Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors R&D for Muon Tomography using Cosmic Ray Muons: Application to Homeland Security Kondo Gnanvo

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1 Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors R&D for Muon Tomography using Cosmic Ray Muons: Application to Homeland Security Kondo Gnanvo University Of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, USA The work and results presented in this talk had been produced while I was working as a at Florida Institute Of Technology (Melbourne FL, USA) in Prof Marcus Hohlmann Group from November 2007 to October 2011

2 Outline Principle of Muon Tomography (MT) Using Cosmic Ray Muons Simulation of Muon Tomography Station R&D on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS). MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 2

3 2 Faculty Members : The Members of the Florida Tech involved in this research (past & present) Dr. Marcus Hohlmann, Assoc. Prof., PI, Physics & Space Sciences (P/SS) Dept Dr Debasis Mitra, Assoc. Prof., Co-PI, Dept of Computer Sciences (CS) Post doc : Dr Kondo Gnanvo, Physics and Space Sciences Dept. Graduate Students : Richard Hoch (CS), Amilkar Quintero (P/SS), Mike Staib (P/SS), Lenny Grasso (P/SS) Undergraduate Students : Jennifer Helsby, David Pena, Mike Phipps, Judson Ben Locke, William Bittner and many other brilliant students 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 3

4 Principle of Muon Tomography Using Cosmic Ray Muons 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 4

Principle of Muon Tomography Using Cosmic Ray Muons Major Challenge in Detecting Nuclear

, 4/2008 In 2002, reporters managed to smuggle a cylinder of depleted uranium shielded

In 2003, took route Jakarta LA, same result 6.

5 Principle of Muon Tomography Using Cosmic Ray Muons Major Challenge in Detecting Nuclear Contraband: Shielding! ~ 800 Radiation Portal Monitors (,n) in U.S. Sci. Am., 4/2008 In 2002, reporters managed to smuggle a cylinder of depleted uranium shielded in lead in a suitcase from Vienna to Istanbul via train and in a cargo container through radiation monitors into NY harbor. Cargo was even flagged for extra screening, but DU undetected. In 2003, took route Jakarta LA, same result 6.8 kg DU Scientific American, April 2008 HEU can be hidden from conventional radiation monitoring because it is easy to shield emanating radiation within regular cargo!! 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 5

Principle of Muon Tomography (MT) Using Cosmic Ray Muons Original idea of MT from Larry Schultz & all, Los Alamos (2003) Advantages: Cosmic ray muons are highly penetrating sensitive to high-z

6 Principle of Muon Tomography (MT) Using Cosmic Ray Muons Original idea of MT from Larry Schultz & all, Los Alamos (2003) Advantages: Cosmic ray muons are highly penetrating sensitive to high-z nuclear material even if material is heavily shielded by cargo ubiquitous & free passive interrogation No artificial radiation source come in from many directions allows tomographic 3D imaging Main Challenges: Low rate of ~ 1 cm -2 min -1 is fixed integration times Need to cover large volumes with muon tracking detectors 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 6

Muon Tomography R&D Around the World Original idea from Los

Corp. in cooperation with Los Alamos National Lab 4.3 m 1.

public web pages INFN Padova, Pavia & Genova: MT with spare CMS

, SORMA West 2008, Berkeley, June 2008; Efforts also by Tsinghua

7 Muon Tomography R&D Around the World Original idea from Los Alamos (2003) MT with Drift Tubes Design by Decision Sciences Corp. in cooperation with Los Alamos National Lab 4.3 m 1.4 m Supermodule containing Drift Tubes from Decision Sciences public web pages INFN Padova, Pavia & Genova: MT with spare CMS Muon (Drift Tubes) Brass Cu Pb W Fe Al S. Pesente et al., SORMA West 2008, Berkeley, June 2008; Efforts also by Tsinghua U., IHEP Protvino, UK, Canada 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 7

Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector For Muon Tomography

detector structure allows compact, low-mass MT station thin

detector high MPGD spatial resolution (~ 50 m) provides good

Foil CHALLENGES: large-area MPGDs large number of electronic

8 Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector For Muon Tomography Triple-GEM Detector (Florida Tech 2009) ADVANTAGES: small detector structure allows compact, low-mass MT station thin detector, small gaps between layers, small scattering in detector high MPGD spatial resolution (~ 50 m) provides good scattering angle measurement high tracking efficiency GEM Foil CHALLENGES: large-area MPGDs large number of electronic readout channels cost 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 8

9 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 9

10 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station Simulation work done at Florida Tech: We use CRY package (Lawrence Livermore National Lab) to generate Cosmic ray muons at sea level We use GEANT4 to simulate station geometry, detectors, targets, interaction of muons with all materials, and tracks Take advantage of detailed description of multiple scattering effects within GEANT4 (follows Lewis theory of multiple scattering) Simulate Drift tube MT station (using DS/LANL design) and GEM MT station, reconstruct muon scattering, and compare performances 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 10

11 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station Detector Geometries Drift Tube ArCO 2 (70/30) Judson B. Locke 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 11

6-fold sampling in x and y each Simulation of

(10 cm) FIT: Compact GEM station (same detector

to scale) Simple model of a van with high-z

superlayer 4 GEM layers with triple-gem & x-y

12 6-fold sampling in x and y each Simulation of Muon Tomography Station DS/LANL: Drift Tube Station MT Station Geometry ~ 4.5 ft. (140 cm) ~ 4 in. (10 cm) FIT: Compact GEM station (same detector area as DTs) GEANT 4 geometries (all dimensions to scale) Simple model of a van with high-z targets (front view) z y 4 Drift Tube layers per superlayer 4 GEM layers with triple-gem & x-y r/o board (4-fold track sampling in x and y each) 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 12

z [mm] z [mm] Simulation of Muon Tomography Station MT

muons in 10cm 10cm 10cm voxel in 10min GEM MTS provides

vehicle Top View (near center of MT stations) y [mm]

muons in 10cm 10cm 10cm voxel in 10min van with targets

accept muon Reduced DT acceptance is mainly due to

13 z [mm] z [mm] Simulation of Muon Tomography Station MT Acceptance Comparison DT station No. muons in 10cm 10cm 10cm voxel in 10min GEM MTS provides % better muon acceptance of the interrogated vehicle Top View (near center of MT stations) y [mm] GEM station x [mm] No. muons in 10cm 10cm 10cm voxel in 10min van with targets y [mm] x [mm] Require 3 hits in DT or GEM station to accept muon Reduced DT acceptance is mainly due to holes in solid angle coverage in the corners of the DT station 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 13

Simulation of Muon Tomography Station MTS Reconstruction Algorithm Simple reconstruction algorithm using Point Of Closest Approach ( POCA ) of incoming and exiting 3-D tracks Treat as

14 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station MTS Reconstruction Algorithm Simple reconstruction algorithm using Point Of Closest Approach ( POCA ) of incoming and exiting 3-D tracks Treat as single scatter Scattering angle: (with >0 by definition) μ track direction a Scattering Object MT station Scattering angle b 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 14

Simulation of Muon Tomography Station Effect of the position resolution Simple MC Scenario for GEM station Top, bottom & side detectors 40cm 40cm 10cm targets 4 materials (low-z to high-z) Divide

15 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station Effect of the position resolution Simple MC Scenario for GEM station Top, bottom & side detectors 40cm 40cm 10cm targets 4 materials (low-z to high-z) Divide volume in 1-liter voxel 10 min exposure Perfect resolution U Pb Al Fe 50 m resolution U Pb Al Fe Results: Scattering angles mrad; >> angular resolution (few mrad) Good Z discrimination Targets well imaged Detector resolution matters 100 m resolution 200 m resolution U Pb U Fe Pb Al Al Fe 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 15

integration time Al U Pb W Fe Windshield (Glass) Battery (Pb) Engine block

16 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station Truck scenario reconstruction based on scattering angle Seats (Mylar) 10 min. integration time Al U Pb W Fe Windshield (Glass) Battery (Pb) Engine block (Fe) Chassis (Fe) Drift tubes scatt [ o ] GEMs scatt [ o ] 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 16

17 R&D On Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) Detectors 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 17

Florida tech cubic-foot MTS prototype triple-gem COMPASS like Design and

18 R&D On Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) Detectors Construction of first MT prototype using 10 triple-gem detectors with 30cm 30cm active area each Florida tech cubic-foot MTS prototype triple-gem COMPASS like Design and realization by Lenny III Grasso 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 18

19 R&D On Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector Detectors components Amilkar Quintero Thermal stretching of the GEM foil Final assembly of the foils 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 19

8 Triple-GEMs built at Florida tech (Melbourne FL 2010) by 2 Grad.

20 R&D On Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector Detectors components 8 Triple-GEMs built in GDD Lab at CERN (2009) Technology Transfer 8 Triple-GEMs built at Florida tech (Melbourne FL 2010) by 2 Grad. Students 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 20

position 2D (X/Y) map of the cluster total

21 R&D On Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector Detector characterization X /Y cluster charge sharing correlation X cluster size distribution 2D (X/Y) map of the cluster position 2D (X/Y) map of the cluster total charge 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 21

The first complete small SRS prototype has become available in the fall 2010. It consists of 12 front-end hybrids (FE) with analog amplifier chip (APV25).

22 Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) The Scalable Readout System (SRS) is been developed by RD51 Coll. at CERN It is a multichannel readout system for Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) It is intended to be general-purpose readout system for customized Front End chip. The first complete small SRS prototype has become available in the fall It consists of 12 front-end hybrids (FE) with analog amplifier chip (APV25). The FE cards are connected via HDMI cables to a pair of ADC/Card-Concentrator electronics cards. A Gb ethernet link connects the small-system SRS the DAQ PC running DATE. The ROOT-based AMORE package is used for online and offline data analysis. APV25 Hybrid by RD51 Coll. ADC card FEC card 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 22

Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) DATE for DAQ Software: LHC ALICE software framework Data Acquisition &

cable data, (1 & 10 Gb/s throughput) Network switch to handles as many as 8 UDP ports for medium size system ( i. e.

23 Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) DATE for DAQ Software: LHC ALICE software framework Data Acquisition & Test Environment on Linux SLC5 Many user friendly features available, for run control, online monitoring and electronic logbook. Data transfer to the DATE PC through Gigabit Ethernet via UDP: Ethernet port on the FE card to the DATE PC via a copper cable data, (1 & 10 Gb/s throughput) Network switch to handles as many as 8 UDP ports for medium size system ( i. e. MT station) System configuration: C script for Initialization of the FEC, ADC, APVs and network configuration DATE execute the C-code at Start of Run to configure the system 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 23

Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) AMORE: ALICE Monitoring Software for SRS AMORE is ALICE Monitoring framework: Automatic Monitoring Environment on ROOT & DATE Monitoring Library Based

Raw data from the 12 APVs (X & Y planes) on GEM7 amoremts package for online decoding SRS data & offline data analysis Decoding of the SRS raw data Offline common mode correction, pedestal offset

24 Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) AMORE: ALICE Monitoring Software for SRS AMORE is ALICE Monitoring framework: Automatic Monitoring Environment on ROOT & DATE Monitoring Library Based on Publisher/subscriber paradigm with the detectors publishing their data in a monitoring pool and clients subscribing to the pool to collect the data. Raw data from the 12 APVs (X & Y planes) on GEM7 amoremts package for online decoding SRS data & offline data analysis Decoding of the SRS raw data Offline common mode correction, pedestal offset subtraction Mapping, histograms & display parameters set from configuration files ROOT histograms for data display. Decoded data on 6 APVs (768 ch.) on Y axis of GEM7 Before correction pedestal offset correction Zero suppression Time resolution 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 24

25 MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 25

MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors First results of image reconstruction with GEM base MTS

-Sequencer (Caen V551) for trigger, FE & CRAMS control signals - 4 CRAMS (Caen V550 10-bit ADCs),

Pedestal subtraction - Strip number correction - Performance analysis K. Gnanvo, et al., Nucl.

26 MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors First results of image reconstruction with GEM base MTS DAQ hardware: NIM crate: HV for the GEMs, Slow control for Gassiplex FE cards VME crate: -Sequencer (Caen V551) for trigger, FE & CRAMS control signals - 4 CRAMS (Caen V bit ADCs), Gassiplex FE signal Labview DAQ Software Online: -DAQ VME hardware - Pedestal runs Offline: - Pedestal subtraction - Strip number correction - Performance analysis K. Gnanvo, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A (2011), doi: /j.nima /25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 26

MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors MTS setup

and AMORE PC Mike Staib Setup at Florida Tech with

interface Front side of SRS and HV suppliers for

27 MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors MTS setup with the APV25/SRS electronics: Power supply DATE and AMORE PC Mike Staib Setup at Florida Tech with 8 triple-gems readout Back side of SRS FEC interface Front side of SRS and HV suppliers for the GEMs 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 27

MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors MTS Event display @ Florida

28 MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors MTS Event Florida Tech 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) Mike Phipps 28

3 targets scenario MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors Various

(Juin 2011) with Detectors only on top and bottom of the MT

discrimination based on the Z-value Pb Fe U W Sn 5 targets

on the side as well Good reconstruction of the 5 targets and good

29 3 targets scenario MTS Prototype with Triple-GEM Detectors Various POCA Reconstruction withapv25/srs elctronics Data taken at CERN (Juin 2011) with Detectors only on top and bottom of the MT station Good reconstruction of the 3 targets and good discrimination based on the Z-value Pb Fe U W Sn 5 targets scenario Data taken at Florida Tech (October 2011) with Detectors on the side as well Good reconstruction of the 5 targets and good discrimination based on the Z-value 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 29

30 Conclusion The first Muon Tomography (MT) based on Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (GEMs) for tracking has been built and operated at Florida Tech. Extensive Monte Carlo simulation study was performed to compare the performance of GEMs against Drift Tubes traditionally used in MT techniques 10 medium size triple-gem detector based on COMPASS GEMs were built and an active collaboration with CERN RD51 has led to the development of the SRS electronic using on APV25 chip for the front end hybrid to equip our MT station. First reconstructed data from the cubic-foot MT prototype had shown some very promising results that demonstrate MPGD technologies are the ideal candidate for MT. Thank you 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 30

31 Back up Slides 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 31

32 Simulation of Muon Tomography Station MT Angular resolution Finite spatial hit resolution and multiple scattering in the MT tracking stations leads to finite angular track resolutions Compare polar angle of reconstructed muon tracks with true track angle from MC at exit of tracking station: DT track fit z DTs have narrower core, but longer tails (longer lever arm, but more material) Distributions have similar rms = MC truth - reconstr True muon direction from MC Reconstructed muon direction from fit By Judson B. Locke 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 32

33 Development of the Scalable Readout System (SRS) Small size SRS Medium size SRS Large size SRS 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 33

34 Target Detection 10 min exposure Fe U Fe Fe Pb U Al W U Slice 1 Slice 2 5cm 5cm 5cm voxels GEM tomography1 < scatt >[ o ] DT tomography < scatt >[ o ] Slice 1 targets seen target missed targets missed Z IS discriminated Z is NOT discriminated Slice 2 Larger acceptance higher statistics better performance 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 34

35 Advanced reconstruction Algorithm Maximum Likelihood Method: Reproducing Los Alamos Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm Input: Use lateral shift Δx i in multiple scattering in addition to information from scattering angle θ i for each muon track θ i Δx i Procedure: Maximize log-likelihood for assignment of scattering densities to all voxels given all observed muon tracks Analytical derivation leads to iterative formula for incrementally updating λ k values in each iteration Output: Scattering density λ i for each voxel of the probed volume 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 35

36 Advanced reconstruction Algorithm Maximum Likelihood Method: [a.u.] Reconstructed Targets battery engine wheels By Richard Hoch 11/25/2011 Seminar on Muon Tomography (ISS, Rome, Italy) 36

Monte Carlo simulations of a first prototype micropattern gas detector system used for muon tomography

2010 Florida Academy of Sciences Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida Monte Carlo simulations of a first prototype micropattern gas detector system used for muon tomography J. B. Locke, K.