The International Year of Light and Light based Technologies

Transcription

1 Photonic circuits for the new information age: Faster, smaller, smarter and greener Professor Benjamin J. Eggleton ARC Laureate Fellow Director, CUDOS - Australian Centre of Excellence Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS) School of Physics, University of Sydney The International Year of Light and Light based Technologies 2015 Health Communications Economy Environment Social 1

2 Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ (Eggleton, 1996-December 2002) CUDOS funded from $5 M p.a. (ARC + NSW Government) 7 Australian Universities, 15 Partners Strong industry partnerships Science, technology/entrepreneurship 2

3 Photonics - Electromagnetic spectrum Photonics in the 21 st Century? Photonics addresses and solves the challenges of a modern world while enhancing our quality of life; improving our health, safety and security; and driving economic growth, job creation, and global competiveness. (National Photonics Initiative, Worldwide, photonics will be a $1 Tn industry by

4 Lasers Crazy Lasers from Einstein to the iphone Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation the linchpin of a $7 trillion industry in the U.S * * From The US National Academy of Science, report August

5 The Semaphore: An Example from History 5

6 Underwater Optical Fibre Network Bandwidth Internet Revolution Photonics is the key enabling technology 6

7 Australian National Broadband Network (this slide was accurate 2 weeks ago) 43 Billion US $ over 7 years 1 Gb/s to 95% of Australian homes FTTH plus wireless/satellite Population 23 million Key issue in recent Federal election Underwater Optical Fibre Network 7

8 The Nobel Prize for Physics 2009 Charles Kao is honored: for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light for optical communication In 1966: Charles conceptualized optical fiber communication by proposing glass fibers be used as the transmission medium He inferred insightfully that silica is the low-loss material of choice for transmission fibers and proceeded to verify his conjecture by sophisticated measurements 15 Light travels well through fibre High-refractive index core with low-index background Light stays in core by total internal reflection (a) cladding core (b) n 1 n 2 θ1 θ θ μm θ1 θ μ m 8

9 Wavelength division multiplexing in optical communication systems 9

10 Photonics enables bandwidth TODAY Expensive Space, Power, Heat Low bandwidth THE FUTURE Miniaturization Ultra-high bandwidth Optics on a chip 2 metres 100 microns 19 Ultra Small, Ultra Fast 10

11 Ultra Small, Ultra Fast Fact 1: Photonics moving into computers Optical interconnects 11

12 From electronics to photonics The latest breakthrough from Intel: an integrated link consisting of a fully integrated 40Gb/s silicon photonic transmitter chip with hybrid silicon lasers and modulators (left) and a fully integrated receiver chip based on germanium photodetectors (right). Reducing footprint Reducing energy consumption Fact 2: Data centres servers Data centre yellow wall : massive interconnect challenge CO 2 emission growth: 5% pa (7% data centre) x 10 Gbit/s servers in data centre 80% data centre traffic inside data centre (< 1 km) 50% of data centre power for cooling Data centre services fastest growing on Internet first need for Tbit/s (Courtesy of Leif Oxenlowe, DTU) 12

13 3 Ring-resonators ~10 micron diameter Nanophotonic circuit revolution Ring Planar resonators waveguides photonic nanowires Photonic crystals, 500nm pitch 3D photonic bandgap microchip 3D photonic bandgap microchip Metamaterials for cloaking, Xiang et. al. Berkeley, Science/Nature

14 (Most) colour arises from pigments More to colours than pigments! Blue absorbing Looks orange! But not all! No pigments Still looks blue! Secret in the structure? Material Revolution : Metamaterials Metamaterials give full control of all aspects of light by subwavelength structure (theory: PI Pendry 99) Design and fabrication only possible in last few years metal ring Induced Current Split Ring Resonator Water Metamaterial External magnetic field Induced magnetic field 14

15 Harry Potter & Metamaterials Meta-materials! beyond ordinary materials Optical properties from structure? Using the Success of Electronics: Microfabrication 15

16 Nanoscience at the University of Sydney Australian Institute of Nanoscience (AIN) -10,500 m 2 building -600 m 2 clean room (nanolithography) -Photonics a key driver (1 floor of labs) -Co-locate with Quantum Science Australian Institute for Nanoscience 16

17 Overview Current Site Pictures Northern Facade 17

18 Aim: Terabit per-second photonic chip Photonic chip Photonic integrated circuit CUDOS photonic chip in the news ABC Catalyst (03/09/2009) 18

19 Photon interactions (via the response of the medium) h h Nonlinear optics and the laser 1960: Maiman invention of the laser (53 years) 1964: Townes, Basov and Prokhorov shared the Nobel prize for their fundamental work leading to the construction of lasers. 1981: Bloembergen and Schawlow received the Nobel prize for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy. One typical application of this is nonlinear optics which means methods of influencing one light beam with another and permanently joining several laser beams Charles Townes and Jim Gordon 19

20 Nonlinear optics If very intense, the light from the Sun can change the material, e.g. burn a sheet of paper. What is the optical nonlinearit r Light field interacts with electronic cloud on femtosecond scale Nonlinear effects - processing of information all-optically! All-optical functionalities 20

21 What is nonlinear optics? The response of any dielectric to light becomes nonlinear for intense electromagnetic fields. The signature of nonlinearity is the emission of new frequencies. Example: Self-phase modulation Frequency conversion Brillouin scattering 235 W peak power, 35 ps pulses after 100 m of fibre High electrical fields provided by lasers in the 1960 s gave rise to this relatively new topic Opens many possibilities for optical processing 41 Chip-based ultrafast nonlinear optics The photonic equivalent of an ultrafast integrated circuit: Femtosecond optical response Millimetre scale optical circuits To achieve these, we need: Ultrafast light-light interaction (10-12s) Optical response Waveguides in novel nonlinear materials Photonic crystals (slow light enhanced NL) 21

22 CUDOS: a quick summary What are we doing?? CUDOS aims to develop a revolutionary photonic integration platform based on new frontiers in nanophotonics research. cm scale m scale 22

23 CUDOS program Optical communications Telecommunications, microwave photonics Quantum integrated photonics Secure communications, computing, metrology, Midinfrared photonics ( ~2-10 microns) Sensing, astronomy, defence, health Hybrid integration Nanophotonic Photonic circuit circuit (2010) (2018) Nanophotonics 45 Research: end user focus Mid-Infrared sources & sensors to enable low cost sensing technologies and astronomical instruments Chip based quantum light source for secure communications. Solutions that both surpass the speed of electronics and are less power hungry. 23

24 Recent work from Eggleton group CUDOS Outreach program 24

25 The International Year of Light and Light based Technologies 2015 Health Communications Economy Environment Social Background OSA, EPS, SPIE and others brought the proposal at the UN headquarters in New York in May 2013 Resolution was adopted by UN General Assembly on 20 Dec

26 The UN has asked us to Promote photonics for improved quality of life Explain photonics as an economic driver Show photonics is a solution to global challenges Promote science education and careers worldwide Have impact in all countries of the world This is like nothing we have ever done before In 2009, the International Year of Astronomy reached 815 million people in 148 nations Can we do the same? 26

27 Partnership Founding Partners Patron Sponsors + more to be announced International Scientific Unions & many other partners Anniversaries in : 1000 years of Arabic optics 1815: 200 years of Fresnel s theory of diffraction 1865: 150 years since Maxwell s electrodynamics 1915: Einstein Centenary, General Relativity. 1965: Cosmic Microwave Background, Penzias & Wilson Optical Fibre Technology, Charles Kao 27

28 Actions Celebrating photonics successes within our community Explaining photonics with outreach to the public Promoting photonics to decision makers Support actions in the developing world IYL Opening Ceremony January 2015, 1500 attendees, live webcast worldwide Nobel laureates Diplomats Politicians Scientists Industry Programme and speakers to be announced soon 28

29 The International Year of Light and Light based Technologies 2015 We will only get one chance light2015.org 29