Influence of Morphological Changes on Ecology: A Cascade of Scales

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1 Influence of Morphological Changes on Ecology: A Cascade of Scales Prof. Dr.-Ing. Silke Wieprecht University Stuttgart Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Prof. Dr.-Ing. Silke Wieprecht

2 Influence of Morphological Changes on Ecology: A Cascade of Scales Morphological changes: - Changes due to natural dynamics, natural events - Anthropogenic influences Scales - Macro catchment - Meso river system - Micro grain structure - Pico single particle

3 Scale considerations [m] 10 6 Geology, Geologie,Tektonik, tectonic, climate Klima etc. etc.. Spatial extent Catchment size, geology, valley shape, erosion potential etc. River morphology, slope, width, depth, sediment balance etc. Local morphology, bed forms, islands, bank erosion etc Sediment transport, grain sorting, flow velocity, start of motion etc Time (-frame) [years] Kern, 1987 and Habersack, 2000

4 Hierachical Stream Classification Macro Meso Micro Pico Catchment River System Grain structure Single Particle Frissell C.A., Liss W.L., Warren C.E., Hurley M.D., 1986

5 Catchment Scale Most obvious changes in the catchment: - Land use changes - Wild fire Effects (hydrology): - Evapotranspiration and rainfall interception - Snow accumulation and snow melt - Wildfire can also affect soil infiltration properties (e.g. hydrophobic soils) Effects (hydraulics/morphology): - Increased runoff (total and peak flows). - Increased fine sediment yield effect of colmation - Reduced riparian stability

6 Changes in Land Use Cameroon, Fako Division Land use and land cover in 1986 and 2010 Sophia Carodenuto 1, *, Eduard Merger 1, Eric Essomba 2, Metodi Panev 1, Till Pistorius 1 and Joseph Amougou, 2015

7 Forest Cover Changes (1986 to 2010) Sophia Carodenuto 1, *, Eduard Merger 1, Eric Essomba 2, Metodi Panev 1, Till Pistorius 1 and Joseph Amougou, 2015

8 Land Use in Germany Open agricultural land is prone to high soil erosion due to wind and rainfall Valuable fertile soil is washed out into the river systems Fine particle depositions lead to cementing of the river bed colmation Outer colmation: Fine material clogs the pore space of the gravel-matrix of the river bed and is deposited on the surface layer Inner colmation: Fine sediment infiltration into streambed sediments, with reduction of pore space in the subsurface layer

9 (Source: Schälchli, 2002) (Source: IWS, Eastman 2004) Colmation

10 River Bed Consistence Physiographic Data of River Bed Consistence: Not measured Loose Little colmation Heavy colmation Cemented Muddy River Bed Consistence: Physiographic investigation as per EU-WFD (2009); (Source: LfU Bavaria)

11 Fine Sediment Wash Load Fine Sediment wash load into the river [to/ha/a]: 0.00 to to to to to 0.72 Fine Sediment Wash Load: Model results (MONERIS); (Source: LfU Bavaria)

12 General Degradation General Degradation: Very good Good Moderate Unsatisfactory Poor General Degradation: Quality Component as per EU-WFD (2009); (Source: LfU Bavaria)

13 Colmation - Processes Colmation Physical Processes Biogeochemical Processes infiltration and accumulation of fine sediments biofilms, EPS, redox-reactions, respiration sediment inifltration and accumulation, Schälchli (1993) biofilms, extracellular polymeric substances, Gerbersdorf et al Sediment Infiltration: size, shape, amount of particles that are supplied to the river bed transport type (gravity, lateral) pore size, shape particles in the gravelframework of the river bed near-bed hydraulic flow field, interstitial flow field (subsurface flow) Biogeochemical Processes: type and amount of organic material residence times local interstitial flow field hyporheic exchange (groundwatersurface water)

14 Background Reproduction of Gravel-Spawning Fish Spawning Nov Spawning Eyed-Egg Incubation Jan eyed egg stage hatching larvae Mar Larvae Emergence Emergence May habitat for reproduction encompasses several months very high sensitivity on morphodynamic changes (colmation, clogging)

15 River Scale Most obvious changes in the river sections: - Straightening and narrowing - Construction of weirs, dams, hydro power Effects (hydrology/hydraulics): - Flood peaks increase - Flood volume expands Effects (morphology) - Erosion and degradation - Structural reduction - Flattening of river bed

16 Anthropogenic influences Straightening and narrowing - Erosion and degradation - Structural reduction - Flattening of river bed

17 Change of Bed Forms 404 Structural Reduction 402 longitudinal section height a.s.l. [m] Left river side Talweg Right river side Mean bed level Salzach - km

18 Change of Bed Forms 404 Structural Reduction 402 longitudinal section height a.s.l. [m] Left river side Talweg Right river side Mean bed level Salzach - km

19 Change of Bed Forms Structural Reduction longitudinal section height a.s.l. [m] Left river side Talweg Right river side Mean bed level Salzach - km [km]

20 Straightening and Narrowing Degradation Degradation 1953 to 2001: app. 3m Degradation Flood of august 2002: 3-4m app. 3m gravel marine clay app. 3m app. 4m Source: WWA Traunstein

21 Effect of revitalisation measures Slightly increased number of fish taxa Aggregated data Rivers in mid-range mountains (gravel/sand) Low-land rivers (sand/mud) Number of Taxa Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Source: Januschke et al., 2009

22 Effect of revitalisation measures No change of microorganism taxa Aggregated data Rivers in mid-range mountains (gravel/sand) Low-land rivers (sand/mud) Number of Taxa Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Source: Januschke et al., 2009

23 Effect of revitalisation measures Considerably increased number of floodplain vegetation Aggregated data Rivers in mid-range mountains (gravel/sand) Low-land rivers (sand/mud) Number of Taxa Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Reference Revitalisation Source: Januschke et al., 2009

24 Conclusions Basic requirements for a positive influence of morphological changes on ecology: - Room (scale must be large enough) - Time (time scale directly related to spatial extent) Structural improvement has a positive effect: - landscape and - societal acceptance of revitalization measures Ecological impact is limited: - Missing potential for re-establishment of natural population - Water quality still limited (high nutrient concentration) - Large scale degradation (strong emittance also into revitalised sections)

25 University Stuttgart Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Prof. Dr.-Ing. Silke Wieprecht Universität Stuttgart Institut für Wasserbau

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