Fiber Gratings p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Bragg Diffraction p. 2 Photosensitivity p. 3 Fabrication Techniques p. 4 Single-Beam Internal Technique p.

Transcription

1 Preface p. xiii Fiber Gratings p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Bragg Diffraction p. 2 Photosensitivity p. 3 Fabrication Techniques p. 4 Single-Beam Internal Technique p. 4 Dual-Beam Holographic Technique p. 5 Phase-Mask Technique p. 7 Point-by-Point Fabrication Technique p. 8 Technique Based on Ultrashort Optical Pulses p. 9 Grating Characteristics p. 10 Coupled-Mode Equations p. 11 CW Solution in the Linear Case p. 13 Photonic Bandgap p. 14 Grating as an Optical Filter p. 16 Experimental Verification p. 17 CW Nonlinear Effects p. 20 Nonlinear Dispersion Curves p. 20 Optical Bistability p. 22 Modulation Instability p. 24 Linear Stability Analysis p. 24 Effective NLS Equation p. 26 Experimental Results p. 28 Nonlinear Pulse Propagation p. 28 Bragg Solitons p. 29 Relation to NLS Solitons p. 30 Formation of Bragg Solitons p. 31 Nonlinear Switching p. 33 Effects of Birefringence p. 37 Related Periodic Structures p. 39 Long-Period Gratings p. 39 Nonuniform Bragg Gratings p. 40 Transient and Dynamic Fiber Gratings p. 44 Problems p. 47 References p. 48 Fiber Couplers p. 54 Coupler Characteristics p. 54 Coupled-Mode Equations p. 55 Low-Power Optical Beams p. 57 Linear Pulse Switching p. 60

2 Nonlinear Effects p. 61 Quasi-CW Switching p. 62 Experimental Results p. 64 Nonlinear Supermodes p. 66 Modulation Instability p. 67 Ultrashort Pulse Propagation p. 70 Nonlinear Switching of Optical Pulses p. 71 Variational Approach p. 73 Coupler-Paired Solitons p. 76 Higher-Order Effects p. 78 Other Types of Couplers p. 81 Asymmetric Couplers p. 81 Active Couplers p. 83 Grating-Assisted Couplers p. 85 Birefringent Couplers p. 87 Fibers with Multiple Cores p. 88 Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers p. 89 Multicore Fiber Arrays p. 91 Problems p. 94 References p. 95 Fiber Interferometers p. 100 Fabry-Perot and Ring Resonators p. 100 Transmission Resonances p. 101 Optical Bistability p. 103 Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos p. 105 Modulation Instability p. 106 Ultrafast Nonlinear Effects p. 108 Sagnac Interferometers p. 110 Nonlinear Transmission p. 110 Nonlinear Switching p. 111 Applications p. 116 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers p. 120 Nonlinear Characteristics p. 120 Applications p. 123 Michelson Interferometers p. 124 Problems p. 125 References p. 126 Fiber Amplifiers p. 131 Basic Concepts p. 131 Pumping and Gain Coefficient p. 132 Amplifier Gain and Bandwidth p. 133

3 Amplifier Noise p. 135 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers p. 137 Gain Spectrum p. 137 Amplifier Gain p. 139 Amplifier Noise p. 142 Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects p. 143 Maxwell-Bloch Equations p. 144 Ginzburg-Landau Equation p. 145 Modulation Instability p. 147 Distributed Amplification p. 147 Periodic Lumped Amplification p. 148 Noise Amplification p. 150 Optical Solitons p. 152 Properties of Autosolitons p. 152 Maxwell-Bloch Solitons p. 155 Pulse Amplification p. 157 Anomalous-Dispersion Regime p. 158 Normal-Dispersion Regime p. 160 Higher-Order Effects p. 164 Fiber-Optic Raman Amplifiers p. 168 Pulse Amplification through Raman Gain p. 169 Self-Similar Evolution and Similariton Formation p. 170 Problems p. 172 References p. 173 Fiber Lasers p. 179 Basic Concepts p. 179 Pumping and Optical Gain p. 180 Cavity Design p. 181 Laser Threshold and Output Power p. 183 CW Fiber Lasers p. 185 Nd-Doped Fiber Lasers p. 185 Yb-Doped Fiber Lasers p. 187 Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers p. 190 DFB Fiber Lasers p. 192 Self-Pulsing and Chaos p. 195 Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers p. 197 Q-Switched Fiber Lasers p. 197 Physics of Mode Locking p. 200 Active Mode Locking p. 201 Harmonic Mode Locking p. 204 Passive Mode Locking p. 210

4 Saturable Absorbers p. 210 Nonlinear Fiber-Loop Mirrors p. 213 Nonlinear Polarization Rotation p. 216 Hybrid Mode Locking p. 219 Other Mode-Locking Techniques p. 221 Role of Fiber Nonlinearity and Dispersion p. 226 Saturable-Absorber Mode Locking p. 226 Additive-Pulse Mode Locking p. 227 Spectral Sidebands and Pulse Width p. 228 Phase Locking and Soliton Collisions p. 231 Polarization Effects p. 233 Problems p. 235 References p. 236 Pulse Compression p. 245 Physical Mechanism p. 245 Grating-Fiber Compressors p. 247 Grating Pair p. 248 Optimum Compressor Design p. 250 Practical Limitations p. 253 Experimental Results p. 254 Soliton-Effect Compressors p. 259 Compressor Optimization p. 259 Experimental Results p. 261 Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects p. 263 Fiber Bragg Gratings p. 266 Gratings as a Compact Dispersive Element p. 267 Grating-Induced Nonlinear Chirp p. 268 Bragg-Soliton Compression p. 270 Chirped-Pulse Amplification p. 271 Chirped Fiber Gratings p. 272 Photonic Crystal Fibers p. 274 Dispersion-Managed Fibers p. 276 Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers p. 277 Comblike Dispersion Profiles p. 280 Other Compression Techniques p. 283 Cross-Phase Modulation p. 283 Gain Switching in Semiconductor Lasers p. 286 Optical Amplifiers p. 288 Fiber-Loop Mirrors and Other Devices p. 290 Problems p. 292 References p. 293

5 Fiber-Optic Communications p. 301 System Basics p. 301 Loss Management p. 302 Dispersion Management p. 304 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearities p. 305 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering p. 306 Stimulated Raman Scattering p. 308 Self-Phase Modulation p. 311 Cross-Phase Modulation p. 315 Four-Wave Mixing p. 318 Solitons in Optical Fibers p. 322 Properties of Optical Solitons p. 322 Loss-Managed Solitons p. 325 Dispersion-Managed Solitons p. 327 Timing Jitter p. 331 Pseudo-Linear Lightwave Systems p. 336 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects p. 336 Intrachannel XPM p. 338 Intrachannel FWM p. 339 Problems p. 341 References p. 342 Optical Signal Processing p. 349 Wavelength Conversion p. 349 XPM-Based Wavelength Converters p. 350 FWM-Based Wavelength Converters p. 355 Ultrafast Optical Switching p. 360 XPM-Based Sagnac-Loop Switches p. 360 Polarization-Discriminating Switches p. 363 FWM-Based Ultrafast Switches p. 365 Applications of Time-Domain Switching p. 368 Channel Demultiplexing p. 368 Data-Format Conversion p. 373 All-Optical Sampling p. 375 Optical Regenerators p. 377 SPM-Based Regenerators p. 377 FWM-Based Regenerators p. 383 Regeneration of DPSK Signals p. 385 Optical 3R Regenerators p. 387 Problems p. 390 References p. 391 Highly Nonlinear Fibers p. 397

6 Microstructured Fibers p. 397 Design and Fabrication p. 398 Nonlinear and Dispersive Properties p. 399 Wavelength Shifting and Tuning p. 403 Raman-Induced Frequency Shifts p. 404 Four-Wave Mixing p. 410 Supercontinuum Generation p. 414 Multichannel Telecommunication Sources p. 415 Nonlinear Spectroscopy p. 416 Optical Coherence Tomography p. 420 Optical Frequency Metrology p. 424 Photonic Bandgap Fibers p. 431 Properties of Hollow-Core PCFs p. 432 Applications of Air-Core PCFs p. 434 PCFs with Fluid-Filled Cores p. 436 Problems p. 439 References p. 440 Quantum Applications p. 447 Quantum Theory of Pulse Propagation p. 447 Quantum Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation p. 448 Quantum Theory of Self-Phase Modulation p. 449 Generalized NLS Equation p. 451 Quantum Solitons p. 452 Squeezing of Quantum Noise p. 454 Physics behind Quadrature Squeezing p. 454 FWM-Induced Quadrature Squeezing p. 455 SPM-Induced Quadrature Squeezing p. 457 SPM-Induced Amplitude Squeezing p. 461 Polarization Squeezing p. 466 Quantum Nondemolition Schemes p. 468 QND Measurements through Soliton Collisions p. 468 QND Measurements through Spectral Filtering p. 470 Quantum Entanglement p. 472 Photon-Pair Generation p. 472 Polarization Entanglement p. 477 Time-Bin Entanglement p. 481 Continuous-Variable Entanglement p. 482 Quantum Cryptography p. 485 Problems p. 487 References p. 488 A Acronyms p. 493

7 Index p. 495 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.