What do we Know About the Universe?
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1 What do we Know About the Universe? Andreas Albrecht UC Davis dept. of Physics Adapted from a public lecture Lowell Observatory October 1, 2016 Work supported by UC Davis and the US Department of Energy 1
2 A. Lowell 10/1/16 2
3 A. Lowell 10/1/16 3
4 A. Lowell 10/1/16 4
5 A. Lowell 10/1/16 5
6 A. Lowell 10/1/16 6
7 A. Lowell 10/1/16 7
8 The Keck 10m Telescopes on Mauna Kea, Hawaii A. Lowell 10/1/16 8
9 Segments of the Keck 10m Telescope Mirror A. Lowell 10/1/16 9
10 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 10
11 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 11
12 The APM (Automatic Plate Machine) Survey (1992) Sky positions of 2,000,000 Galaxies A. Lowell 10/1/16 12
13 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (to locate over 100,000,000 galaxies, 3D positions for 1,000,000) A simulation of just 65,000 Sloan galaxies A. Lowell 10/1/16 13
14 June : First release of Sloan data (50,000 galaxies) A. Lowell 10/1/16 14
15 Sloan Survey Status Imaging (Galaxy positions on the sky) 47% Complete Jun ,000,000 galaxy positions Spectroscopy (3D galaxy positions) 34% Complete Jul ,000 galaxy positions A. Lowell 10/1/16 15
16 Sloan Survey Status Imaging (Galaxy positions on the sky) 97% Complete Jun ,000,000 galaxy positions Spectroscopy (3D galaxy positions) 67% Complete Jun ,000 galaxy positions A. Lowell 10/1/16 16
17 Sloan Survey Status Imaging (Galaxy positions on the sky) 107% Complete Mar ,000,000 galaxy positions Spectroscopy (3D galaxy positions) 68% Complete Mar ,000 galaxy positions A. Lowell 10/1/16 17
18 Plot of a slice of SDSS galaxies A. Lowell 10/1/16 18
19 The final SDSS Survey A. Lowell 10/1/16 19
20 A. Lowell 10/1/16 20
21 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) Simulated 1993 Real Simulated
22 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) Simulated 1993 Real Real Data! 2003 Updated after WMAP announcem ent, Feb
23 WMAP 3-yr map
24 WMAP 5-yr map
25 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! 2006 Updated after Planck announcem ent, A. Lowell 10/1/16 25 Simulated Real Data!
26 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! March ! BICEP2 Updated reports signal after from Planck primordial announcem gravitation ent, waves 2013 in microwave polarization A. Lowell 10/1/16 26 Simulated Real Data!
27 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! March ! BICEP2 Updated reports signal May after 2 from 2015 Planck Planck primordial announcem reports better gravitation ent, waves 2013 polarization data in most microvave likely due to polarization nearby dust A. Lowell 10/1/16 27 Simulated Real Data!
28 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! March ! 2006 Updated after Planck announcem ent, 2013 May A. Lowell 10/1/16 28 Simulated Real Data!
29 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! Updated after Planck announcem September ent, ! LIGO reports direct detection of 2006 gravitational waves from two merging black holes 2013 Simulated Real Data!
30 Links related to previous slides ation_of_the_cosmic_microwave_background A. Lowell 10/1/16 30
31 A. Lowell 10/1/16 31
32 A. Lowell 10/1/16 32
33 A. Lowell 10/1/16 33
34 Mass inferred from lensing: Must have dark matter A. Lowell 10/1/16 34
35 A. Lowell 10/1/
36 Using Hubble s advanced camera for surveys installed June 2002 A. Lowell 10/1/16 36
37 A. Lowell 10/1/16 37
38 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Lowell 10/1/16 38
39 Some Future Plans LSST (Largeaperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Lowell 10/1/16 39
40 Some Future Plans LSST (Largeaperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) Jan 2016, Tucson AZ WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Lowell 10/1/16 40
41 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope (2018 Launch) A. Lowell 10/1/16 41
42 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Lowell 10/1/16 42
43 A. Lowell 10/1/16 43
44 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 44
45 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 45
46 Distances in the Universe A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 46
47 Measure of distance: One Kilometer Walk from the Manetti Shrem to Delta of Venus A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 47
48 Measure of distance: One Kilometer Walk from the Manetti Shrem to Delta of Venus Count cosmic distances as grains of sand: One grain of sand per kilometer. Grain of sand (enlarged) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 48
49 Diameter of earth = 12,760 kilometers 1 Teaspoon of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 49
50 Distance to Moon = 356,410 kilometers 1 Handful of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 50
51 Distance to Moon = 356,410 kilometers 1 Handful of sand (Also roughly the distance light travels in one second) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 51
52 Distance from Earth to Sun = 149,600,000 kilometers (8 light minutes) 1 Milkshake cup of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 52
53 Distance from Earth to Pluto = 6,000,000,000 kilometers 1 wheelbarrow of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 53
54 Distance from Earth to Nearest Star = 40,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 dumpster of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 54
55 Distance from Earth to Edge of our galaxy = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 Physics/Geology Bulidng full of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 55
56 Distance from Earth to Edge of our galaxy = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 Physics/Geology Bulidng full of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 56
57 3 10 Average distance between galaxies = kilometers 1 baseball stadium full of sand 19 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 57
58 Farthest visible object in the universe: kilometers mountain range of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 58
59 1km km km km km km km km 10 km ( d km) log / A. Lowell 10/1/16 59
60 What we know about the big picture 1) On large scales the matter in the Universe is spread out very smoothly ( Homogeneous ) Mean density: gram / cm 2) The Universe is expanding Hubble law: v = Hr Distance Expansion Speed H 3 m / sec = 100lightyears A. Lowell 10/1/16 60
61 The homogeneity of the Universe Isotropy of the microwave background (from the edge of the observable universe ) to one part in 100,000 A. Lowell 10/1/16 61
62 The homogeneity of the universe We are here Radial Direction Galaxy surveys A. Lowell 10/1/16 62
63 The homogeneity of the universe We are here Radial Direction From 1986 Galaxy surveys A. Lowell 10/1/16 63
64 The Hubble law v H r v = Hr 3 m / sec = 100lightyears A. Lowell 10/1/16 64
65 Hubble Expansion Hot, Dense past A. Lowell 10/1/16 65
66 A. Lowell 10/1/16 66
67 Time The History of the Universe Today Dark Energy Galaxy Formation Last Scattering Nuclear & HEP High Energy & Temp Inflation? Extra Dimensions? A. Lowell 10/1/16 67
68 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness High Energy & Temp A. Lowell 10/1/16 68
69 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness (the most distant object ) High Energy & Temp A. Lowell 10/1/16 69
70 Acceleration of the universe " r " " v" The Hubble law at great distances depends on the variations of the Hubble constant H with time. A. Lowell 10/1/16 70
71 Cosmic acceleration Using supernovae (exploding stars) as cosmic mileposts, acceleration of the Universe has been detected. Ordinary non accelerating matter Amount of antigravity matter Amount Supernova of ordinary matter Preferred by modern data A. Lowell 10/1/16 71
72 Mass-Energy of the a Universe made only out of standard model matter Surprise factor Amount of antigravity matter (Dark Energy) Preferred by modern data Red line: No anti-gravity matter Supernova Amount of gravitating matter A. Lowell 10/1/16 72
73 Mass-Energy of the a Universe made only out of standard model matter Amount of antigravity matter (Dark Energy) Need to add dark matter here Amount of gravitating matter Preferred by modern data Need to add dark energy here Red line: No anti-gravity matter A. Lowell 10/1/16 73
74 Cosmic acceleration (newest data) Using supernovae (exploding stars) as cosmic mileposts, acceleration of the Universe has been detected. Gravitating non accelerating matter Amount of antigravity matter Amount Supernova of gravitating matter Preferred by modern data A. Lowell 10/1/16 74
75 Cosmic acceleration Accelerating matter is required to fit current data Ordinary non accelerating matter Amount of w=-1 matter ( Dark energy ) Amount Supernova of ordinary gravitating matter Preferred by data c A. Lowell 10/1/16 75
76 Cosmic acceleration Accelerating matter is required to fit current data Ordinary non accelerating matter Amount of w=-1 matter ( Dark energy ) BAO Kowalski, et al., Ap.J.. (2008) Supernova Amount of ordinary gravitating matter Preferred by data c A. Lowell 10/1/16 76
77 Cosmic acceleration Accelerating matter is required to fit current data Ordinary non accelerating matter Amount of w=-1 matter ( Dark energy ) BAO Kowalski, et al., Ap.J.. (2008) Supernova Amount of ordinary gravitating matter Preferred by data c (Includes dark matter) A. Lowell 10/1/16 77
78 Gravitating non accelerating matter Dark Energy and the fate of the Universe Amount of antigravity matter Amount Supernova of gravitating matter Preferred by modern data In the presence of dark energy, the simple connection between open/closed/flat and the future of the universe no longer holds A. Lowell 10/1/16 78
79 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Dark Energy (accelerating) Dark Matter 25% 70% A. Lowell 10/1/16 79
80 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Gravitating Dark Energy (accelerating) Dark Matter 25% 70% A. Lowell 10/1/16 80
81 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Gravitating Dark Energy (accelerating) Dark Matter 25% 70% A. Lowell 10/1/16 81
82 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% ( ) Gravitating Dark Energy (accelerating) Dark Matter 25% 70% A. Lowell 10/1/16 82
83 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 83
84 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 84
85 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle). In most models inflation operates when the temperature 25 was 10 times greater than today! Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) A. Lowell 10/1/16 85
86 1km km km km km km km km 10 km Cosmic inflation creates features in the universe on all these different lengths. The yellow boxes give the time between feature creation in units of seconds! A. Lowell 10/1/16 86
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90 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe A. Lowell 10/1/16 90
91 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Lowell 10/1/16 91
92 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). A. Lowell 10/1/16 92
93 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different A. Lowell 10/1/16 93
94 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different But Which one is really ours? A. Lowell 10/1/16 94
95 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different This question appears to lead to deep ambiguities and problems with the theory that cause some to reject the idea of cosmic inflation altogether But Which one is really ours? A. Lowell 10/1/16 95
96 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting place to be! Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Lowell 10/1/16 96
97 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually Multiverse debate, similar World in Science some Festival ways 2013 to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting place to be! Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Lowell 10/1/16 97
98 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 98
99 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 99
100 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. A. Lowell 10/1/16 100
101 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 101
102 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Lowell 10/1/16 102
103 The String Theory Landscape Where The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult are to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. we?? These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Lowell 10/1/16 103
104 The String Theory Landscape Where The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult are to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. we?? A radical change from how we thought we These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape should be doing physics Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Lowell 10/1/16 104
105 Conclusions The search for a big picture of the Universe that explains why the region we observe should take this form has proven challenging, but has generated exciting ideas. We know we can do science with the Universe It appears that there is something right about cosmic inflation dse cosmology offers a finite alternative to the extravagant (and problematic) infinities of eternal inflation Predictions of observable levels of cosmic curvature from dse cosmology will give an important future test A. Lowell 10/1/16 105
106 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Conclusions Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 106
107 Conclusions 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape Amazing data and facilities A. Lowell 10/1/16 107
108 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Conclusions Cosmic Inflation We have learned a huge amount about the Universe The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 108
109 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Conclusions Cosmic Inflation Our theories are both remarkably successful and provocative/confusing The String theory landscape A. Lowell 10/1/16 109
110 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) A very exciting 2. The Big Picture place to be! 3. Some Big ideas Conclusions Cosmic Inflation Our theories are both remarkably successful and provocative/confusing The String theory landscape Amazing data and facilities We have learned a huge amount about the Universe A. Lowell 10/1/16 110
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