Palomar Compact Galaxy Catalogue 1

Transcription

1 Palomar Compact Catalogue 1

2 Other books by Alvin H. Huey Hickson Group Observer s Guide, 2 nd edition The Abell Planetary Observer s Guide, 2 nd edition Observing the Arp Peculiar Galaxies Downloadable Guides by FaintFuzzies.com The Local Group Selected Small Groups Trios and Triple Systems Selected Shakhbazian Groups Globular Clusters Observing Planetary ebulae and Supernovae Remnants Observing the Abell Clusters The Rose Catalogue of Compact Galaxies Flat Galaxies Ring Galaxies Variable Galaxies The Voronstov-Velyaminov Catalogue Part I and II Observing the Herschel 400 Objects Part I, II and III Object of the Week 2012 and 2013 Deep Sky Forum Copyright 2014 by Alvin Huey Copyright granted to individuals to make single copies of works for private, personal and non-commercial purposes All rights reserved All Maps by MegaStar TM v5 All DSS images (Digital Sky Survey) archive.stsci.edu/dss/acknowledging.html Front Cover: PCG by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey This and other publications by the author are available through Palomar Compact Catalogue 2

3 Table of Contents The Palomar Compact Catalogue and Observing Project... 5 The Palomar Compact Index (60 selected objects)... 7 How to Use the PCG Observer s Atlas... 9 Recommended Further Material Palomar Compact Catalogue 3

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5 The Palomar Compact Catalogue and Observing Project This catalogue was created by Dr. Angela Iovino of an Italian astronomical observatory institution, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, along with several other astronomers around the world by examining the digitized second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. As astronomers study galaxy formation and evolution, they feel that by studying galaxies in compact clusters gives a different perspective in this work. Additionally, compact galaxy groups present a unique opportunity to study galactic interaction between multiple neighbors. Despite that several other have catalogued compact galaxy groups, such as Boris Voronstov- Velyaminov (1959), Shakhbazian (1973), James Rose (1977) and Paul Hickson (1982) to name a few, Iovino et al, decided to take the criterion and make them a little tighter and to build a catalogue of compact galaxy groups based on an automated algorithm. The criterion is as listed below. I should note that observing guides to all of the aforementioned compact groups are available on my website. As Dr. Iovino et al examined the plates, they developed a selection criterion. They are as follows: Richness Two parts to this criterion; first is that the number of the group has to be at least 4 member galaxies and secondly, the magnitude range must be within 2. This range is tighter than Hickson s criterion. Isolation The group must be at least 3 group diameters away from the nearest galaxy. Say the diameter of the cluster is 30, the nearest galaxy within 0.5 magnitudes of the faintest member must be at least 90 (1.5 ) away. This avoids finding small aggregates within a larger structure, such as a galaxy cluster. Compactness the mean surface brightness within the group diameter is at least 24.0 mag/arcsec 2. For comparison, Dr. Hickson used the same criterion, but at least 26.0 for his famous Hickson Compact Catalogue. Since the POSS plates are so old, some faint stars sometimes gets mistaken for a galaxy or two. So Iovino et al decided to stay away from the galactic equator by limiting the search at least 40º from the galactic equator. In total they found 352 groups near the north galactic pole and 107 groups near the southern galactic pole. For the purposes of this observing guide I ve included the 60 of the 459 total groups listed on this 2005 paper. There is an additional 84 groups in his first paper, listed below, but you will need to build the finder charts yourself. I think this is sufficient to keep the observer busy for quite some time. Why I created this list? I m always in a quest in looking for challenges for observers with large telescopes; hence this book is for folks with 20, or maybe 25 and larger telescopes. Since this is a very challenging list, in many cases more challenging than the Shakhbazian Compact list, also available on my website, here are some observing tips that will enhance your ability to see them: A steady sky is a must for resolving individual members, so seek them during steady nights. Palomar Compact Catalogue 5

6 Keep your eyes dark adapted as fully as possible. ven the sky glow from the sky, especially if the Milky Way is above the horizon, can impact your night vision. When not looking at the eyepiece, waiting for your turn at the eyepiece, or just taking a break, look down at the dark ground, preferably with a hood over your head. I sometimes look down for a few minutes before looking in the eyepiece. To further darken the field around you, use a hooded vest, such the Hooded Observing Vest available from DarkSkiesApparal.com. The hood would block all extraneous light, including the sky glow and even the Milky Way at very dark sites. Use your eyepiece guards. They offer an extra light blocking barrier between your eyepiece and your eye. If your eyepiece doesn t come with one, you can install one for some eyepiece. For some examples, please see my website at faintfuzzies.com/observingaids.html If you think you saw the object(s), but not sure, gently rap the telescope or wiggle it. The stars will wiggle in the eyepiece, and if you saw the object, it would wiggle as well along with the foreground stars. Sometimes if you are very tired you won't see as much. Take a nap or rest on a lawn chair. Try to observe in a comfortable position. It really helps if you aren't straining your neck (or anything else) when you are trying to observe. Some fleeting objects would disappear when fatigued. Use high magnification, such as 300x or even higher. When I observe object from this list, I generally use my 6mm ZAO-II, 5mm BGO and/or 4mm ZAO-II orthoscopic eyepieces. I employ the TMB 1.8x D Barlow if I need even more magnification. Use low-glass count, high transmission eyepieces. ven with modern glass polish and coating technology, there is still a very small, but noticeable difference between high glass count eyepieces, such as the common wide-field eyepiece versus a simple orthoscopics or Plossl. Over the years, I ve done many comparisons between various eyepieces, such as the aglers, thos, aglers, Pentax XW s, orthoscopics (Zeiss, Baader, Universisty Optics, etc) and Plossls (some makes) and found that low glass count eyepieces consistently outperforms high glass count eyepieces. See my website under Observing Tips, titled Going DP with simple eyepieces, for more information. ote: This list presented here is the second batch of PCG s as catalogued by Iovino et al. For the first batch, see the paper titled, A ew Sample of Distant Compact Groups from the Digitized Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, by Angela Iovino, et al published in April The paper is listed on page 71. So GIV IT A GO AD LT US KOW Two ways of letting us kow 1. Post your observations at and I m sure that other galaxy hounds would like to read them. 2. mail me at Alvin.huey@faintfuzzies.com Palomar Compact Catalogue 6

7 The Palomar Compact Index (60 selected objects) Page PCG # RA Dec Radius (") Palomar Compact Catalogue 7 Mag (t) SB Δmag Const Aqr Psc Psc Psc Psc Psc Psc Psc Psc Peg Peg Peg Peg Peg Peg Ari Cet Cet Cet Lyn Cnc UMa UMa UMa UMa UMa UMa UMa UMa LMi LMi LMi LMi LMi

8 Page PCG # RA Dec Radius (") Mag (t) SB Δmag Const LMi Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Leo Sex Sex Sex Sex Vir Vir Com Boo Boo CBr Ser Ser PCG The catalog number. The schematic is RA (in hours and minutes) and Dec (in degrees and minutes) RA and Dec in J coordinates. Radius the diameter of the group in arc seconds. Keep in mind, this is arc seconds, so many groups could be covered by Jupiter if placed on top of it. Mag(t) total r magnitude of the group. The visual magnitude is generally 0.5 mag fainter than the r magnitude SB Surface brightness in mag/arcsec 2 Δmag The magnitude difference between the brightest and faintest member of the group. Const the constellation the object is located on Palomar Compact Catalogue 8

9 How to Use the PCG Observer s Atlas PGC (Aquarius) PGC RA Dec Size Mag Δmag PCG The top left panel contains the naked eye field with the TelRad TM superimposed on the center of the Palomar Compact group. The top right panel contains the inverted Digital Sky Survey image. The DSS image is 15 square. The bottom panel is a finder field of about 4.8º across and 3.0º high. The finder field is wide enough for the finder scope and detailed enough for those who choose to use a low power eyepiece as a finder. The limiting magnitude of the field stars is set to 12.0 or whatever as indicated by the legend on the bottom left. In some star poor regions, the limiting magnitude is increase to 13.0 and viseversa. The square field of the DSS image is superimposed on the finder chart. An inverted SDSS image with labels is in the middle right. The labels are from the original paper. Two objects are outside of SDSS s range, I ve used a cropped image from the DSS blue plates. All charts and images are oriented north pointed up and west to the right. The table below lists the following information: PCG PCG number. The numeric schematic is the RA in hours and minutes followed by the Declination in degrees and minutes. RA and Dec the coordinates in J Size the listed size of the group as listed in the original paper. The size listed is in seconds, giving you an idea how small these groups are. Mag the listed total combined magnitude as appears in the original paper ΔMag The magnitude difference between the brightest and faintest member. Palomar Compact Catalogue 9

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11 The Palomar Compact Catalogue 60 selected objects Palomar Compact Catalogue 11

12 PCG (Aquarius) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 12

13 PCG (Pisces) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 13

14 PCG (Pisces) GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 14

15 PCG (Pisces) GC 7817 Mkn 335 UGC 44 UGC 169 UGC GC 52 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 15

16 PCG (Pisces) UGC 155 UGC 161 GC 7824 UGC 36 GC 75 GC 36 UGC 35 UGC 143 UGC 27 MAC GC 7827 GC 7825 GC 7820 UGC 88 GC UGC 103 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 16

17 PCG (Pisces) UGC 139 CGCG MCG UGC 212 MCG MCG IC 8 IC 6 MCG PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 17

18 PGC (Pisces) GC 193 GC 204 GC 194 GC 200 GC 198 GC 182 G GC 173 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 18

19 PGC (Pisces) UGC 424 GC 251 UGC 477 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 19

20 PCG (Pisces) M 74 IC 1704 IC 1700 IC 1698 GC 471 UGC UGC 1156 UGC 1087 UGC UGC 1026 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 20

21 PCG (Pegasus) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 21

22 PCG (Pegasus) GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 22

23 PCG (Pegasus) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 23

24 PCG (Pegasus) GC 7626 GC 7619 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 24

25 PCG (Pegasus) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 25

26 PCG (Pegasus) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 26

27 PCG (Aries) GC 821 IC 193 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 27

28 PCG (Cetus) GC 825 GC 864 UGC 1669 IC 1776 UGC 1775 UGC 1716 IC 211 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 28

29 PCG (Cetus) GC 1107 UGC 2419 CGCG CGCG UG PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 29

30 PCG (Cetus) UGC 2419 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 30

31 PCG (Lynx) UGC 4829 MCG UGC 4805 UGC 4784 UGC 4648 GC 2776 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 31

32 PCG (Cancer) UGC 4985 GC MAC GC 2804 GC 2809 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 32

33 PCG (Ursa Major) UGC 4778 GC 2639 UGC 4551 UGC 4587 GC 2684 MCG MAC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 33

34 PCG (Ursa Major) UGC 5260 GC 2820 GC 2814 GC Mkn 113 GC 2880 PCG GC Palomar Compact Catalogue 34

35 PCG (Ursa Major) MCG GC 3079 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 35

36 PCG (Ursa Major) GC 3319 UGC 5941 UGC 5838 MAC 103 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 36

37 PCG (Ursa Major) UGC 6074 UGC 6071 UGC 6029 UGC 6013 UGC 5991 MCG PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 37

38 PCG (Ursa Major) UGC 6517 UGC 6526 GC 3694 UGC 6273 MAC MAC MAC MAC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 38

39 PCG (Ursa Major) GC 3847 GC 3788 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 39

40 PCG (Ursa Major) UGC 7635 GC 4271 UGC 7144 MCG GC 4172 MCG MCG GC 4384 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 40

41 PCG (Leo Minor) MAC MAC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 41

42 PCG (Leo Minor) CGCG GC 3204 IC 2550 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 42

43 PCG (Leo Minor) UGC 5577 GC 3159 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 43

44 PCG (Leo Minor) GC 3304 GC 3294 IC 2591 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 44

45 PCG (Leo Minor) MAC A GC 3237 UGC 5759 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 45

46 PCG (Leo Minor) GC 3432 UGC 5936 UGC 5 UGC 5870 IC 2591 GC 3381 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 46

47 PCG (Leo) IC 2490 UGC 4869 UGC 5070 IC 2476 GC 278 GC 2789 GC 2893 MCG UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 47

48 PCG (Leo) IC 555 Frosty Leo GC Planetary PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 48

49 PCG (Leo) UGC 5396 GC 3070 GC 3049 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 49

50 PCG (Leo) UGC 5339 UGC 5489 UGC 5436 UGC 5403 UGC 5330 UGC 5467 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 50

51 PCG (Leo) UGC 5467 GC 3131 MCG GC 3154 UGC 5385 UGC GC 3094 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 51

52 PCG (Leo) GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 52

53 PCG (Leo) MCG UGC 5916 GC 330 UG UGC 5833 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 53

54 PCG (Leo) IC 642 GC 3457 GC 3443 GC 3455 GC 3370 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 54

55 PCG (Leo) CGCG GC 3384 M 105 GC 3389 GC 3491 M 96 MAC GC 3506 UGC 5897 CGCG UGC 58 M UGC 6093 IC 664 GC 3492 GC UGC 6072 GC 3433 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 55

56 PCG (Leo) GC 3467 GC 3466 UGC 6014 GC 3 UGC 6062 UGC 6130 IC 658 GC GC UGC 6185 CGCG GC 3462 GC 3526 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 56

57 PCG (Leo) IC 698 IC 696 IC 676 IC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 57

58 PCG (Leo) GC 3984 UGC 6968 GC 4008 GC 3988 GC 4004 GC 4016 GC 4017 MAC GC 3900 GC 3912 GC GC 3944 PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 58

59 PCG (Sextans) UGC 5432 UGC 5383 UGC 5378 GC 3055 U UGC 5376 UGC 5377 IC UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 59

60 PCG (Sextans) UGC 5432 UGC 5543 UGC 5506 GC 3169 GC 3166 GC 3165 GC 3156 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 60

61 PCG (Sextans) UGC 5493 Pal 3 UGC 5528 UGC Globular PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 61

62 PCG (Sextans) GC 3434 GC 3365 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 62

63 PCG (Virgo) UGC 67 CGCG GC 4058 GC 4075 GC 4045 GC 4073 GC 4045A PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 63

64 PCG (Virgo) M 87 GC 4476 GC 4478 GC 4402 M 86 GC 4435 M 84 GC 4387 GC 4425 GC 4388 GC 4413 GC 4440 GC 4351 GC 4267 GC 4216 GC 4206 GC 4452 GC 4371 GC 4313 GC 4294 GC 4299 GC 4503 GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 64

65 PCG (Coma Berenices) GC 4213 UGC 7321 UGC 7357 UGC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 65

66 PCG (Bootes) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 66

67 PCG (Bootes) GC PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 67

68 PCG (Corona Borealis) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 68

69 PCG (Serpens) PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 69

70 PCG (Serpens) GC 5864 GC M Globular PCG Palomar Compact Catalogue 70

71 Recommended Further Material Papers used for this list Carvalho, R.R, et al A Catalog of Distant Compact Groups Using the Digitized Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. The Astronomical Journal, 130: , August 2005 Iovino, A. et al A ew Sample of Distant Compact Groups from the Digitized Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. The Astronomical Journal, 125: , April 2003 Additional Papers Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B.A. Atlas of Interacting Galaxies, Part II and the Concept of Fragmentation of Galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Vol 28, p1-117, 1977 Rose, J.A. Survey of Compact Groups of Galaxies, Ap. J., 211, p Hickson, P. Systematic Properties of Compact Groups of Galaxies, Ap J, 255, p Shakhbazian, R.K. Astrofizka Vol 9, p General Recommended Reading Burnham, Robert Burnham s Celestial Handbook, Vol. 1 to 3. Dover Books, ew York,.Y. Coe, Steven R Deep Sky Observing. The Astronomical Tourist. Springer Publishing Company,.Y. icher, David J Galaxies and the Universe. Kalmbach Publishing Co., W.I. Harrington, Philip S. 2010; Cosmic Challenge: The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs, Cambridge University Press, MA Kepple, George R. and Glen W The ight Sky Observer s Guide, Vol. 1 and 2. Willmann-Bell, Richmond, VA. Luginbuhl, Christian B. and Brian A. Skiff Observing Handbook and Catalogue of Deep-Sky Objects. Cambridge University Press,.Y. Steinicke, Wolfgang and Richard Jakiel Galaxies and How to Observe Them. Springer Publishing Company,.Y. Webb Society 1982; Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer s Handbook, Volume 4 Galaxies nslow Publishers Hillside,.J. Webb Society 1982; Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer s Handbook, Volume 5 Clusters of Galaxies nslow Publishers Hillside,.J. Webb Society 1987; Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer s Handbook, Volume 6 Anonymous Galaxies nslow Publishers Hillside,.J. Palomar Compact Catalogue 71

72 Recommended Web Sites - The premier Deep Sky forum where advanced deep sky observers converge and discuss observing the deep sky - Great source of observing projects for all skill levels. - ASA-IPAC xtragalactic Database D - The STScI Digitized Sky Survey - SkyServer DR8 Tools for Visual xploration (SDSS) Great resource for like-minded amateurs discussing most aspects of the hobby. Zoo Sources of charts and images Charts by Megastar version 5 Willmann-Bell Richmond, VA - DSS images (Digital Sky Survey) - Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8 (SDSS DR8) Palomar Compact Catalogue 72

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