Impact of Alaskan Stream eddies on chlorophyll distribution in the central subarctic North Pacific* Hiromichi Ueno 1,
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1 October 23, 2009, 10:15-10:35 PICES 2009 Annual Meeting ICC, Jeju, Republic of Korea Impact of Alaskan Stream eddies on chlorophyll distribution in the central subarctic North Pacific* Hiromichi Ueno 1, W.R. Crawford 2 and H. Onishi 1 1:Hokkaido Univ. Japan 2:IOS Canada Journal of Oceanography in revision *
2 Alaskan Stream (AS) Introduction1 (2/21) Alaskan Stream (AS) a connection btwn AG, WSAG & BSG volume, heat & freshwater transports (Onishi & Ohtani 1999) Gulf of Alaska Anticyclonic eddies Tracks of anticyclonic eddies (Crawford, 2002) AS
3 Introduction2 (3/21) Water exchange by eddies in the GoA Ladd et al. (2005) Surface chlorophyll-a composited over April 2003 from the SeaWiFS satellite. iron-rich coastal water Haida eddy Eddies in GoA: heat, freshwater, nutrient & biota exchange between shelf & off-shore regions by Containing shelf water at the eddy center & propargating offshore Advection in the outer ring of the eddy. (Crawford et al., 2005; Okkonen et al., 2003, Ladd et al., 2005; ) Johnson et al. (2005): Haida eddies supply the central GoA (HNLC area) with iron-rich coastal water.
4 Introduction3 (4/21) Some eddies in GoA went out of GoA. (e.g. crawford et al.,2000; Ladd et al., 2007) Ueno et al. (2009) studied anticyclonic eddies propagating westward along the AS from GoA. => 12 long-lived eddies were observed from their formation. Sitka eddies 180º 180 º Ueno et al. (2009) 180º Yakutat eddies 3 eddies: formed off Sitka (Sitka eddies) 4 eddies: formed around Yakutat (Yakutat eddies) => did not propagate west of 180º.
5 Ueno et al. (2009) Introduction4 (5/21) Alaskan Stream (AS) eddies 180º 5 eddies: formed in the AS south of AP/AI. btwn 157º & 169ºW => AS eddies AS eddies crossed 180º, providing central SNP with heat & freshwater comparable to surface fluxes. => affecting T/S and circulation in the central SNP
6 Formation of AS eddies (Ueno et al., 2009) Thomson (1972) investigated the AS via Steady, barotropic frictional BL theory. AS: ~zonal, west of 160W: => weak meridional flow => low planetary vorticity supply => WBC Vorticity balance breaks => AS separation (anticyclonic eddy formation) more likely occurs when curl τ negative AS 160W ~zonal Eddy 02a Eddy 99ab Eddy 96ab,99ab formed during or just after negative or weakly + curl τ => curl τ contributed to the formation of these eddies. Eddy 02a: strong positive curl τ, which likely stabilized AS =>other formation mechanisms 1995 Eddy 96ab Lon-time diagram of curl Τ along AS 160W
7 Eddy speed (Ueno et al., 2009) Introduction6 (7/21) Eddy speed: 0-5 km/day Correlation coefficient: 0.19 Eddy speed: 0-5 km/day Faster Correlation coefficient: 0.58 Steeper AS velocity: 5-20 km/day Bottom slope m/km Comparison of eddy speed with AS velocity, bottom slope and SLA showed bottom slope effects to dominate, with faster propagation over steeper slopes.
8 Introduction7 (8/21) Purpose of this study Although previous studies investigated formation and propagation of AS eddies and their impact on T/S fields in the central SNP, the impact of AS eddies on the biological production has not been studied. Therefore, we investigate the chl-a combined with sea level anomaly distribution to understand the relation between AS eddies and the biological production in the central SNP.
9 Data Data&Method1 (9/21) SeaWiFS Level 3 monthly composite chl-a concentration data AVISO Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) & absolute dynamic topography (ADT) data Net primary production (NPP) data (OSU, Behrenfeld & Falkowski, 1997) Method We concentrated on the AS eddies that formed south of AP/AL => 5 AS eddies were found (same as Ueno et al., 2009) Eddy radius (R eddy ): estimated using Okubo-Weiss parameter W (Okubo, 1970; Weiss, 1991, Isern-Fontanet et al., 2003,4,6; Chelton et al., 2007; Henson and Thomas, 2008).
10 Okubo-Weiss param. W Data&Method2 (10/21) Color: SLA Vorticity, Strain (normal, shear) Eddy core: area of W < -0.2σ w σ w =SD of W over the region 2πR eddy 2 = (area of W < -0.2 σ w ). => R eddy : km, 69 km on an average,. W(O-W param) SLA Trajectories and sizes of AS eddies => monthly clim. chl-a maps with (< 3R eddy ) & without (> 3R eddy ) AS eddies. Henson & Thomas (2008)
11 Results
12 Clim. chl-a maps without AS eddies Results1 (12/21) High chl-a: observed in the area just south of the AI <= AS transported nutrient-rich water (Ladd et al., 2005a; Mordy et al., 2005). Low chl-a: observed in the deep-sea region of the central SNP => low productivity in the area
13 Clim. chl-a maps without AS eddies Results2 (13/21) Clim. chl-a maps with AS eddies High chl-a: observed even in the deep-sea region of the central SNP => AS eddies contributed to the productivity in the deep-sea region of the central SNP.
14 Clim. Net primary production (OSU) Results3 (14/21) Clim. NPP maps without AS eddies Clim. NPP maps with AS eddies AS eddies enhance NPP in the deep-sea region of the central SNP
15 Results4 (15/21) Distribution of chl-a in & around each AS eddy D < 0.5R eddy 0.5R eddy < D < R eddy R eddy < D < 2R eddy D < 2R eddy Spring & fall: chl-a relatively high => Corresponds to spring & fall blooms
16 Example: Eddy 96b Results5 (16/21) 1998 May May 1998 (just after 96b detached from AS): Chl-a: high in periphery 96b => Tongue-shaped high chl-a area in the eastern side => Southward adv of chla-rich water from area just south of AI
17 Example: Eddy 96b Results6 (17/21) b Sep Sep 1998 : Chl-a: high only in the core & low outside of the core => Horizontal adv is unlikely to cause the high chl-a => Possibility of upwelling
18 Possible mechanisms Results7 (18/21) Isopycnal rebound due to eddy decay (Whitney and Robert, 2002) => supplying euphotic zone with micronutrient Martin and Richards (2001) Whitney and Robert (2002) Upwelling due to eddy-wind interaction (Martin and Richards, 2001; McGillicuddy et al., 2007) => Anticyclonic surface water current induces divergence of Ekman transport at the eddy center, resulting in upwelling at the eddy center.
19 Example: Eddy 99a1,99a2 Results8 (19/21) Eddy 99a1 Eddy 99a2 Eddy 99a1 High chl-a was observed in the area east of a combination of two or three eddies. This might be caused by macro- and micro- nutrients & biota transports from the AI through southward advection.
20 Summary 1/2 Summary1 (20/21) The impact of the AS eddies on the chl-a distribution in the central SNP was investigated through analysis of chl-a and altimetry data from satellite observations. 1. The climatological chl-a distributions averaged in the areas with and without AS eddies suggested that AS eddies contributed significantly to the chl-a distribution in the deep-sea region of the SNP.
21 Summary Summary2 (21/21) 2. The chl-a distribution was closely related to the AS eddies regardless of whether the eddy was located in or detached from the AS. 3. A combination of two or three AS eddies sometimes formed high chl-a concentration belts that injected chlorophyll and nutrient-rich waters southward from the AI far into the deepsea region of the SNP. Eddy 99a1 Eddy 99a2 Eddy 99a1
22 Results Impact of AS eddies The percentage of chl-a due to AS eddies in the the area of 170ºE 170ºW & 45º 50ºN : 18.4% => significantly higher than the percentage of the area of AS eddies of 14.5% => Chl-a distribution in the deep-sea region of the central SNP is significantly affected by the AS eddies.
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