Sinusoidal Oscillators
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- Charles Parsons
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1 Sinuoidal Ocillato Signal geneato: inuoidal, ectangula, tiangula, aw-tooth, etc. Obtaining a ine wave: tiangle functional tanf. ine ine wave geneation: fequency elective netwok in a feedback loo of a PF amlifie: inuoidal ocillato - Ocillation fequency: f - Ocillation amlitude: Vˆo - Ocillation citeion - Fequency tability - Amlitude tability - Ditotion coefficient
2 Ocillato feedback loo PF amlifie: x x i a A a x x ; x finite In the comlex domain A( a( a( ( 2f fo a unique a( (
3 Ocillation citeion Bakhauen citeion a ( ( a( a( e a Signal econtuction on the feedback loo ( ( e a( ( ( ( ( a a e module condition: hae condition: Who et Vˆ? o a ( ( a 2 k Nonlineaity of the gain give a give f
4 Ocillato Baic amlifie fequency indeendent o inveting a 8 noninveting a Fequency elective feedback netwok To fulfil the hae condition, thee mut be a unique fequency, f whee the hae hift i: 8, if a, if a 8
5 Baic amlifie fequency indeendent: o inveting a 8 noninveting Ocillato cont. Fequency elective feedback netwok: band-a tye Phae hift of the netwok lie in the ange of [9 o ; -9 o ]. To fulfil the hae condition: only a noninveting amlif can be ued. fecquency (f fo only one It i neceay to get cloe the two ole.
6 o v v ( ( ( out in ( ( v v o ( ( ( ( v v o Z Z Z ( Z Z The WIEN Bidge icuit and comlex tanfe function voltage tanfe
7 out in WIEN Bidge e ( ( 2 2 ( actg Module; Phae ( Module Phae
8 WIEN Bidge ( o ( ( maximum value aymtote aymtote 2 2 ( The module
9 actg WIEN Bidge The hae 9 aymtote 9 aymtote o intemediate value
10 WIEN Bidge Fequency eone Fo an unique fequency f : out in Fo the hae condition: > noninveting amlifie a
11 f 2 ( f 2 3 ( out in If o v v ( ( ( WIEN Bidge Summay
12 O am and WIEN bidge ocillato v ( t Vˆ in 2f o o t a( ( 3 f ( a ˆ? V o Nonlineaity of the gain, cloe to atuation
13 Automatic gain contol (AG a( ( ocillation ae attenuated - zeo a( ( ocillation ae amlified - atuation a ( ( ocillation ae maintained Stability of the ocillation amlitude Automatic gain contol - deending on the outut voltage magnitude Vˆo ˆ V o v Vˆ in 2f o o ( t ct, a(, Vˆ
14 AG fo WIEN bidge ocillato a 4 3 How can an AG be imlemented, o that a i a function on v o? 4 - deendent on v o o 3 - deendent on v o
15 Diode eviited - a vaiable eito Static eitance of a diode in the oeating oint Q 4 D V I D D Q Q 2 Q 3 D D3 VD.495V 4.24k I.279 ma D VD3.6V.263k I ma D3 D2 D4 VD2.555V.599k I.926 ma D2 VD4.645V.5k I 5.64 ma D4 If the voltage do V D inceae, the equivalent tatic eitance D deceae
16 AG uing Diode - how? V D I D D If the voltage do V D inceae, the equivalent tatic eitance D a 4 deceae deendent on v o o 3 - deendent on v o
17 . Uing diode a on ' '' d fo a on ( ( Vˆ o v o (t ' 4 a off a mall, D, D 2 (off 3 '' 4 a off ( v o (t ( inceae, D (on on the oitive half-cycle D 2 (on on the negative half-cycle i given by the value of d 4, ech 3 to maintain ocillation
18 Poblem How doe the voltage v o (t and v (t look like in the teady-tate egime? What i the ocillation fequency? Size 4 o that the cicuit will maintain the ocillation. In conduction aume that the equivalent eitance of the diode D D2.5kΩ. Veify if the ocillation can tat.
19 2. Uing n-channel deletion-tye MOSFET a ' 3 4 DS DS - linea eito contoled by v GS voltage D, 3 negative eak detecto T oeate with v GS <
20 n-channel deletion-tye MOSFET ued in linea egion D G S V Th i D ( v v 2 2 GS Th vds vds DS - linea eito contoled by v GS voltage Fo mall v DS i D 2 ( v GS v Th v DS DS v i DS DS 2 ( v v GS Th
21 a ' 3 4 DS DS 2 ( v V GS Th D, 3 negative eak detecto T oeate with v GS < V Th Vˆ O, v GS, DS, a, Vˆ O
22 O am and ladde netwok ocillato High a band Low a band the hae-hift i in the ange of [ o ; -9 o ] inveting baic amlifie how many identical cell ae neceay to build an ocillato?
23 ( 5 ( 2 6 ( 3 Low-a ladde with 3 cell ( ( 29 f 6 2 ( 29
24 Sinuoidal ocillato with ladde netwok Why the baic amlifie doe not contain only one inveting o-am amlifie?
25 L Ocillato L aallel eonant cicuit ued fo high fequency domain fequency elective feedback netwok Zech Z Z L Z Z L L Zech L / L eonance fequency: Thomon elation f 2 The aallel L cicuit connected in eie with a load act a a band-to filte having infinite imedance at the eonant fequency of the L cicuit. L
26 How the L cicuit and the baic amlifie will be connected? Thee oint ocillato, one tanito amlifie outut inut v o mall-ignal baic cicuit The baic amlifie i an inveting one (E, o the divide Z 2, Z 3 mut intoduce a -8 o hae hift; Z 2, Z 3 will have ooite ign. Z 3 and Z hould be imila to obtain an L aallel eonant cicuit between collecto and bae.
27 Small-ignal equivalent cicuit fo thee oint ocillato vo vo 3 3 L L L 3 f 2 L 2 f 2 L 2
28 2 8 / Otional 7 V PS V PS olitt Hatley
29 ymbol equivalent cicuit Paallel eonance Quatz-cytal ocillato vey low value f can be neglected Seie eonance 2 L ange: ten of KHz hunded of MHz
30 Otional quatz-cytal inuoidal ocillato V PS advantage: vey table fequency, high quality facto diadvantage: ocillate on a fixed fequency (quatz fequency
31 Quatz i amongt one of the mot common mineal in the Eath' continental cut. It ha a hexagonal cytal tuctue made of tigonal cytallized ilica (ilicon dioxide, SiO2 The cytal ocillato cicuit utain ocillation by taking a voltage ignal fom the quatz eonato, amlifying it, and feeding it back to the eonato. The ate of exanion and contaction of the quatz i the eonant fequency, and i detemined by the cut and ize of the cytal. Duing tatu, the cicuit aound the cytal alie a andom noie (acignal to it, and uely by chance, a tiny faction of the noie will be at the eonant fequency of the cytal. The cytal will theefoe tat ocillating in ynchony with that ignal. A the ocillato amlifie the ignal coming out of the cytal, the cytal' fequency will become tonge, eventually dominating the outut of the ocillato. Natual eitance in the cicuit and in the quatz cytal filte out all the unwanted fequencie.
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