Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects
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1 Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects T. Schildknecht Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Arbeitsgruppe Physik und Abrüstung, Frühjahrstagung Dresden,
2 Slide 2 Historical Evolution 1960
3 Slide 3 Historical Evolution 1965
4 Slide 4 Historical Evolution 1970
5 Slide 5 Historical Evolution 1975
6 Slide 6 Historical Evolution 1980
7 Slide 7 Historical Evolution 1985
8 Slide 8 Historical Evolution 1990
9 Slide 9 Historical Evolution 1995
10 Slide 10 Historical Evolution 2000
11 Slide 11 Historical Evolution 2005
12 Slide 12 Historical Evolution 2010
13 Catalogue: ~ Objects >10cm T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Slide 13
14 Slide 14
15 Slide 15
16 Collision , 04:50 T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Slide 16
17 Collision , 04:50 T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Slide 17
18 Slide 18 Fengyun-1C Verteilung der Trümmer July 2012
19 What is Space Debris? T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Over 4700 launches since Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957 Space Debris: any man-made object which is non-functional with no reasonable expectation of assuming or resuming its intended function today: millions of fragments in orbit ~ 18'000 objects tracked daily by USSTRATCOM ~ 100 launches each year Slide 19
20 Sources of Space Debris? T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Abandoned hardware rocket upper stages dead satellites mission-related objects Material degradation paint flakes pieces of insulation material Solid rocket motors Numbers of pieces dominated by breakups > 200 known events Collisions 2 intentional + 1 (2007!) + USA 193 ( ) 3 accidents + Iridium 33 ( ) CERISE CERISE spacecraft spacecraft collided collided on on July July with with a fragment fragment of of an an ARIANE ARIANE upper upper stage stage Slide 20
21 Slide 21 Mission-Related Objects
22 Slide 22 Breakups
23 Slide 23 Breakup Breakup of Russian upper stage BRIZ-M in February 2007 Last Last BRIZ-M breakup on on October 16, 16, 2012
24 Space Debris Population T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects 1200 mission related fragmentation debris ~1000 active satellites ~ known (~23 000) spent rocket upper stages and spacecraft > 0.1 mm > 1 cm not trackable Slide 24
25 Risks in Orbit? T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Space debris moves at 7-8 km/s in LEO 1mm aluminum 10km/s = 520km/h Average relative velocity of objects is ~ 10 km/s (may reach 16 km/s at max.) Shields possible for Objects < 1cm Space Shuttle: 0.5 mm Object penetrates radiators 1 mm Object penetrates wing nose 5 mm Object penetrates crew cabin Crater on window of Shuttle STS-7 Impactor 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm (aluminiumoxyd) 1 mm STS 7 Slide 25
26 Risks in Orbit: ISS Space Station T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Slide 26 ISS & Endeavour, 23 May 2011
27 Risks in Orbit: ISS Shielding T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects May 30, 2007: Expedition 15 commander Fyodor Yurchikhin and flight engineer Oleg Kotov installed five Service Module Debris Protection (SMDP) panels to the Zvezda service module. Slide 27
28 Slide 28 Headlines Nov. 1, maneuver of of ISS ISS to to avoid collision with with space debris
29 Slide 29 Evacuation of ISS :39: ISS is evacuated small fragment of upper stage passes by ISS Last Last (3.) (3.) ISS ISS evacuation on on March 24, 24, 2012
30 Slide 30 HST Risks in Orbit: HST Hubble Space Telescope: > 500 impacts on instrument cover after 7 years in orbit.
31 Space Debris Research Open Questions T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Population how many? size distribution? orbit regions? nature of objects? sources, sinks? Physics/Mechanisms creation evolution of orbits long-term evolution: models Approach Search for debris (surveillance) Determine orbits Characterize Slide 31
32 Why do we Need a Better Understanding? T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Extending the catalogues of known space objects towards smaller sizes (deterministic population) enable active collision avoidance (safety of operations) Acquiring statistical orbit information on small-size objects in support of statistical environment models statistical risk analysis (e.g. mission analysis, shielding, etc.) input data for long-term evolution models identification of debris sources progenitors of debris clouds (breakup events) disintegrations of spacecraft due to aging processes Long-term monitoring of environment identification of new sources verification of evolution models Characterizing objects identification of (new) sources Slide 32
33 Slide 33 Optical Sensors 1-m ZIMLAT Switzerland 1-m ESA Telescope Tenerife
34 Slide 34 Survey Techniques GEO Objekte vor Sternhintergrund
35 Slide 35 7 TV satellites (ASTRA) Series of exposures from Zimmerwald Survey Techniques
36 Slide 36 Survey Techniques Typical result from a survey with the ESA-Space Debris telescope at Tenerife
37 Slide 37 Detection Techniques V. Kouprianov
38 Space Debris in GEO T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Frequency GEO/GTO GEO/GTO surveys surveys for for small small objects objects (ZIMLAT (ZIMLAT & OGS) OGS) 0 correlated Objects (Jan May 2010; elliptical orbits) correlated (160) uncorrelated (1057) Sensitivity cm Magnitude 40 cm uncorrelate 15 cm 10 cm Sensitivity Slide 38
39 Surveys - AIUB Small Debris Catalogue Eccentricity vs Mean Motion (Jan Jan 2012; elliptical orbits) T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Eccentricity GEO/GTO GEO/GTO surveys surveys for for small small objects objects (ZIMLAT (ZIMLAT & OGS) OGS) Mean Motion uncorrelated correlated vapo = 15"/s vapo = 10.5"/s vapo = 7.5"/s vapo = 5"/s UCT: 1218 CT: 184 Slide 39
40 Slide Surveys - AIUB Small Debris Catalogue Area-to-Mass Ratio (345 Uncorrelated Objects) standard office paper Area to Mass Ratio [m 2 /kg] Max m2/kg Frequency
41 Physical Characterization Optical Characterization Techniques T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Evolution of orbit Area-to-mass ratio Source/progenitor (e.g. for fragments) Non-resolving techniques infrared radiometry size polarimetry (albedo) color photometry fingerprinting, (material) light curves attitude states (rotation rates, axis, etc.) spectrophotometry material Direct imaging techniques Slide 41
42 Slide Characterization Light Curves Seconds past :16:13 rotation period period spin spin axis, axis, shape shape ZIMLAT ZIMLAT Magnitude
43 Characterization - Spectrophotometry Comparison with with Lab Lab Spectra N , ~ 16 mag AMR = 2.9 m 2 /kg Spacefacing Side Spacecraftfacing Side T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects S95300, ~ 16 mag AMR = 29.3 m 2 /kg Scaled Reflectance Scaled Reflectance 'gold' Kapton MLI Wavelength [nm] 'silver' MLI Wavelength [nm] Outside Layer Inside Mesh Layers Slide 43
44 Future? Open Questions Consequences for future of space activities? T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Increasing risk for unmanned/manned space flights? Increasing number of collisions? Evolution of space debris population? Population unstable? exponential runaway? corresponding critical density already reached in certain orbit regions? Countermeasures? Slide 44
45 Slide 45 The Future - Population
46 Protection of Environment in Space T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Mitigation Prevent explosions Limit orbital lifetime (<25y after end of life in LEO) Graveyard orbits for h > 2000 (e.g. GEO) Controlled de-orbit of risk objects (m > 5000kg) Remediation Collision avoidance Clean-up technically and economically extremely challenging (Active Debris Removal; smallsize/large-size) Slide 46
47 Slide 47 The Future - Collisions PMD: <25J (LEO)
48 Slide 48 The Future - Population Active Debris Removal >5 large objects per year required to stabilize environment!
49 Slide 49 Clean-up...
50 Slide 50 OSS: clamp inside the target nozzle CNES: deorbiting kit with robotic operations Cleanup... Astrium UK: harpoon DLR: robotic arm DEOS ESA-Astrium: hook ROGER Astrium: net capture
51 Protection of Environment in Space T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Mitigation and even more so remediation comes not 'for free' Space agencies / individual countries take voluntary actions (regulations) 'Pollution' adversely affects 'polluters' (space actors) international regulations required UNCOPUOS technical and legal subcommittees (author is member of Swiss delegation) Inter-Agency Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) (author is member) Slide 51
52 International Efforts 2007 IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects 2008 UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines 2010 EU Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities 2010/11 UN COPUOS Working Group on the Longterm Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (author is member of expert group B) All non-binding guidelines Slide 52
53 Long-Term Sustainability Space Debris T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Ensure space debris mitigation measures are implemented Controlled and uncontrolled reentry notifications regarding substantial space objects, and also on the reentry of space objects with hazardous substances on board Space Operations Perform conjunction assessment and collision avoidance Provide Pre-launch and manoeuvre notifications Support Collaborative Space Situational Awareness Collection, sharing and dissemination of orbital data on functional and non-functional space objects Slide 53
54 Most Sensitive Political Issues T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Sharing of orbital information (orbit catalogue) classified (military) objects! BUT required for collision avoidance (safety of flight, longterm sustainability) most existing space surveillance organizations are military entities Pre-launch and manoeuvre notifications Required transparency and confidence-building measures collaborative space surveillance international, civilian space surveillance and space traffic management international regulations (UN, ITU) Slide 54
55 Scientific Sensor Network International Scientific Optical Network (ISON) T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects 2012 GEO/HEO GEO/HEO catalogues catalogues debris debris research research Coordinated Coordinated by by Keldish Keldish Institute Institute of of Applied Applied Mathematics Mathematics (KIAM), (KIAM), Moscow Moscow AIUB AIUB is is partner partner Slide 55
56 AIUB Space Debris Research >20 Years of Space Debris Research at the AIUB T. Schildknecht: Optical Tracking and Characterization of Space Objects Optical Searches/Surveys 14 years of space debris surveys at OGS for ESA operational, continuous, highly automated observation programs using the Zimmerwald sensors Orbit Catalogues build-up and maintenance of space debris catalogue (GEO/GTO/MEO) international collaboration Physical Characterization size, shape, materials, attitude source? Scientific basis for sustainable use of outer space Slide 56
57 Slide 57 Thank you for your attention!
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