Nuclear Thermal Rockets Lecture 24 G. L. Kulcinski March 22, Rawlings-SAIC
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1 Nuclear Thermal Rockets Lecture 24 G. L. Kulcinski March 22, 2004 Rawlings-SAIC 1
2 2
3 The Basis for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion is the Specific Impulse Equation I sp = F m = AC f T c M Where: I sp = Specific Impulse, sec F = Thrust, newtons m = Propellant mass flow, kg/s A = Performance factor (nozzle) C f = Thrust coefficient (nozzle) T c = Chamber temperature M = Molecular wt. of exhaust gas 3
4 The Operation of a Nuclear Thermal Rocket is Quite Straightforward 4
5 5
6 Video by Los Alamos National Laboratory Space, Energy, and Los Alamos National Laboratory SEI Exhibit (1992 revision) Nuclear Rocket Operation Catalog
7 7
8 8
9 Project Rover/NERVA Was Funded for 18 years, Source:J. A. Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, Univ Press of Kentucky,
10 Achievements of the ROVER/NERVA Program Biggest-Phoebus 2 (4,100 MW t ) Highest Thrust-Phoebus 2A (930 kn) Highest H 2 Flow Rate-Phoebus 2A (120 kg/s) Highest Specific Impulse-Pewee (838 seconds) Minimum Specific Mass-Phoebus 2A (2.3 kg/mw) Smallest-Nuclear Furnace (44 MW) Hottest-Pewee (2,550 K exit gas, 2,750 K fuel) Longest Run-Nuclear Furnace (109 minutes) Highest Power Density-Pewee (5,200 MW/m 3 fuel) Greatest Number of Restarts-XE (28) 10
11 Video- Gateway to the Solar System: Gas Core Nuclear Rocket Producer: Steve Howe Los Alamos National Laboratory Rawlings SAIC 11
12 Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Rocket Propulsion: Artificial Gravity Mars Mission Glenn Research Center Stan Borowski Len Dudzinski Video Rawlings-SAIC 12
13 Video Rockets into Space- Splitting the Atom in Space Wingspan Network Produced by Lianishan Films, L.I.C
14 Where Are We Going in the Long Term? What About Fusion? 14
15 Space Nuclear Power Satellite Malfunctions U. S. Former U.S.S.R RTG Reactor RTG Reactor nits aunched P r o b l e m s SNAP 9A-1964 SNAP SNAP SNAP 10A-1965 Cosmos Cosmos Cosmos Cosmos Cosmos RORSAT s Lost on pad 1969,
16 There Have Been 11 Known Cases Where Satellites Carrying Nuclear Power Systems Have Malfunctioned Former Soviet Union Cosmos-300 (1969) Cosmos-305 (1969) Two RORSAT s on the Pad (1969, 73) Cosmos-954 (1978) Cosmos-1402 (1983) Cosmos-1900 (1988) United States TRANSIT 5BN-3 (SNAP-9A) (1964) SNAP-10A (1965) NIMBUS B-1 (SNAP- 19) (1968) Apollo-13 (SNAP-27) (1970) 16
17 Cosmos-300, 305, Soviet RTG s Cosmos-300 launched Sept. 23, 1969 and reentered Sept. 27, Cosmos-305 launched Oct. 22, 1969 and reentered Oct. 24, One or both of these payloads may have been a Lunokhod and carrying a 210 Po heat source. Upper stage malfunction prevented payloads from leaving Earth orbit. 17
18 Possible Launch Failure of Soviet RORSAT s Unnamed system launched Jan. 25, 1969 and failed on Pad. Unnamed system launched April 25, 1973 and failed on Pad. 18
19 Cosmos-954 Nuclear Reactor Launched 9/18/77 RORSAT-marine radar 100 kw thermal power <5 kwe Reactor designed to separate from satellite, boost core into higher orbit Re-entered over Pacific 1/24/78 Glowing object detected by telescope over Hawaii After 12 min. & 5500 km impacted over Canada USSR said it was designed to burn up, but several glowing objects observed over Canada Operation Morning Light conducted in -40 C Radioactivity spread over 600 km path, 124,000 km 2 >50 objects recovered (steel plates, Be, fuel, etc.) --65 kg. Radiation levels 0.6 to 200 Rad/hr Some enriched 235 U detected in the atmosphere 19
20 Cosmos-1402 Nuclear Reactor Launched 8/30/82 In Dec-82, malfunction caused satellite to intentionally split into 3 parts, A, B, C Part B (probably radar antenna) entered atmosphere on Dec. 30, 1982 Part A fell into Indian Ocean, Jan. 23, 1983 Part C (probably the reactor) entered Feb. 7, 1983, fell into the ocean 1,600 km east of Brazil If part C had entered 20 minutes earlier, it would have impacted over central Europe 20
21 Cosmos-1900, Nuclear Reactor USSR reported on May 13, 1988 that it had lost contact with Cosmos-1900 in April They could not send the reactor into a higher orbit Probably the same system as Cosmos cyl. fuel rods with some Be rods, plus 6 Be cylinders (3.6 kg ea) On Sept. 30, 1988 they did get the Nuclear Power Unit separated and sent it into a 720 km orbit Rest came in over the Indian ocean 21
22 TRANSIT 5BN-3, SNAP-9A RTG Launched April 21, 1964 and failed to reach orbit Contained 17,000 Ci of 238 Pu. Reentered at 120 km altitude and burned up (as designed) over West Indian ocean. Aug-64, 238 Pu detected in stratosphere (32 km) in southern hemisphere. May-65, radioactive dust detected at aircraft levels. Four times more 238 Pu in So. Hemisphere compared to N. Hemisphere. By Nov-70, only 5% of original Pu left in atmosphere; detected on all continents and at all latitudes. Removal half-life 14 months. Amount 239 Pu from nuclear atmospheric tests is 180,000 Ci. Amount of 238Pu from atm. Tests is 8,000 Ci( half that of SNAP-9A) 22
23 SNAP-10A, U. S. Nuclear Launched April 3, 1965 Reactor started after satellite reached designed orbit Reactor Reactor operated for 43 days. A voltage regulator failed on the satellite and ground operator sent the wrong signal to the reactor Core was inadvertently ejected into higher orbit 23
24 NIMBUS B-1, SNAP-19 RTG Launched May 21, 1968 from Vandenberg, CA Contained 34,000 Ci of 238 Pu in form of oxide Destroyed by Range Safety Officer at altitude of 30 km Fell into Santa Barbara Channel off the coast of CA Recovered from 100 m depth, no leakage, reused the fuel. 24
25 Apollo-13, SNAP-27 RTG Launched April 11, 1970 to the Moon Contained 44,500 Ci of 238 Pu in form of oxide Oxygen tank explosion, had to come back to Earth Purposely jettisoned the RTG over the South pacific ocean. No radioactivity ever detected Now resides in > 6,000 m of water, TONGA trench. 25
26 Conclusions Of the 51 RTG s and 38 nuclear reactors launched on rockets, there have been 11 malfunctions of the satellites. All of the malfunctions were due to a problem with the vehicle or human error on the ground. In 8 of the cases, all or parts of the nuclear system reentered the Earth s atmosphere. There have been no known health effects due to any accidents with nuclear reactors in space. 26
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