Michael J Kalczynski. Alexander E Gates
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1 Hydrothermal Mass Transfer and Magnetite Mineralization in Dilational Shear Zones, western Hudson Highlands, NY Michael J Kalczynski & Alexander E Gates
2 Introduction Bedrock geology Shear zones & mineralized veins x3 mineral assemblages, vary by location Geochemistry & Mass Transfer Wall rock, bleached zones, & layered assemblages Isocon method Wall rock / Bleached zone Evolution of the fluids Fluid source and fluid fluxes bleached zone alteration Model of formation Fault system and evolution vein mineralization Country rock controlled mineral assemblages
3 Regional Location
4 Bedrock Geology Calc-silicate Gneiss- Qtz, Pl, Am, Opx, Cpx, & Scp Metavolcanic Gneiss- Qtz, Pl, Am, Opx, & Cpx Quartzofeldspathic Gneiss- Am, Opx, & Bt Lake Tiorati Diorite- Pl, Am, Opx, & Cpx Zircon ~1,008 Ma Granulite facies ~1,024 Ma -Ottawan phase of Grenville Orogeny-
5 Shear Zones Two ~NE trending dextral shear zones ~35 km wide shear system, ~1, Ma Southeastern and Northwestern zones S-C fabrics, porphyroclasts, & shear bands Steep foliations - shallow lineations Semi-concordant Mag vein deposits
6 Magnetite Deposits Exposed at several mines Southeastern Zone Hogencamp & Pine Swamp Northwestern Zone Surebridge, Greenwood, & Bradley - Connected by narrow zones - x3 distinct mineral assemblages Bleached zone* Altered wall rock Layered vein Fine-md grained bands of minerals Massive vein Coarse to massive Mag & gangue
7 Hogencamp Mine Wall rock, bleached zone, layered & massive vein
8 Mineral Assemblages
9 Geochemistry & Mass Transfer Geochemistry x12 Samples analyzed - major elements (ICP-OES) x7 Samples analyzed - trace elements (ICP-MS) Wall rock - bleached zones analyzed separately Hogencamp layered vein assemblages (Hv 1 -Hv 4 ) Mass Transfer - Isocon Analysis Grant (1987), after Gresens (1967) Assume constant aluminum/titanium Assume gains and losses buffered into fluids Results multiplied by wall rock geochemistry Δg / 100g wall rock into the bleached zone Results averaged at each deposit
10 Mass Transfer - Results
11 Geochemistry REE Spidergrams Northwestern Southeastern
12 Geochemistry - Layered Vein -Majors Fluctuate -REE Parallel Wall rock & Bleached zone
13 Fluids Acidic fluids derived from metavolcanic C-Rx Granulite dehydration Rnx ~1,024 Ma, Diorites ~1,008 Ma Liberated Fe from ferromagnesian minerals C-Rx Fluid Flux Bleached zone assemblages Based on silica mobility (Dipple & Ferry, 91/92)» 1.2 to 6.6 x 10 6 cm 3 /cm to 10 8 cm 3 /cm 2 for major element metasomatism δ 18 O (Cal from Hogen & Bradley) v. MSOW Meta fluid range δ 18 O 5 25, Granulite facies for carbonates
14 Model of Formation Strike-slip shearing ~ 1, Ma Dilational, right-stepover jogs formed Linked by brittle fractures, acted as conduits Captured and channeled fluids Regional scale Seismic events acted as a pumping mechanism Mixed fluids, control variable open/closed sys behavior Faults sealed via mineralization Closed system behavior» Internal chemical buffering REE Closed system behavior Majors (Hogencamp layered vein) Fluid mixing Further displacement re-open fault zones Mineralization promoted by Lower pressure, fluid mixing, & neutralization rnx
15 Model of Formation Bleached Zone Acidic fluids - Exchange rnx altered wall rock Not observed at the Greenwood deposit» Dilated later, lower T, higher ph, low fluid fluxes? Layered Vein Nucleation sites primarily along the walls of the vein Local fluid mixing within fault zones Massive Vein Fluids became Fe- and volatile-rich Oxides depleted via mineralization, high fluid fluxes Coarse-massive crystallization in fluid filled cavities Overprinted by locally buff fluids interstitial cement minerals» Calcite, quartz, and sulfides
16 Vein Assemblages Local country rock composition controlled assemblages Fluids buffered to composition of country rock Elements in abundance in C-Rx, buffered into fluids Fluid chemistry controlled local assemblages
17 Conclusion
18 Conclusion
19 Conclusion
20 Conclusion
21 Thank You
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