FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM

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1 ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM 44-th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS) Vienna - February, 2007

2 Federal Space Agency of Russia continues consecutive activity in the field of space debris problems. This work concerns the safety of spacecraft and International Space Station, the latest one in a especial meaning. The activity on debris mitigation is being carried out within the framework of Russian National Legislation, taking into account the dynamics of similar measures and practices of other space-faring nations. Since 2000 designers and operators of spacecraft and orbital stages are in charge to follow the requirements of Federal Space Agency Standard "Space Technology Items. General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population" in all projects of space vehicles being again developed. 2

3 DYNAMICS OF LAUNCHES IN RUSSIA AND IN OTHER STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS 3

4 Totally 25 launches of various purposes were realized by Russia in 2006 The launchers used in 2006 are listed in the table. / Launcher Type Proton-K" Proton-M" Soyuz-U "Soyuz-FG" Apogee Motor DM" Briz-M" " Fregat" Number of Launchings *) 6 2 Type of Orbit MEO 5 "Soyuz-2 (a)" " Fregat" 2 6 "Soyuz-2 (b)" " Fregat" 7 " Molniya-M" Highly elliptic orbit 8 Tsiklon-2" 9 " Kosmos-3M" 0 Start-" " Dnepr" + **) 2 " Shtil" 3 " Rokot " Total: *) Emergency on February 28, 2006 **) Emergency on July 28, 2006 Briz-" 25 4

5 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA THE NET OF OPTICAL MEANS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE OTHER OBSERVATORIES FOR OBSERVATION OF SPACECRAFT AND SPACE DEBRIS IN GEOSTATIONARY REGION Scientific optical network The net of optical means consists of 2 observatories from Bolivia to Ussuriysk. Approximately 340º of geostationary ring could be observed. 6 new faint objects were found in GEO region and this number is equal to about 4.7% from total number of all cataloged geostationary objects. 5

6 DANGEROUS CONJUNCTIONS WERE CALCULATED IN GEO REGION DURING 2006 Spacecraft Dangerous object Distance of approach, km Date of event Relative velocity, m / s Yamal F SL-2 5, A Gorizont A Cosmos , A Gorizont A Express 2A 7, A Gorizont A Cosmos , A Express AM A Cosmos , A Express AM A Raduga 26 9, events were detected with approaches of cataloged GEO objects to Russian operational S/C up to distance less than 50 km. 0 events were detected with approaches up to distances less than 0 km that is comparable with errors of orbital parameters calculations. 6

7 DISPOSAL OF THE EMERGENCY S/C EXPRESS AM- FROM GEO 0,! Long term perigee evolution of the disposed Express AM The emergency of Express AM- took place on The prospective reason was a depressurization of a contour of the heat-carrier as a result of impact with mechanical object. Disposal of the emergency S/C from the protected GEO region was performed since till correction bursts was done totally. The first one was done by the correction engine. Another 9 bursts were done by using of engines of the orientation system. Orbital parameters of the S/C Express AM- after disposal: apogee - GEO km, perigee - GEO km, eccentricity = 0,

8 ISS PROTECTION RSC Energia worked out the numerical code Spacecraft Protection to calculate impact of meteoroid and SD to ISS. The results of calculation agree with code Bumper produced by NASA. The danger for ISS is estimated not more than 0,04% per year. The protection of the ISS Service Module is being enhanced by using of additional panels produced by Russia. By now the protection of cone part of the ISS Service Module have been enhanced by 6 additional panels. 7 panels of the same type have been delivered to ISS in After completion of this operation the protection of the ISS Service Module cone part will be at the same level as the protection of another ISS modules. 8

9 DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN STANDARDS ON SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS Safety Requirements to Space Activity in conditions of Technogenic Pollution of the Near-Earth Space (Project) Obligatory requirements to design and operation of spacecrafts and orbital stages. NATIONAL STANDARD «General Requirements to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages on Space Debris Mitigation» (Project) General space debris mitigation requirements to design and operation of spacecrafts and orbital stages. Implementation of requirements remains voluntary. Cooperation with ISO on Space Debris Mitigation STANDARD (project) ISO/WD/4N303 Space systems Unmanned spacecraft, estimating mass of remaining usable propellant The proposal: Measurements of fuel remainders should be included as reference STANDARD (project) ISO/WD 243 Space Systems - Orbital Debris - Management for Debris Mitigation The proposal: To harmonize the Standard with STSC Space Debris Mitigation Document STANDARD (project) ISO/WD/4N378 Disposal of Satellites Operating at Geosynchronous Altitude The proposal: the Standard should be based on the «IADC Space Debris Mitigation 9 Guidelines»

10 THE AUTOMATED RISK WARNING SYSTEM IN A NEAR-EARTH SPACE NASA, ESA, another Agencies Catalogues of Space Objects Observational Data, etc. ROSCOSMOS TSNIIMASH, Mission Control Centre DATA BASE Russian Academy of Science, Ministry of Defense, etc. Data from INTERNET Data Processing and the Operative Tasks Solution Software The Forecast of Risk Events in Near Earth Space The Forecast of Dangerous Conjunctions The Forecast of Particle Impact Asteroid and Meteoroid Population and Risk Assessment Modelling Data Analysis, Catalogues Management, Decision - Making Essential Data Output Data Presentations 0

11 INCONSISTENCY of the project of UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES and the UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES IN OUTER SPACE The project of UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES (STSC Num. A/AC.0S/C./L.284) Guideline 4:.the intentional destruction of any onorbit spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages or other harmful activities that generate long-lived debris should be avoided. Guideline 6: Spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages that have terminated their operational phases in orbits that pass through the LEO region should be removed from orbit in a controlled fashion. If this is not possible, they should be disposed of in orbits that avoid their long-term presence in the LEO region. The UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES IN OUTER SPACE Principle 3., Item d. The reliability of systems important for safety shall be ensured, inter alia, by redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence of their components. Principle 3., Items 2a., 2b. (a) Nuclear reactors may be operated: (i) On interplanetary missions; (ii) In sufficiently high orbits... (b) The sufficiently high orbit is one in which the orbital lifetime is long enough to allow for a sufficient decay of the fission products to approximately the activity of the actinides... Joint session of Working Group on Space Debris and Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space is desirable to agree the project of UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES

12 SUMMARY The Russian Federation is devoted to the international efforts on space debris problem resolution and is already implementing practical steps on space debris mitigation on a voluntary basis within its own national mechanisms. Russian NATIONAL STANDARD «General Requirements to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages on Space Debris Mitigation» and SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS Safety Requirements to Space Activity in conditions of Technogenic Pollution of the Near-Earth Space are under development. The Russian Federation is convinced that development of space debris mitigation guidelines of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the essential input in developing of an internationally approved measures to protect near-earth space environment. 2