Črni ogljik, povzročitelj podnebnih sprememb lokalne, regionalne in globalne meritve
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1 Črni ogljik, povzročitelj podnebnih sprememb lokalne, regionalne in globalne meritve Griša Močnik 1,2, M. Lenarčič 3 1 Aerosol d.o.o., Slovenia 2 Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia 3 Aerovizija d.o.o grisa.mocnik@aerosol.si grisa.mocnik@ijs.si 1
2 Zahvala sodelavkam in sodelavcem! L. Drinovec 1, P.Vidmar 1, I. Ježek 1, G. Razoršek 1, T. Dobovičnik 1, I. Iskra 1, M. Lenarčič 2, G. Schauer 3, J. Turšič 4, G. Muri 4, T. Bolte 4, M. Kistler 5, E. Cetintas 5, H. Bauer 5, A. Kasper Giebl 5, A.D.A. Hansen 6, A. Gregorič 8, L. Ferrero 9, J.-E. Petit 10,11, J.Sciare 10, O.Favez 11, P.Zotter 12, R.Wolf 12, A.S.H. Prévôt 12, T. Müller 13, A. Widensohler 13, E. Coz 14, M. Rupakheti 15 I.J. Arnold 16, R.K. Chakrabarty 16, H. Moosmüller 16, M. Remškar 17, J. Vaupotič 17
3 Aerosolizirani črni ogljik Kaj je črni ogljik? Zakaj je pomemben? Kako ga merimo? Globalne, regionalne in lokalne meritve in relevanca Onesnaženost zraka! Kateri viri? Podnebne spremembe! 3
4 Aerosoliziran črni ogljik ČO (BC) je produkt nepopolnega izgorevanja BC ni preprosto povezan z emisijami CO 2 BC emisij ni mogoče predvidevati: moramo jih meriti delci BC particles različnih virov lahko imajo različne lastnosti in te povzročijo različne pojave v atmosferi: (premog/dizel/biomasa, Evropa/Azija/ZDA) d pp =20 nm d m =472 nm d pp =46 nm Sprememba merila! 4
5 Črni ogljik je regionalno onesnaževalo 5
6 Črni ogljik in podnebne spremembe Total BC forcing: direct + indirect 1,1 W/m 2 (Bond et al 2013) Top of the atmosphere W/m 2 S. Menon, J. Hansen et al. Science (2002) 2250 V. Ramanathan, G. Charmichael, Nature Geosci (2008) 221 Haze over Asia: up to 40% of sunlight absorbed. Crop yields reduced ; local rainfall changed. BC forcing is almost 1/3 of the total TOA GHG forcing! 6 Heat redistribution weather
7 Podnebje in zdravje! Drew Shindell, et al. Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security Science 335, 183 (2012); 7
8 Vpliv na zdravje možgani Krvožilni sistem pljuča 8
9 Črni ogljik: prostorska heterogenost in učinki Izpusti BC se razlikujejo za velikostne rede Emisijske faktorje je potrebno meriti Zunanje koncentracije so zelo heterogene Lokalni učinki: zdravje Regionalni učinki: transport onesnaževal Globalni učinki : podnebje Meritve so potrebne na vseh ravneh lokalni, regionalni in globalni: izmerimo stanje okolja validiramo modele in z njim napovemo izboljšanje implementiramo ukrepe izmerimo učinkovitost ukrepov 9
10 Metoda 10
11 Optično merjnje in analiza: prednosti Časovna resolucija kemijska analiza: 1 dan! Optične metode minute, sekunde! Takojšnja, visoka občutljivost Nedestruktivna Majhna Dodatna dimenzija čas Dodatna dimenzija valovna dolžina 11
12 Inštrument: Aethalometer BC Reference I 0 Sensing I ATN = ln (I 0 / I) Light Source Light Detectors Filter with Sample b abs ~ ATN/ t Vzorči kontinuirno. Optična atenuacija ~ sprememba ATN, absorpcija. Absorpcijo merimo kontinuirno : λ = 370 do 950 nm. Optično absorpcijo spremenimo v koncentracijo BC: BC (t) = b(t) / Real-time: minutna resolucija 12
13 Aethalometer AE33
14 Lokalne meritve 14
15 Lokalno onesnaženje zraka promet 15
16 BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) Ljubljana (avgust oktober 2013) C) Vojkova Pred zaporo Med zaporo ozadje B) Vošnjakova Pred zaporo Med zaporo Center - obvoz Po zapori Po zapori Pred zaporo Pred zaporo Ura (h) Ura (h) Pred zaporo ozadje Center - obvoz 4000 Po zapori Center - zapora 2000 A) Slovenska Pred zaporo Med zaporo Ura (h) Center - zapora
17 BC traffic BC traffic (backgroud) (ng/m 3 ) Ljubljana (BC traffic center ozadje) Before pred zaporo closure After po zapori closure % Center - zapora Center - obvoz 17
18 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 BC v Novi Gorici spremembe čez dan ng/m promet workday Sunday ?
19 Biomasa je globalno pomemben vir 19
20 Lesni dim vs. diesel - 7λ Merimo pri več valovnih dolžinah z Aethalometrom Absorpcisjki koeficient - b abs Za čisti BC: b abs ~1/λ Angstromov exponent: b abs ~1/λ α diezel: α 1 lesni dim: α 2 in več J. Sandradewi et al., A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer, Atmospheric Environment (2008)
21 [μg/m 3 ] [μg/m 3 ] 0:00 23:00 22:00 0,00 0:00 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 Določanje virov: katere vire omejevati? 0,0 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 BC BCff BCwb Zagorje workday BC delavnik 60,0 50,0 40,0 CM CMff CMwb 0:00 23:00 22:00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 0:00 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 30,0 promet 73% 20,0 ± 8% 10,0 27% ± 8% zgorevanje 0,0 lesa 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 21
22 Biomass-smoke vs. diesel - 7λ 22
23 konc. ( g/m 3 ) Koncentracije PM10 Zagorje ARSO SO4 NH4 K Ca Na Mg NO3 Cl CMff CMwb PM
24 Regionalne meritve 24
25 Analiza trajektorij Analiza trajektorij: Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) verjetnost, da je zrak, prišel iz lokacije in je povzročil koncentracije na merilnem mestu Trajektorije: 72 h HYSPLIT v4.9 Začetek: 500 m AGL analiza PSCF: BC Paris zima 2013
26 Kje so viri? - Angstromov eksponent α Aethalometer AE33 - PSCF Pariz zima 2013 α < 1.3 emisije prometa α > 1.3 zgorevanje biomase
27 Globalne meritve 27
28 Letalo in vzorčenje: meritve na 3 km in pri 200 km/h 28
29 Letalo in vzorčenje: meritve na 3 km in pri 200 km/h 29
30 30
31 Različni viri: točkovni in porazdeljeni 31
32 Black carbon 3 km 32
33 BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) Rezultati :00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13: :00 16: UTC Srednja Amerika nad Malezijo :00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19: :00 21: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 0 0 0:30 2:30 4:30 6:30 8:30 10:30 12:30 UTC 200 Kongo
34 Rezultati 2016
35 Primer: Azija
36 Vzlet: Tajska Pristanek: Indija Povečane koncentracije črnega ogljika
37 37
38 Industrija v razvitem svetu Industrijski viri črpanje in predelava nafte, so v razvitem svetu še vedno pomemben regionalen vir črnega ogljika. 38
39 Sklepi Lokalni, regionalni in globalni učinki pomembnost BC Lokalni učinki onesnaženje zraka in zdravje Regionalni učinki transport onesnaževal Globalni učinki podnebje Meritve so potrebne za vse tipe učinkov Primeri 39
40 Hvala! Vprašanja? 40
41 BC in CM dve strani istega kovanca Črni ogljik BC primaren, viri Ogljični aerosoli CM Primarni in sekundarni, prispevajo k PM2.5 41
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