SOIL REPORT FOR BINGARA GORGE DEVELOPMENT SITE Introduction

Transcription

1 SOIL REPORT FOR BINGARA GORGE DEVELOPMENT SITE Introduction On 16 March, 1 April 2016 and 21 September 2016 I undertook soil surveys at Bingara Gorge Development Site, Wilton, and prepared this soil report to assist ecologists in the preparation of a vegetation map of the site. Site geology The Bingara Gorge Development Site at Wilton is underlain by a variety of geological formations, Wianamatta Shale ( Bringelly Shale and Ashfield Shale), Minchinbury Sandstone, Hawkesbury Sandstone and Mittagong Formation (refer Figure 1 from the Bulletin 25 of the Geographical Survey of NSW).The characteristic features of the terrain and the variety of soil types within this landscape are the result of the weathering of these geological formations. Mapping of the Geology The geological formations present within the Site are shown in Figure 2. Hawkesbury Sandstone is quite consistent and often seen as outcrops throughout the area but the Wianamatta Group changes in character from the south to the north. The Mittagong Formation is not always present in the area or occurs as a minor outcrop varying in thickness compared with the Hawkesbury sandstone and the Wianamatta Group. It is generally described as the passage beds between the Hawkesbury Sandstone and overlying Ashfield Shale. The Wianamatta Group consists of Bringelly Shale and Ashfield Shale. Bringelly Shale is comprised of primarily shale with occasional calcareous claystone, laminite and coal. Ashfield Shale is comprised of laminate and dark grey siltstone.

2 Bingara Gorge-General Location Figure 1 The Triassic Geology of the Sydney Region

3 . Minchinbury Sandstone is the lowest significant sandstone unit in the Wianamatta Group and is comprised of fine to medium grained lithic sandstone. It forms a boundary marker between the Ashfield Shale and Bringelly Shale. Mittagong Formation is comprised of interbedded shale and/or siltstone, laminate and fine to medium grained quartz sandstone. It is located stratigraphically between the Ashfield Shale and Hawkesbury Sandstone. Hawkesbury Sandstone is comprised of medium to coarse-grained quartz sandstone with minor shale and laminate lenses (slope gradients 20-70%).(Pels,1985) (Refer Figure 2).

4 Figure 2 Geology of the Wilton Area Adapted from Pels 1985

5 Soil Landscape Mapping The Bingara Gorge Development Site is located on the Wollongong-Port Hacking Soil Landscape Map 1: (Hazelton et al.,1990). Methodology Provisional soil landscapes within the Wollongong-Port Hacking map sheet are based initially on the dominant geomorphic processes responsible for the formation of the landscape and secondly on the 1: geology map sheet (Herbert 1983). The black and white boundaries of these provisional soil maps were mapped using stereoscopic interpretation of 1: aerial photographs. These boundaries were transferred onto 1: topograhic map sheets which were then used in the field to check boundaries. After boundary checking in the field and examination and description of soils in the field the provisional landscapes were confirmed, amalgamated or subdivided. Over the 22 landscapes described in the Wollongong-Port Hacking 1: map sheet (Hazelton et al.,1990) soils were described and recorded at over 250 sites and inspected at many hundreds more. Soil landscape units of <40ha were generally not mapped unless considered to be locally significant. Thus because of the scale the soil landscape map can be used as a tool only to provide general background information. Soil Landscape information for a specific site requires ground truth for mapping of the location at the scale required for the survey.

6 Ha Fig 3 Bingara Gorge Area reference (Hazelton et al., 1990) Soil Landscape Background Information The Bingara Gorge area on the 1: Wollongong-Port Hacking Soil Landscape Map Sheet (refer Fig 3), is cleared undulating land with gently inclined slopes, derived from Wianamatta Group (Ashfield Shale), and is mapped as Blacktown Soil Landscape (Bt). Small areas of rolling hills and hillcrests which grade into moderately inclined slopes often associated with Minchinbury Sandstone are mapped as Luddenham Soil Landscape (Lu).The rugged, to very steep hills with frequent rock outcrops and narrow valleys incised into the underlying Hawkesbury Sandstone along the gully were mapped as Hawkesbury Soil Landscape (Ha). Small areas of Lucas Heights Soil Landscape (Lh) (Mittagong Formation) with level to gently inclined slope gradients of <10% which were impractical to map at 1: (ie <40ha) are included in the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape ( Hazelton and Tille 1990).

7 Soil Survey Methodology In the North Eastern area of the Bingara Gorge Development Site 28 pits were excavated (refer Fig 4). On 21 September 2016 I undertook a further soil survey and 22 pits were excavated in the south eastern area of Bingara Gorge. The soil test pits in the three surveys were excavated with a backhoe to approximately 1.5m or to refusal (ie bedrock). The texture (Northcote 1979 and McDonald et al.,1990) and colour (Munsell 2009) of the soil materials for both topsoil and subsoil were described ( Refer Appendix 1 and 2) Results Soil Investigation of the North Western and Eastern Area of Wilton Parklands Soil Test Pit Descriptions The soil in Test Pits (Refer Fig 4) 1-13, 20-21, and 26-27(refer Appendix 1 and 2) is derived from Hawkesbury Sandstone. The underlying bedrock at refusal was Hawkesbury Sandstone. The description of the texture and colour of the soil materials for both topsoil and subsoil is as described as the dominant soil materials ha1, ha2 and ha3 of the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape (Hazelton and Tille, 1990). These conclusions were consistent with the soil report by Douglas Partners (2014). They also concluded from a Site walkover inspection that soils of the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape extended throughout most of the northern western area of the Bingara Gorge Development Site. The soils described in Test Pits 1-13, 20-21, and show no evidence of transition from Wianamatta Group Shale to Hawkesbury Sandstone or the presence of the Mittagong Formation. However, the light medium to heavy clay soils in Test Pits (refer Appendix 1 and 2) are derived from the Wianamatta Group Shale(Ashfield shale). The description of the texture and colour of the soil materials for both topsoil and subsoil is as described as the dominant soil materials bt1, bt2, and bt3 of the Blacktown Soil Landscape (Hazelton and Tille, 1990).

8 Furthermore, the cracking soil surface is indicative of the shrink/swell characteristic illite/smectite clay weathered from claystone. This surface characteristic was observed at the observation points A, B and C (Refer Fig 5). The sandy clay soil in Test Pits and 28 is derived from Hawkesbury Sandstone with a minor shale lens (30-40 cm thick) occurring at a depth of approximately 1m. The shale lens was then underlain by Hawkesbury Sandstone. The shale lens that occurs in Hawkesbury Sandstone is considered geologically as an infill of either mudstone or laminate( Bowman 1971). The shale is not a member of the Wianamatta Group. The texture and colour of the soil materials for both topsoil and subsoil is also described in the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape as one of the soil materials of ha3 (Hazelton and Tille, 1990). *Note : Soil Test Pit 25 which is not in the footprint of the North Western and Eastern area of the Bingara Gorge Development Site is derived from Ashfield Shale.

9 Figure 4 Location of Soil Pits from soil survey investigations of the North Western and Eastern area of the Bingara Gorge Development Site (Wilton Parklands)

10 Soil Investigation in the South-eastern Area of Wilton Parklands A second round of field survey was undertaken across the south-eastern area of the Site. Soil Test Pit Descriptions The underlying geology of the 22 soil pits (Refer Fig 5) excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5m or refusal, was more complex than the North Western and Eastern area and varied from Minchinbury Sandstone to Mittagong Formation to Hawkesbury Sandstone. The soil in Test Pits 6,9,12-16 (see Appendix 3 and 4) was weathered from Hawkesbury Sandstone without any evidence of the presence of a shale lens. The description of the texture and colour of the soil materials for both topsoil and subsoil is as described as the dominant soil materials ha1, ha2 and ha3 of the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape (Hazelton and Tille, 1990). The soil in Test Pits 1-5,7-8,10-11,17-22 (see Appendix 3 and 4) was weathered from either Minchinbury Sandstone the lowest member of the Wianamatta Group or remnant Mittagong Formation the passage bed between the Wianamatta Group and the Hawkesbury Sandstone. The soil derived from the Minchinbury Sandstone is as those described for the texture and colour of the dominant soil materials lu1, lu2 and lu 4, of the Luddenham Soil landscape (Hazelton and Tille1990). The texture and colour of the dominant soils materials derived from the Mittagong Formation are as described for lh1, lh2 and lh4 of the Lucas Heights soil landscape (Hazelton and Tille 1990). None of the clay soil in the Test pits 1-22 was derived from Ashfield Shale.

11 Figure 5 Location of Soil Pits from soil survey investigations of the Southeastern area of the Bingara Gorge Development Site (Wilton Parklands)

12 Discussion There is a relationship between vegetation communities and geological substrate (Benson 1992, Tozer 2003). The geological formations weather to become the in situ soil (Hazelton and Murphy 2011). Hawkesbury Sandston that has weathered to the soil described in the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape extends throughout most of the northern and eastern areas of the Wilton Parklands with the exception of the soils of the Blacktown Soil landscape weathered from a remnant Wianamatta Group Shale cap (Ashfield Shale) at approximately m asl. In the south-eastern area the underlying geology was complex and a variety of soils have formed. The soils at the Bingara Development Site are described as those of the Luddenham Soil Landscape weathered from Minchinbury Sandstone, soils in the Lucas Heights Soil Landscape weathered from the Mittagong Formation and soils in the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape weathered from Hawkesbury Sandstone. Conclusions The weathering of the underlying complex geological formations at the Bingara Development Site has resulted in in-situ soil with specific characteristics within the landscape. In the north-western and eastern areas of the Site, in soil Test pits1-13, 20-21, and I have identified soil with the characteristics derived from Hawkesbury Sandstone. In Soil Test Pits14-19 I have identified soil with the characteristics derived from the Wianamatta Group (Ashfield Shale). In the south-eastern area of the Site, the soil in Test Pits 1-5,7-8,10-11,17-22 I have identified soil with characteristics weathered from either Minchinbury Sandstone or remnant Mittagong Formation.

13 In Soil Test pits and 28 in the north-western and eastern area a minor shale lens (30-40 cm thick) occurred at a depth of approximately 1m. The shale lens was underlain by Hawkesbury Sandstone. The soil was similar to the description of the soil material of the Hawkesbury Soil Landscape. Dr Pam Hazelton References Benson D (1992) The native vegetation of the Penrith 1: map sheet. Cunninghamia 2(4) pp Bowman H N (1971) Geology of the Wollongong, Kiama, and Robertson 1: Sheets Department of Mines geological Survey of New South Wales Douglas Partners Report on Geotechnical Assessment Wilton Junction, June Hazelton P.A. and Tille P J, (1990), Soil Landscapes of the Wollongong Port Hacking 1:100,000 Sheet report, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Sydney Hazelton P.A. Bannerman S.M and Tille P. J, (1990), Soil Landscapes of the Wollongong Port Hacking 1:100,000 Sheet report, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Sydney Hazelton P. A and Murphy B.W.(2011) Understanding Soils in Urban Environments.CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria. Herbert,C (1983) Geology of the Sydney 1: Sheet 9130 New South Wales, Department of Mineral Resources, Sydney McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. & Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. 2 nd edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Munsell Soil Colour Charts 2009 edition.

14 Northcote NH (1979) A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils CSIRO 4th edition Rellim Technical Publications Adelaide, South Australia. Pells J N P (1985) Engineering Geology of the Sydney Region Rotterdam AA Balkema on behalf of The Australian Geomechanics Society Tozer M (2003) The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia 8(1) pp1-75

15 North Western and Eastern Soil Test Pits Bingara Gorge TRANSECT 1 Pit 1 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand fragments of sandstone and shale (very few) YR 7/8 yellow orange with red mottles Light medium clay with sand sandstone Hawkesbury sandstone page 1

16 Pit 2 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand fragments of sandstone and shale (very few) trace of iron nodules YR 7/8 yellow orange with red mottles Light medium clay with sand sandstone Hawkesbury sandstone page 2

17 Pit 3 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, fragments of sandstone and shale (very few) minimal dilatency, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand. Traces of ironstone nodules minimal dilatency, YR 7/6 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand YR 7/8 yellow orange with red mottles (few) Light medium clay with sand sandstone Hawkesbury Sandstone page 3

18 Pit 4 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, fragments of sandstone and shale (very few) minimal dilatency, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand. Traces of ironstone nodules, minimal dilatency, YR 7/6 yellow orange red mottles (very few) Light medium clay with sand sandstone Hawkesbury Sandstone page 4

19 Pit 5 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, minimal dilatency, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand. minimal dilatency, YR 7/6 yellow orange Sandy clay No mottles sandstone Hawkesbury Sandstone page 5

20 Pit 6 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/3 dull brown Clayey sand Apedal, roots many YR 7/6 orange Sandy loam Apedal, fine sand. fragments of sandstone and shale (very few) minimal dilatency YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand 60+sandstone Hawkesbury sandstone page 6

21 Pit 7 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 3/3 dark reddish brown Clayey sand Apedal, Minimal dilatency, roots many YR 5/4 dull reddish brown Silty clay loam Apedal, sandstone fragments minimal dilatency YR 5/6 dull reddish brown Heavy clay with sand Very stiff 60+sandstone Hawkesbury sandstone page 7

22 Pit 8 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 3/3 dark reddish brown Clayey sand Apedal, Minimal dilatency, roots many YR 5/4 dull reddish brown Silty clay loam Apedal, shale and sandstone fragments (few) minimal dilatency, trace of ironstone nodules YR 5/8 bright yellowish brown Medium clay with sand 55+sandstone Hawkesbury sandstone page 8

23 PITS 9-19, 1 April 2016 PIT 9 (lower slope) Depth in cm Colour (wet) YR 4/3 dark reddish brown YR 6/6 orange Texture sandy loam sandy clay loam grid reference Comments sandstone pieces shale fragments (very few) very minimal dilatency, roots many Very small shale fragments very minimal dilatency, YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light medium clay with sand Very stiff clay, very sticky 60+ Hawkesbury Sandstone page 9

24 PIT 10 mid to upper slope grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/6 brown Sandy loam very minimal dilatency, roots many YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown sandy clay loam Light medium clay with sand Very stiff clay, very sticky Evidence of mottles red,grey 100+ Hawkesbury Sandstone with ironstone sandstone page 10

25 PIT 11 crest grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/6 brown silty loam sandstone pieces shale fragments (very few) very minimal dilatency, roots many YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown sandy clay loam Very small shale fragments very minimal dilatency, YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand Very sticky with pieces of weathered ironstone sandstone 110+ Hawkesbury Sandstone page 11

26 PIT 12 located in a gully with very small dry watercourse grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/6 brown sandy loam Very minimal dilatency YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown sandy clay loam Slight dilatency YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand 60 bedrock Hawkesbury Sandstone page 12

27 PIT 13 mid to upper slope (surveyed at 40.33m from boundary fence) grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/6 brown sandy loam Very minimal dilatency YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown sandy clay loam YR 7/8 yellow orange Light medium clay with sand Sandstone pieces No shale pieces on Site 90 bedrock Hawkesbury Sandstone page 13

28 PIT 14 grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 2/2 brownish black friable loamy with sand with organic matter YR3/6 dark reddish brown sandy clay loam YR 4/8 reddish brown Light to medium clay with silt Cracking clay YR 6/3 dull orange Heavy clay Shale pieces bedrock Bringelly Shale page 14

29 PIT 15 grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR3/6 dark reddish brown Light medium clay with silt Subsoil, cracking clay ( reactive) YR 4/8 reddish brown Heavy clay Grey mottles YR 6/3 dull orange Heavy clay Shale pieces 110+ bedrock Bringelly Shale page 15

30 PIT 16 grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 2/2 Silty loam Subsoil, cracking clay ( reactive) YR 3/6 dark reddish brown Silty clay loam with sand Grey mottles YR 4/8 reddish brown Light medium clay Shale pieces YR 6/3 dull orange Heavy clay 115+ Bedrock :Bringelly Shale page 16

31 PIT 17 Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 2/2 Silty loam YR 6/1 grey Silty clay loam with sand grid reference YR 4/8 reddish brown Light medium clay 115+ to bedrock 2.5YR 5/1grey Light medium to heavy clay Shale pieces Bedrock :Bringelly Shale mixture of shale, mudstone and sandstone page 17

32 PIT 18 grid reference Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 2/2 Silty loam YR 3/6 dark reddish brown YR 4/8 reddish brown Silty clay loam Light medium clay to heavy clay 90+ bedrock Bedrock :Bringelly Shale mixture of shale, mudstone and sandstone page 18

33 PIT 19 Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 5/2 reddish grey Silty loam YR 7/1 light grey Silty clay loam with sand YR 4/4 reddish brown YR 4/6 red Light medium clay Heavy clay Grey red mottles Shale pieces 150+ Bedrock :Bringelly Shale mixture of shale, mudstone and sandstone page 19

34 page 20

35 Appendix Pit 20 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull brown Clayey sand YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light sandy clay loam YR 7/8 orange Light sandy clay 100+sandstone Hawkesbury Sandstone

36 Pit 21 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull Clayey sand brown YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light sandy clay loam YR 7/8 orange Light sandy clay Red mottles due to ironstone sandstone 100+sandstone pieces Hawkesbury Sandstone

37 Pit 22 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull Clayey sand brown YRYR 7/6 Sandy clay Sandstone pieces orange with silt Shale lens within Hawkesbury Sandstone YR5/4 dull Sandy clay brown 130+sandstone Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

38 Pit 23 (crest) grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull Clayey sand brown YRYR 4/3 brown Clay loam with silt YR 7/8 yellow Light clay Very sticky orange (sandy) Shale lens within Hawkesbury Sandstone 130+sandstone 7.5YR5/4 dull brown Sandy clay Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

39 Pit 24 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull loamy sand brown YR 7/8 yellow orange Light sandy clay loam Inclusions ironstone sandstone fragments very sticky Shale lens within 155+sandstone 7.5YR5/4 dull brown Sandy clay Hawkesbury Sandstone Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

40 Pit 25 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 2/4 very dark reddish Silt loam with sand brown YR 4/8 reddish brown Medium to heavy clay YR 6/8 orange Heavy clay 185+ Overlying Wianamatta Shale (bedrock)

41 Pit 26 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull brown Clayey sand YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light sandy clay loam YR 7/8 bright yellowish brown light clay (sandy) 145+ Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

42 Pit 27 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull brown Clayey sand YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light sandy clay loam YR 7/8 bright light clay yellowish brown (sandy) Small shale fragments Thin lens of shale 145+ Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

43 Pit 28 grid reference: Depth in cm Colour (wet) Texture Comments YR 4/4 dull brown Loamy sand YR 6/8 bright Lightmedium sandy yellowish brown clay Shale lens 155+ Overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone (bedrock)

44 Bingara Gorge Stage 2 South Eastern Area of Wilton Park Lands Site 1 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark reddish brown clay loamloam Hardsetting surface 0-5cm disturbed YR 4/3 dark medium shale and sandstone pieces reddish brown clay 160+ Bedrock-weathered Minchinbury Sandstone

45 Site 2 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 6/2 greyish clay loamloam hardsetting brown YR 4/3 dark reddish brown medium clay shale and sandstone pieces highly weathered 110+ Bedrock- weathered Minchinbury Sandstone

46 Site 3 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 4/3 brown clay loam hardsetting shale and sandstone pieces YR 5/6 bright brown Light medium clay shale and sandstone pieces YR 6/6 orange mottled red and brown light medium clay Not to bedrock

47 Site 4 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 4/6 brown clay loam hardsetting shale and sandstone pieces YR 6/6 orange mottled red and white Light medium to heavy clay weathered sandstone pieces 125 Mittagong Formation

48 Site 5 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 4/3 brown clay loam YR 5/6 bright brown sandy clay loam Slightly bleached YR 5/8 bright,mottled red and white Light medium clay with sand shale fragments pisoliths mottled weathered sandstone Mittagong Formation

49 Site 6 grid reference: Depth Colour (wet) Texture Comments in cm YR 3/3 dark clay loam brown YR 5/6 bright sandy clay Slight bleach brown loam YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown Light medium clay with sand 50+ mottled weathered Hawkesbury sandstone with ironstone no evidence of shale or pisoliths

50 Site 7 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown clay loam Slight dilatency ( shale influence) YR 5/6 bright sandy clay loam Slight bleached brown YR 6/6 bright yellowish brown Light medium clay with sand shale fragments pisoliths mottled weathered Mittagong Formation with ironstone

51 Site 8 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown silty clay loam Hard set with gravel and pisoliths YR 5/6 bright sandy clay Slight bleached brown loam YR 6/6 bright yellowish brown sandy clay Platy pieces of sandstone at 50cm grey weathered Mittagong Formation with ironstone

52 Site 9 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 5/2 greyish brown silty clay loam Hard set with gravel and pisoliths YR 7/2 light brownish sandy clay Slight bleach loam YR 6/6 bright yellowish brown sandy clay Platy pieces of sandstone at 50cm weathered Hawkesbury sandstone

53 Site 10 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 5/2 greyish brown silty clay loam Hard set with gravel and pisoliths YR 7/2 light sandy clay Slight bleach brownish loam YR 5/6 bright reddish brown sandy clay Platy pieces of sandstone at 80cm weathered Minchinbury sandstone

54 Site 11 grid reference: Depth Colour (wet) Texture Comments in cm YR 5/2 greyish brown silty clay loam dilatency (Shale influence) YR 7/2 light sandy clay slight bleach brownish loam YR 5/6 bright reddish brown sandy to light clay Weathered sandstone/shale Mittagong Formation Large pieces of sandstone. Ironstone sandstone at 120+

55 Site 12 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam YR 5/6 bright brown sandy clay loam YR 6/8 bright yellowish brown sandy clay Stoney, Hawkesbury sandstone pieces

56 Site 13 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 6/3 dull brown sandy loam YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay loam YR 7/8 yellow orange sandy clay Sandstone outcrops at 50cm 80+ Stoney, sandstone pieces Hawkesbury Sandstone Bedrock at 80cm

57 Site 14 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam Slight dilatency YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay loam YR 5/6 bright brown sandy clay Sandstone fragments and shale pieces 50+ Sandstone bedrock Minchinbury S/S

58 Site 15 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam Slight dilatency YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay loam YR 5/6 bright brown sandy clay Sandstone pieces and 40-55cm 70+ Sandstone bedrock Hawkesbury S/S

59 Site 16 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay loam YR 5/6 bright sandy clay brown with mottles Platy pieces of sandstone and Weathered sandstone (grey clay) Hawkesbury S/S

60 Site 17 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam Slight dilatency Ironstone pieces at 2cm YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay Mudstone pieces YR 7/4 dull orange light clay pisoliths with sand Light medium clay YR 7/4 with mottles 50%grey 7/1and 50% light grey 8/ YR 8/2 light grey Heavy clay Not to bedrock Weathered material from Minchinbury Sandstone at 135+

61 Site 18 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam Slight dilatency shale fragments YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay Weathered mudstone pieces YR 7/4 dull orange light clay with sand Large pieces of sandstone and YR 7/4 with mottles 50% 7.5YR 6/2 brownish grey Light medium clay Sandstone pieces and shale fragments Mudstone weathered from Minchinbury Sandstone

62 Site 19 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam Slight dilatency pisoliths,stones YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay Weathered mudstone pieces YR 7/4 dull orange with 30% red/brown mottles light medium clay Large pieces of sandstone and YR 6/2 brownish grey Light medium clay Sandstone pieces Mittagong Formation

63 Site 20 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam Moderate to high dilatency YR 7/2 light brownish silt loam grey YR 7/4 dull orange light medium clay YR 6/2 brownish grey Light medium clay Large pieces of sandstone and Platy and weathered Minchinbury Sandstone

64 Site 21 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam High dilatency shale fragments YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay YR 7/4 dull orange mottling light clay with sand YR 7/4 with mottles 50% 7.5YR 6/2 brownish grey Light medium clay 110+ Weathered Minchinbury sandstone

65 Site 22 grid reference: Depth in Colour (wet) Texture Comments cm YR 3/3 dark brown Silty clay loam High dilatency shale fragments YR 7/2 light brownish grey sandy clay YR 7/6 orange mottling light clay with sand YR 7/6 with mottles 50% 7.5YR 6/2 brownish grey Light medium to heavy clay Weathered with high shale influence Minchinbury Sandstone pieces