MI&CCMIllILIL&JN CHEMISTRY

Transcription

1 MI&CCMIllILIL&JN CHEMISTRY

2 MACCMIIJ1J1A~ (Q)]F CHEMISTRY D.B. HIBBERT & A.M. JAMES M MACMILLAN REFERENCE BOOKS

3 The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 by me MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hibbert, D.B. Macmillan dictionary of chemistry. 1. Chemistry - Dictionaries I. Title II. James, A.M. 540'.3'.21 QD4 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

4 Contents Preface... vi Notes on Use... vii Commonly Used Abbreviations... viii Superscripts Subscripts Greek alphabet Dictionary... 1 Appendices Table 1. Fundamental physical constants in SI units Table 2. Special names and symbols for certain derived SI units Table 3. SI conversion tables Table 4. Table of elements and atomic masses Periodic table

5 Preface This is a dictionary of chemical terms and concepts and is intended as a reference volume for physical and biological scientists in education, research and industry. The aim is to provide the reader with a brief and lucid definition of each headword, including such relevant information as equations, formulae, preparation and properties of compounds, applications and use. SI units are used throughout, and tables of conversion factors between these and other units are provided. In contrast to rival works, more balanced consideration is given to topics of a physical chemical nature. To achieve this, within the space available, the extensive catalogue of inorganic and organic compounds has largely been replaced by more general entries. In these the general properties of the compounds within their natural groupings are considered either in the form of tables or reaction schemes. Extensive physical data of compounds are not included since these are available in standard reference books. It is hoped that this Dictionary, with over 5200 entries, some with illustrations, will be of use to science students, research workers in cognate disciplines and also to lay persons. Further it will be an aid for student revision. We appreciate the many useful discussions we have had with our colleagues. Our sincere thanks are due to our wives Marion and Mary (Dr. M.P. Lord) for their understanding, patience, help and encouragement during the preparation of the manuscript. We thank the staff of Macmillan Reference Books for their help and encouragement. We are particularly indebted to Dr. Ann Ralph for her practical help, advice and useful discussions during the production and editing of the manuscript. DBH AMJ vi

6 Notes on Use Entries are arranged strictly in alphabetical order (numerals and Greek letters used as prefixes as in the naming of compounds are ignored). The IUP AC convention is used for the systematic nomenclature of inorganic and organic compounds, trivial and other names in current use are fully cross-referenced. Common symbols and abbreviations that occur throughout the dictionary are used without definition. Lists of these are included at the start of each letter (Greek letters are classified under the appropriate letter (e. g., "y, gamma, will be found under G), where they are either defined or a reference given for further information. Abbreviations for common organic radicals (e.g., Et, Ph) will be found in the appropriate place in the main text. In the text, words in small capitals indicate a reference to another entry which will provide further information and could be of help; in some instances the reference is in parentheses. Formulae for simple compounds are given in linear form; structural, conformational and stereochemical formulae are included where appropriate. Wherever possible, compounds have been grouped together (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, alkaloids, proteins, terpenes); there is full crossreferencing between individual compounds and the group. Under the group heading the general methods of preparation, properties, similarities and differences are highlighted. In these instances, only the most important compounds ofthe group have separate entries (e.g., the first three or four members of a homologous series). Entries for elements include an outline of their occurrence, isolation, their general physical and chemical properties and a brief account of the chemistry of their inorganic and organic compounds. The general properties of inorganic salts are grouped under such entries as halides, nitrates, sulphates. Only the more important inorganic compounds have a separate entry. Symbols for the elements are given in Table 4, and the full Periodic Table appears on the final page. vii

7 Commonly Used Abbreviations aq bp ES fp vp aqueous boiling point electronic structure freezing point vapour pressure superscripts e indicating standard value of a property o indicating value of a property at infinite dilution subscripts A,B e referring to species A, B value of property at equilibrium referring to a typical species i i P, V, T, S indicating constant pressure, volume, temperature, entropy +,- referring to positive, negative ion 1,2 referring to different systems or states of system g, 1, s (or c) referring to gaseous, liquid, or solid (crystalline) state mathematical symbols "" approximately equal to asymptotically equal to ~ sum of i terms I o product of i terms I lnx natural logarithm of x 19x common logarithm of x (to base 10) Ixl absolute value of x p! factorialp = 1 x 2 x 3 x... x(p-l)xp ex, exp(x) exponential ofx ex proportional to 00 infinity greek alphabet A a alpha B 13 beta r 'Y gamma A I) delta E 8 epsilon Z t zeta H TJ eta e a theta I iota K K kappa A A lambda M 1.1. mu N v nu E ~ xi 0 0 omicron n 1T pi P p rho I (J' sigma T T tau y lj upsilon ct> <I> phi X X chi 'I' 1/1 psi n w omega viii