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1 " " 3" " 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" " " " 3" " 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" " " " 3" " 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 3" 3" 3" 33" 3" 35" Climate model response from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Supplemental Online Material Ben Kravitz, * Ken Caldeira, Olivier Boucher, 3 Alan Robock, Philip J. Rasch Kari Alterskjær, 5 Diana Bou Karam, 6 Jason N. S. Cole, 7 Charles L. Curry, 8 James M. Haywood, 9, Peter J. Irvine, Duoying Ji, Andy Jones, 9 Jón Egill Kristjánsson, 5 Daniel J. Lunt, 3 John C. Moore, Ulrike Niemeier, Hauke Schmidt, Michael Schulz, 5 Balwinder Singh, Simone Tilmes, 6 Shingo Watanabe, 7 Shuting Yang, 8 Jin-Ho Yoon Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 3 Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL, CNRS/UPMC, Paris, France Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 5 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 6 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Saclay, France 7 Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON 8 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC 9 Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 3 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany 5 Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway 6 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 7 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan 8 Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark * to whom correspondence should be addressed: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-, Richland, WA (ben.kravitz@pnnl.gov)
2 Table S. Variables used in the analysis contained in this paper. Not all models have all variables available as output. Model TOA Net Surface Air Precipitation Evaporation NPP Moist Static Sea Ice Radiation Temperature Stability Extent BNU-ESM X X X X X CanESM X X X X X X X CESM-CAM5.-FV X X X X X X CCSM X X X X X X EC-Earth X X X X GISS-E-R X X X X X X X HadCM3 X X X X HadGEM-ES X X X X X X X IPSL-CM5A-LR X X X X MIROC-ESM X X X X X X X MPI-ESM-LR X X X X X X X NorESM-M X X X X X X X
3 Table S. Values for abruptxco picontrol averaged over regions. Ensemble mean is calculated as the mean of all ensemble members, while Minimum and Maximum correspond to single ensemble members featuring extreme values of the indicated variable. All values are averages over years -5 of the simulations. Variable Region Ensemble Mean Minimum Maximum Net TOA Arctic Radiation N. Midlatitudes (W m - ) Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar regions Global Temperature Arctic (K) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Precipitation Arctic...6 (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes..3.3 Tropics.9..7 S. Midlatitudes...7 Antarctic Polar Regions Global.6.5. Evaporation Arctic...35 (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes.3..6 Tropics..5. S. Midlatitudes Antarctic.6.. Polar Regions..7. Global Precipitation Arctic.3.. Minus N. Midlatitudes Evaporation Tropics (mm day - ) S. Midlatitudes land only Antarctic.6.. Polar Regions Global Net Arctic.3.. Primary N. Midlatitudes.3..8 Productivity Tropics (kg C m - a - ) S. Midlatitudes.5..6 land only Antarctic... Polar Regions.7.. Global
4 Table S3. Values for G picontrol averaged over regions. Ensemble mean is calculated as the mean of all ensemble members, while Minimum and Maximum correspond to single ensemble members featuring extreme values of the indicated variable. All values are averages over years -5 of the simulations. Variable Region Ensemble Mean Minimum Maximum Net TOA Arctic Radiation N. Midlatitudes..6.9 (W m - ) Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar regions Global Temperature Arctic (K) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Precipitation Arctic (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Evaporation Arctic (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic. -.. Polar Regions. -.. Global Precipitation Arctic Minus N. Midlatitudes Evaporation Tropics (mm day - ) S. Midlatitudes land only Antarctic Polar Regions. -.. Global Net Arctic...9 Primary N. Midlatitudes Productivity Tropics (kg C m - a - ) S. Midlatitudes.5..6 land only Antarctic... Polar Regions...5 Global
5 Table S. Values for G abruptxco averaged over regions. Ensemble mean is calculated as the mean of all ensemble members, while Minimum and Maximum correspond to single ensemble members featuring extreme values of the indicated variable. All values are averages over years -5 of the simulations. Variable Region Ensemble Mean Minimum Maximum Net TOA Arctic Radiation N. Midlatitudes (W m - ) Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar regions Global Temperature Arctic (K) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Precipitation Arctic (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Evaporation Arctic (mm day - ) N. Midlatitudes Tropics S. Midlatitudes Antarctic Polar Regions Global Precipitation Arctic Minus N. Midlatitudes Evaporation Tropics (mm day - ) S. Midlatitudes land only Antarctic Polar Regions Global Net Arctic Primary N. Midlatitudes Productivity Tropics (kg C m - a - ) S. Midlatitudes land only Antarctic... Polar Regions Global. -..
6 Table S5. Root mean square (RMS) differences of variables for abruptxco relative to picontrol. Values are calculated by the formula RMS = ΣΣ(abruptxCO picontrol) da ΣΣdA where summation is taken over latitude and longitude, and da indicates area weighting of the anomaly in each grid box. abruptxco and picontrol refer to values of the field for the allmodel ensemble mean for that particular experiment. Variable Region Annual Average DJF Average JJA Average TOA Net Global Radiation Land (W m - ) Ocean Temperature Global (K) Land Ocean Precipitation Global (mm day - ) Land Ocean Evaporation Global (mm day - ) Land Ocean P-E Global (mm day - ) Land.3..7 Ocean NPP Global (kg C m - a - ) Land Ocean N/A N/A N/A
7 Table S6. Root mean square (RMS) differences of variables for G relative to picontrol. Values are calculated by the formula RMS = ΣΣ(G picontrol) da ΣΣdA where summation is taken over latitude and longitude, and da indicates area weighting of the anomaly in each grid box. G and picontrol refer to values of the field for the all-model ensemble mean for that particular experiment. Variable Region Annual Average DJF Average JJA Average TOA Net Global Radiation Land (W m - ) Ocean Temperature Global (K) Land Ocean Precipitation Global (mm day - ) Land..7.7 Ocean Evaporation Global.7.9. (mm day - ) Land... Ocean P-E Global (mm day - ) Land.5.. Ocean...3 NPP Global (kg C m - a - ) Land Ocean N/A N/A N/A
8 Table S7. Root mean square (RMS) differences of variables for G relative to abruptxco. Values are calculated by the formula RMS = ΣΣ(G abruptxco) da ΣΣdA where summation is taken over latitude and longitude, and da indicates area weighting of the anomaly in each grid box. G and abruptxco refer to values of the field for the all-model ensemble mean for that particular experiment. Variable Region Annual Average DJF Average JJA Average TOA Net Global Radiation Land (W m - ) Ocean Temperature Global (K) Land Ocean Precipitation Global (mm day - ) Land Ocean Evaporation Global (mm day - ) Land Ocean P-E Global (mm day - ) Land Ocean NPP Global.5.3. (kg C m - a - ) Land.5.3. Ocean N/A N/A N/A
9 Figure S. Global (land + ocean) average time series for surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; third row), and net primary productivity (kg C m - yr - ; bottom row) for all available model output. Year Year Year Net Primary Productivity (kg C/m/yr) BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean Precip minus Evap Precipitation Surf Air Temp Anomaly (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Land + Ocean Global Avg
10 Figure S. Land average time series for surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; third row), and net primary productivity (kg C m - yr - ; bottom row) for all available model output. Year Year Year Net Primary Productivity (kg C/m/yr) BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean Precip minus Evap Precipitation Surf Air Temp (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Land Global Avg
11 Figure S3. Ocean average time series for surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), and precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; bottom row) for all available model output.... Precip minus Evap BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean Precipitation Surf Air Temp Anomaly (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Ocean Global Avg
12 Figure S. Zonal land + ocean average surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; third row), and net primary productivity (kg C m - yr - ; bottom row) for all available model output. All values shown are averages over years -5 of the simulation. The x-axis is weighted by cosine of latitude. Latitude Latitude Latitude 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Net Primary Productivity (kg C/m/yr) S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean Precip minus Evap 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Precipitation 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Surf Air Temp (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Land + Ocean Zonal Avg
13 Figure S5. Zonal land average surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; third row), and net primary productivity (kg C m - yr - ; bottom row) for all available model output. All values shown are averages over years -5 of the simulation. The x-axis is weighted by cosine of latitude. Latitude Latitude Latitude 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Net Primary Productivity (kg C/m/yr) S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean Precip minus Evap BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Precipitation 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Surf Air Temp (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Land Zonal Avg
14 Figure S6. Zonal ocean average surface air temperature (K; first row), precipitation (mm day - ; second row), and precipitation minus evaporation (mm day - ; bottom row) for all available model output. All values shown are averages over years -5 of the simulation. The x-axis is weighted by cosine of latitude. Latitude Latitude Latitude S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Precip minus Evap BNU ESM CanESM CCSM CESM CAM5. FV EC Earth GISS E R HadCM3 HadGEM ES IPSL CM5A LR MIROC ESM MPI ESM LR NorESM M Ensemble Mean 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Precipitation 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N 9 S 3 S 3 N 9 N Surf Air Temp Anomaly (K) abruptxco picontrol G abruptxco G picontrol Ocean Zonal Avg
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