General Physics. Prefixes. Aims: The Greek Alphabet Units. Provided Data

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1 General Physics Aims: The Greek Alphabet Units Prefixes Provided Data

2 Name Upper Case Lower Case The Greek Alphabet When writing equations and defining terms, letters from the Greek alphabet are often used, this (usually) avoids using the same letters to represent different physical quantities. The table below gives the letters of the Greek alphabet. Name Upper Case Lower Case Name Upper Case alpha iota rho beta kappa sigma gamma lambda tau delta mu upsilon epsilon nu phi zeta xi chi eta omicron psi theta pi omega Lower Case

3 Système Internationale d Unités Scientists use the Système Internationale d Unités, which defines the SI units. The system was developed from the metre-kilogramsecond (mks) system. Système Internationale (SI) units are used to communicate the size of quantities effectively. There are two types of SI Units: base units derived units From combining the SI base units, SI derived units can be made, for example metres-per-second (ms -1 ) for speed.

4 There are seven SI base units. Base Units The base units are precisely defined by measurable physical properties. However, the definition of the kilogram is the most poorly defined, as it requires comparison to a reference object, the prototype kilogram. The radian (rad) is a supplementary unit used to define the size of angles. Quantity Base Unit Symbol length (x) kilogram kg mass (m) metre m time (t) second s absolute temperature (T) kelvin K electric current (I) ampere A amount of substance (n) mole mol luminous intensity candela cd

5 Derived Units Combinations of base units can be combined to form the derived units of other quantities. There are a large number of SI derived units, all of which can be written in terms of the base units. Many derived units are named after scientists. Quantity Derived Unit Symbol area (A) square metre m 2 volume (V) cubic metre m 3 density (ρ) kilogram per cubic metre kgm -3 velocity (v) metre per second ms -1 acceleration (a) metre per second squared ms -2 momentum (p) kilogram metre per second kgms -1 force (F) newton N (kgms -2 ) pressure (p) pascal Pa (Nm -2 )

6 More Derived Units Quantity Derived Unit Symbol energy (E) joule J power (P) watt W frequency (f) hertz Hz electric charge (Q) coulomb C resistance (R) ohm Ω electromotive force (ε) volt V electric capacitance (C) farad F magnetic flux (ϕ) weber Wb magnetic flux density (B) tesla T

7 Names and Symbols To avoid confusion, the names of the units are not capitalised. For example, the force of gravity, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, is measured in newton. However, the symbols of units named after scientists have the first letter capitalised. For example, the symbol for the pascal is Pa.

8 Non-SI Units Occasionally, for convenience, it is useful to use units that are not part of the SI System. In physics, commonly used non-si Units are the electron volt (ev) and the atomic mass unit (u), although they can be converted into SI units. Name Symbol Value minute min 1 min = 60 s hour h 1 h = 60 min = 60 s litre l 1l = m 3 tonne t 1t = 1000 kg electron volt ev 1 ev = 1.6 x J atomic mass unit u 1 u = 1.66 x kg astronomical unit AU 1 AU = 1.5 x m

9 Unit Prefixes Adding prefixes in front of units enables data to be presented concisely and consistently. This means that large or small numbers can often be written without taking up lots of space or using standard form. The prefixes have names and symbols, which are given in the table below. Multiple Name Symbol Multiple Name Symbol 10 1 deca- da 10-1 deci- d 10 2 hecto- h 10 2 centi- c 10 3 kilo- k 10 3 milli- m 10 6 mega- M 10 6 micro- µ 10 9 giga- G 10 9 nano- n tera- T pico- p

10 Only use one prefix at a time. Examples of Using Prefixes For example, write 3 x 10 8 ms -1 as 300 Mms -1 not 300 kkms -1. Some examples of using prefixes are given below g = 10 kg ten kilogram J = 5 MJ five megajoule W = 2.25 GW two-point-two-five gigawatt A = 6.4 ma six-point-four milliampere m = 10 µm ten micrometre F = 32 nf thirty-two nanofarad

11 Provided Data The values of commonly used quantities are given in the following tables. They are usually provided on the exam paper.

12 Data Quantity Symbol Value gravitational field strength at Earth s surface (acceleration of free fall) magnetic constant (permeability of free space) g 9.81 ms -2 μ 0 4π 10-7 NA -2 molar gas constant R JK -1 mol -1 neutron rest mass m n kg Planck s constant h Js proton rest mass m p kg speed of light in a vacuum c ms -1

13 Data Quantity Symbol Value atomic mass unit u kg Avogadro s Number N A mol -1 Boltzmann s constant k JK -1 electric constant (permittivity of free space) ε Fm -1 electric force constant k =1/(4πε 0 ) mf -1 electron charge e C electron rest mass m e kg gravitational constant G m 3 kg -1 s -2 Stefan-Boltzmann constant Wm -2 K -4

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