Lecture 14: 2 Parts: 1. Meiosis Chapter 8 2. Inheritance Chapter 9 Leading into Lecture 15:
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1 Lecture 14: 2 Parts: 1. Meiosis Chapter 8 2. Iheritace Chapter 9 Leadig ito Lecture 15: 1. Evolu5o ad Iheritace Chapter 13 Topic #1: Meiosis I Pee o the MAT P MAT! Importat LaH Roots Meiou Mei Lesse Small Tosis Process Haplo Sigle 2 Di Oid resemblig, like Greek: Eides Havig the form of Zaie Dallara 1
2 Life Cycle Haploid gametes ( = 23) Egg cell Sperm cell MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mul1cellular diploid adults (2 = 46) 2 Diploid zygote (2 = 46) MITOSIS ad developmet Key Haploid () Diploid (2) Figure 8.12 Some Vocabulary: Homologous are matchig pairs of that ca possess differet versios of the same gees. Diploid Cells have pairs of (all your body cells except sperm ad egg) Haploid Cells do ot have pairs of (sperm ad egg) Pair of LM Cetromere Oe duplicated chromosome Humas have 46, 23 pairs Oe pair of sex (XX or XY) 22 pairs of o- sex, called autosomes Y X Colorized SEM Figure 9.29 Zaie Dallara 2
3 Male 44 XY Soma1c cells Female 44 XX 22 X Sperm 22 Y 22 X Egg 44 XX Female Offsprig 44 XY Male Figure 9.29 Haploid gametes ( = 23) Egg cell Sperm cell MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mul1cellular diploid adults (2 = 46) 2 Diploid zygote (2 = 46) MITOSIS ad developmet Key Haploid () Diploid (2) Figure 8.12 Chromosomes duplicate. Homologous separate. separate. Pair of i diploid paret cell Duplicated pair of INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II Figure Zaie Dallara 3
4 The Origis of GeeHc VariaHo You are ot exactly like your parets! Why? (3 reasos) 1. Idepedet Assortmet of Chromosomes 2. Crossig Over 3. Radom FerHlizaHo POSSIBILITY 1 POSSIBILITY 2 Metaphase of meiosis I Metaphase of meiosis II Gametes Combia1o a Combia1o b Combia1o c Combia1o d Figure For ay species the total umber of chromosome combiahos that ca appear i the gametes due to idepedet assortmet is: 2 where is the haploid umber. For a huma: = = 8,388,608 differet chromosome combiahos possible i a gamete Zaie Dallara 4
5 2. Crossig Over I crossig over: Homologous exchage geehc iformaho Gee1c recombia1o, the producho of gee combiahos differet from those carried by paretal, occurs Prophase I of meiosis Homologous exchage correspodig Remets. Metaphase I remai joied at their cetromeres. Metaphase II Gametes Recombiat combie gee1c iforma1o from differet parets. Recombiat Duplicated pair of Chiasma, site of crossig over Spidle microtubule Prophase I of meiosis Duplicated pair of Homologous exchage correspodig segmets. Chiasma, site of crossig over Metaphase I remai joied at their cetromeres. Metaphase II Spidle microtubule Gametes Recombiat combie gee1c iforma1o from differet parets. Recombiat Figure MEIOSIS I: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE INTERPHASE PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I Cetrosomes (with cetriole pairs) Sites of crossig over Spidle Microtubules a\ached to chromosome remai a\ached Nuclear evelope Chroma1 Pair of Cetromere Chromosomes duplicate. Homologous pair up ad exchage segmets. Pairs of lie up. Pairs of split up. Figure 8.14a Zaie Dallara 5
6 TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS MEIOSIS II: SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS Cleavage furrow separate Haploid daughter cells formig Two haploid cells form; are s1ll doubled. Durig aother roud of cell divisio, the sister fially separate; four haploid daughter cells result, cotaiig sigle. Figure 8.14b 3. Radom FerHlizaHo A huma egg cell is ferhlized radomly by oe sperm, leadig to geehc variety i the zygote. If each gamete represets oe of 8,388,608 differet chromosome combiahos, at ferhlizaho, humas would have 8,388,608 8,388,608, or more tha 70 trillio, differet possible chromosome combiahos. Figure 8.17 Whe Meiosis Goes Awry What happes whe errors occur i meiosis? Such mistakes ca result i geehc abormalihes that rage from mild to fatal. Meiosis I NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS I Nodisjuc1o: Pair of fails to separate. NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS II Meiosis II Gametes Nodisjuc1o: Pair of sister fails to separate Number of 1 1 Zaie Dallara 6
7 Abormal egg cell with extra chromosome 1 Normal sperm cell (ormal) Abormal zygote with extra chromosome 2 1 Figure 8.21 Dow Sydrome: A Extra Chromosome 21 Dow Sydrome: Is also called trisomy 21 Is a codiho i which a idividual has a extra chromosome 21 Affects about oe out of every 700 childre LM Chromosome 21 Ifats with Dow sydrome (per 1,000 births) Age of mother Figure 8.23 Zaie Dallara 7
8 Table 8.1 EvoluHo CoecHo: The Advatages of Sex Asexual reproducho coveys a evoluhoary advatage whe plats are: Pros 1. Sparsely distributed 2. Superbly suited to a stable eviromet Cos 1. No geehc diversity 2010 Pearso Educatio, Ic. Sexual ReproducHo Sexual reproducho may covey a evoluhoary advatage by: Pros 1. Speedig adaptaho to a chagig eviromet 2. Allowig a populaho to more easily rid itself of harmful gees Cos 1. Need a parter 2. STDs Zaie Dallara 8
9 The Process of Sciece: Do All Aimals Have Sex? Observa1o: No sciehsts have ever foud male bdelloid rohfers, a microscopic freshwater ivertebrate. Hypothesis: Bdelloid rohfers have thrived for millios of years usig oly asexual reproducho. Predic1o: Bdelloid rohfers would display much more variaho i their pairs of gees tha most orgaisms Pearso Educatio, Ic. Experimet: Researchers compared sequeces of a parhcular gee i bdelloid ad o- bdelloid rohfers. Results: No- bdelloid sexually reproducig rohfers had early idehcal gees Bdelloid asexually reproducig rohfers had gees that differed by %. Coclusio: Bdelloid rohfers have evolved for millios of years without ay sexual reproducho. The DNA i a cell is packed ito a elaborate, mulhlevel system of coilig ad foldig. Histoes are proteis used to package DNA i eukaryotes. Nucleosomes cosist of DNA woud aroud histoe molecules. Bio 10 - Lecture 14: Macromolec ules Zaie Dallara 9
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