the sites can be excavated are largely dependent on their consistencies and the presence and size of rock boulders within a subsoil horizon. The consistencies of the materials observed during the profiling of the test pits within the Illinge and Lesseyton Cemetery site boundaries have been summarised in Table 7-1 below. Table 7-1: Soil and Rock Materials and Relative Consistencies Encountered Across the Cemetery Study Areas Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Illinge Cemetery Site Excavation Class ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Silty SAND: Colluvium Loose to Medium Silty CLAY: Hillwash Firm ITP CLAY: Residual Firm Sandy CLAY: Residual to Firm Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium ITP Silty SAND: Hillwash Loose to Medium Clayey SAND: Residual Medium Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
22 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 10 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Clayey SAND: Colluvium Loose Loose to Medium MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm to Medium Hard Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Silty SAND: Residual Loose to Medium ITP Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm to Stiff MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm ITP Gravelly CLAY: Residual Firm MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Medium Hard Rock Hard Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm ITP Sandy CLAY: Residual to Firm MUDROCK: Burgersdorp Fm Medium Hard Rock Hard Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
23 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 11 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class Silty Clayey SAND: Topsoil Medium to ITP Clayey SAND: Residual Sandy CLAY: Residual Medium to Firm DOLERITE: Intrusive to Medium Hard Rock Intermediate to Hard ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Sandy CLAY: Residual to Very to Firm DOLERITE: Intrusive Rock Intermediate to Hard ITP Silty SAND: Topsoil Clayey SAND: Residual Medium Sandy CLAY: Residual Firm to Stiff Intermediate Lesseyton Cemetery Site Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium LTP Clayey SAND: Alluvial Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Clayey Silty SAND: Topsoil Medium LTP Clayey Silty SAND: Alluvial Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
24 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 12 Test Pit Reference Depth (m) Soil Type Consistency Excavation Class (Refusal) Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Sandy SILT: Topsoil LTP Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Sandy SILT: Topsoil Firm LTP Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Sandy SILT: Topsoil Firm LTP Silty SAND: Alluvial Medium Silty Clayey SAND: Alluvial Medium to Illinge Cemetery Site Table 7-1 indicates that the material consistencies were generally consistent across the site with refusal by means of mechanical excavation occurring from a depth of 1.30m to a depth of 2.90m below natural ground level. Refusal of the TLB was encountered within test pits ITP4 through ITP7 as a result of the presence of MUDROCK. Near refusal was encountered in residual dolerite at trial pit ITP10, at a depth of 2.90m. Trial pits ITP8 and ITP9 indicated the presence of DOLERITE, however no excavation refusal was encountered to depths of 3.10m. No excavation refusal was encountered within test pits ITP1 through ITP3 and ITP8 and ITP9 to depths of m. The following excavation classes in terms of ease of Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
25 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 13 excavation by manual means for the materials present across the Illinge cemetery site have been defined below: o o o Topsoil, Colluvium, Hillwash and Residual material: Excavation Class Materials; Dolerite (soft to medium hard rock): Intermediate to Hard Excavation Class Materials; and Mudrock: Hard Excavation Class Materials. Residual dolerite, as exhibited at ITP10, may require excavation techniques utilised for Intermediate Excavation Class Materials. Lesseyton Cemetery Site Table 7-1 indicates that the material consistencies were fairly consistent across the site. No refusal by means of mechanical excavation was encountered. No excavation refusal was encountered at the site to depths of m. The following excavation classes in terms of ease of excavation by manual means for the materials present across the Lesseyton cemetery site have been defined below: o Topsoil and Alluvial material: Excavation Class Materials; 7.3 Site Drainage It is imperative that adequate site drainage measures be implemented to assist in the removal of excess surface water and storm water run-off within a cemetery site to prevent the following: Rapid erosion which may result in the degradation of the overall appearance of the cemetery; Excessive ponding of water and ingress into the subsoil thereby causing groundwater pollution; and The flooding of grave sites which would in turn result in the destabilisation of the grave sides. While no specific hydrological study has yet been conducted for the Illinge and Lesseyton cemetery sites, the observations made during the geotechnical investigations have been used to determine the possible factors that could affect site drainage within these sites. It should be noted that while significant rainfall has been recorded within this area during the summer months i.e. November to December and January to February, the geotechnical investigation was conducted during what is considered to be the dry season and therefore the presence of storm water and surface water could not be significantly commented on Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
26 Jeffares & Green: 03524: Ilinge and Lesseyton Cemetery Development Page 14 During the geotechnical investigation conducted in July 2014 the moisture content of the soils present within the study areas were slightly moist across the Illinge site and predominantly dry to slightly moist in sections across the Lesseyton site. No groundwater seepage was encountered in any of the test pits profiled on either of the sites. The abundance of clay horizons within the subsoil profile together with the shallow depth of mudrock at the Illinge site could result in the formation of a perched water table during elevated rainfall conditions. The location of the Illinge site at the foot of a mountain could inturn result in increased surface run-off during seasonal rainfall. A suitable drainage system will be a pre-requisite to ensure minimal damage to the proposed Illinge cemetery. The generally flat topography encountered at the Lesseyton site could result in poor drainage conditions and the subsequent ponding of surface water during seasonal rainfall. It is thus recommended that a suitable drainage system be installed to minimalize any potential damage to the proposed Lesseyton cemetery. The presence of shallow mudrock and dolerite bedrock encountered within the Illinge cemetery site is also a cause for concern as this indicates that the buffer zone or zone of aeration is negligible. This increases the potential for groundwater pollution as a result of the concentration of pathogens and other pollutants in the discontinuities of the bedrock materials (Richards and Croukamp, 2004). The areas of the site in which the mudrock and dolerite bedrock were encountered at shallow depths are therefore considered to be unsuitable for cemetery development and should be avoided. The presence of mudrock and dolerite indicates a geological contact zone on the site. The older Triassic aged mudrock was intruded by the younger Jurassic aged dolerite, forming a natural conduit along which pollutants can freely enter the groundwater. The areas of the site where the contact between the mudrock and dolerite was encountered are therefore considered to be unsuitable for cemetery development and should be avoided. 7.4 Soil Permeability The permeability of the soil and or rock materials present across the site proposed for cemetery development is imperative in determining the suitability of the site for this land use. According to Richards and Croukamp (2004) the permeability of the soils must fall within a predetermined range in order to be suitable for cemetery site development, namely from a minimum of 1x10-7 cms -1 to a maximum of 5x10-5 cms -1. These minimum and maximum permeability values not only ensure that microbial pollutants are adequately contained but also serve to inhibit dispersion of waste products into the soil, thereby preventing the creation of an anaerobic environment which reduces the rate of decomposition Ilinge Cemetery Development.docx September 2014
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