Building Bridge Project: The Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry, PA. Jonathan Lessuck. Amina Akhter

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1 Akhter 1 Building Bridge Project: The Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry, PA Jonathan Lessuck By Amina Akhter Physic Amina Akhter ELLIS Preparatory Academy January, 16, 2015

Akhter 2 The Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry PA Introduction: The purpose of our project is to make a design of bridge for the Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry.

2 Akhter 2 The Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry PA Introduction: The purpose of our project is to make a design of bridge for the Delaware River at Dingman s Ferry. We will design that bridge so that it can be better than past bridges. Our group was assigned to build bridge at Dingman s Ferry,PA. In 1735, Andrew Dingmans who was a Dutch pioneer operated a ferry that connected the old Mine road New Jersey to the Bethany Turnpike. That ferry was very important for a century to cross the river and move westward. It took time to cross the ferry so later, in 1836 the first bridge was built by the Dingmans (Dingman). It was there until high water washed away the bridge at The second bridge was destroyed by a wind storm five years after the first one was destroy. The third one was not strong enough structurally so it was destroyed in After that, the current bridge was built in 20th century by using materials that were recycled from Susquehanna River Railroad Bridge. And it survived through many strong floods in 1903, 1955, 2005 and This bridge is Truss bridge which completed at 1900.(Dingman). According to the map (Google map) the land around Dingmans River is mostly even, there are some small mountains surrounding the area. Compare to other places in Delaware River, Dingman s ferry bridge area are not high from sea level.

3 Akhter 3 My thesis is that the truss bridge is the best bridge for our assigned place. We decided to do a truss bridge. Before we came out what kind of bridge is perfect we did some research and calculations to find best choice of bridge. At first we went on map and we found out that the width of river is meters but we took 140 meters so safety. The meters was from the edge of River, so therefore we need bigger than wide so that the bridge cannot collapse at edge. We could do suspension bridge or arch bridge. Arch is the bridge where the main support is arch and on that only weight and compression forces acts. Or we could do Suspension bridge where compression and tension forces acted together. We found a truss bridge the Broadway Bridge which has 557 feet which mean m ( Broadway bridge). Which is evidence that for small distance truss bridge work better than any other bridges? Beside this before there were several truss construction in small place. And the present bridge that Dingmans ferry have that also truss which work better on the circumstance of Dingmans Ferry. ( Dingmans Ferry Bridge ). As we are making bridge in small distance it is obvious that we will get less money for our work, on small amount money truss bridge work perfectly. Because its materials are available and on some case people used recycle iron also and it worked perfectly.

Akhter 4 ( Truss. Kids ) In the Truss bridge when weight act toward down the deck structure get pulling out force which mean the tension occur and it lead to occur compression force.

4 Akhter 4 ( Truss. Kids ) In the Truss bridge when weight act toward down the deck structure get pulling out force which mean the tension occur and it lead to occur compression force. Compression is pushing inside force. In truss bridge there is a lot truss construction. It is a strong bridge in all way and its balancing forces make it better bridge for our place. The very first force act on it is weight which act down and it occur tension force. When the weight applied in the deck of bridge the vertical construction get tension force. The tension forces start pulling out the vertical structure of bridge. To balance that pulling out forces the diagonal construction push inside which mean the compression force occur (Truss). The balancing of force made it perfect for our assigned place. Experimental design: We assigned to build a bridge with 4 lane traffic and 2 lance side walk. We decided to build truss bridge with 2 decks. Truss is a bridge which compound with the several triangle shape structure. There are different types of truss bridge, among them we choose to do Pratt truss bridge. The Pratt truss bridge is A type of truss with parallel chords, all vertical members in compression, and all diagonal members in tension. The diagonals slant toward the center. ( Pratt

Akhter 5 Truss ). Its mean that Pratt Bridge is a bridge where vertical structures have compression and the entire diagonal member had Compression Bridge.

5 Akhter 5 Truss ). Its mean that Pratt Bridge is a bridge where vertical structures have compression and the entire diagonal member had Compression Bridge. Our biased idea is that 2 lane traffic in each deck will make our truss bridge perfect. As soon as we decided to make two decks we decided to make 2 lanes traffic in top deck and 2 lane traffic in base deck. But when it comes on the question of weight spreading we realize that will make problem. According to physic website the weight force is The force of gravity acting on an object due to its mass. An object's weight is directed down, toward the center of the gravitating body; like the earth or moon (Forces). It means that weight force act according to its total mass toward down way or we can say it is the gravity force which happens according to it mass. It s clear that when the car will go through the bridge the total weight will act on the deck facing down and if the deck does not get enough support to hold the force the deck will destroy. (Pressure Is Force) So if we build the 2 nd deck for 2 lane traffic, to balance the force we need to build stronger deck and as it is on the top of another deck it will not be attach with ground directly. Therefore it will be so difficult to balance the force. According to the information of weight force acting on a platform we decided at the end to make 4 lane traffic in 1 st deck and the 2 lane sidewalk in the top deck. Because the 1 st deck which we decided to make will attach directly with the solid

Our plans are to make a model which will provide us practical information according certain situation as like when the weight act on the bridge.

6 Akhter 6 ground which will give the deck more support to hold weight. Its clearly showed that our prediction or our biased idea are wrong. We are planning to make truss bridge with double deck as like the Broadway Bridge. Our plans are to make a model which will provide us practical information according certain situation as like when the weight act on the bridge. Before we build model of our bridge, we need have certain information about truss bridge as like the physical characters of truss bridge and the balance of force on truss bridge. The main aim behind building model is that to figure out for a small model how the material need or how the force act so that we will able to use this information in our real bridge. Building a model will give us the ability to gather real information and various evidences about structure. And by testing model we will able to know what kind of problem can happen and we can plan for resolution of that problem. We are assigned to build bridge at The Delaware River in Dingmans Ferry location. We found out from google map that there they need 140 m long bridge. When we observe the Broadway Bridge we saw there were so many triangle structures in the bridge. For further information we research and we get that in truss bridge the triangle structure is one of the most

7 Akhter 7 important feature of it and it connected at the joints. Its mean that truss bridges are the structure of triangle share with diagonal and horizontals structure which connects at the joints, therefore it balance the force (Porterm). In truss bridge 2 type of force act, they are tension force and compression force. In the horizontal structure of triangle of truss bridge tension force occurs. Eventually when the weight act toward down as like gravity it lead the horizontal structure to lead tension force. Tension force leads the diagonal structure to have compression force. Compression force is the pushing in side force and by this both force truss bridge makes sure the balancing of force. (Truss Design). Beside in the truss construction the triangle structure is one of the important parts because it is more rigid. According some expert said that The cross member add a lot of strength. In engineering terms, the box with the cross member is more rigid (Bridge Building). Its mean the triangle shape is stronger than rectangle because in the triangle shape it has more rigid than rectangle. A rectangle box with a cross always has some strength and more rigid. The two triangles share together or the cross at box is harder to band it have stronger rigid. The triangle share of truss bridge made it stronger and made it capable to balance all forces.

Akhter 8 After gather information we decided to make small part of our triangle separated by manila folder. Our Base is that making each part of triangle will be more stringer.

Before we start working with our main model we made a (How) Small model by different material so by the time we make model we were being perfect in everything.

8 Akhter 8 After gather information we decided to make small part of our triangle separated by manila folder. Our Base is that making each part of triangle will be more stringer. Than we will connect all the part with the main deck. Before we start working with our main model we made a (How) Small model by different material so by the time we make model we were being perfect in everything. Our main part was boxes so we made boxes to see if it works or not. After testing it we find that its work. At the experiment of building bridge model some variables are number of triangle shape, as many triangle will be in bridge the bridge will be stronger. So we made boxes for our triangle structures and we connect that at the joints (How). After some search we figure out that those boxes will give a good straight against weight force. (How)

Akhter 9 So we divided our manila folder into 5 part without cutting we fold it and at the end the 5th side we strapped with the other part, it gave us a nice shaped box. (How).

9 Akhter 9 So we divided our manila folder into 5 part without cutting we fold it and at the end the 5th side we strapped with the other part, it gave us a nice shaped box. (How).After that we arranged all the boxes in triangle shapes and connected with the base. We made our base 44 cm long because our two pillars should be 40 cm apart so we needed some extra place to attach with the pillar. Here was a problem if the boxes do not attach properly the force cannot spread all the bridge and the deck can collapse. Beside this one more important concern was that how the weight will affect the plant from. We need an experiment to find out that. Our presumption is that according to the weight if the thickness of deck increase the band of deck wills disease. In this experiment the variables are the number of folder, we can change the number of folder and it will effect in the defection. Material for experiment: 1) Two table 2) 10 manila folder( x 29.46cm) 3) String 4) 500 gm mass 5) scale (for measurement) 6) Duct tape Procedure: 1) At first we will set two table 35 cm apart from each other.

10 Akhter 10 2) Then we will set a folder by using duct tape on the two side of table so that the folder cannot move from its place. 3) After that we will set a string between the two table or on the same place where the folder we set before. 4) After that we will apply 500 gm mass on our folder and we will observe the bend. 5) After that we will take a scale and we will measure the band from the string to the band of folder. 6) At the end when we will get all our information we will record the data on our data table. 7) We will repeat the process again until we determine a standard thickness of folder. Data: Before we find out anything we need to find scale and we figured out that 1.2 cm of the scale is equal to 200 meter. And on drawing the ferry wide is.8 cm. After that we used scale drawing formula 1.2cm.8cm = Scale 1.2 cm of drawing = 200 meter of real map 200 meter x x= meter The wide between two edges according to our map is meters but we decided to go with 140 meter because meter is from the edge of river so we need some extra wide so that the bridge can attach to the ground. 140 meters is not a long distance when we research on history. We tried to find in history in small distance which kind of bridge built on different time period. We try to find the land surrounding and we find that the land is flat except in some part they are 58 ft. above the sea. But around the location where our bridge will be, it is not that high so we

11 Akhter 11 decided to make bridge 20 meter above the water of river. Because the water increases averagely 6 9m and there usually there average 11 m high boat use. We decided the water level should not go more than 8 feet according to history and the boat height is 12 feet so the bridge should build 20 feet high from ground. We are assigned to build 4 lane roads for traffic and 2 lane side walk. We decided to make two stage bridges as like the Broadway Bridge. We will make 4 lanes of roads at first deck or the bottom part of the bridge and the two traffic lanes will be in same direction and other two will be opposite direction.we decided to make 1st deck 6 m because when we research about different vehicles the lorry height in standard form is 4.1 m. And we decided to put the heavier vehicle on bottom so that the weight spends on pillar and so that our do not become heavier on top which can lead bridge to fall down. On the top part we will have 2 lane sidewalks, where the small vehicles will travel long distance they will go and the sidewalk also connects a different road. In our work we will use iron to make the bridge. This part of deck will be 5m. So for total the height of bridge will be 11m. We have to draw our bridge diagram on paper which will have 21.5 cm wide and 28 cm length The scale we decided to use is 1cm of drawing wills 10 m of real bridge We have 140 m length of bridge 1 cm of the drawing So, x = So X= 14 cm scale. 10 m of real bridge 140 m For the 1st deck and the top deck we will use 1cm of drawing: 5 meter of real bridge So for the 1st deck 1 cm of drawing x = 5 m of real bridge 6 m

12 Akhter 12 Ax= 1.2 cm of the drawing For the top deck 1 cm of the drawing x x= 1 cm = 5 m of real bridge 5 m So we have 20 m pillar so 1cm of the drawing x x=4 cm = 5m of the real bridge 20 m Our Biased idea in the deck thickness experiment is that by the time the number of folder will increase the defection will disease. For the deck thickness after all the experiment we get. Number of the Folders Deflection or the bend of folder (by using scale cm ) cm cm cm cm cm cm cm

13 Akhter cm cm cm The class data: Number Group 1: Group Group 3: Group 4: Group 5: Group 6: Average of the Oumuo 2:Amina yho (cm) MD Rob Mar (cm) Lad (cm) Defectio Folders (cm) (cm) (cm) n cm 2.8 cm 1.4 cm 1.1 cm 2 cm 2.2 cm cm 2.4 cm 1.2 cm 0.9 cm 1.5 cm 2 cm cm 1.9 cm 1.3 cm 0.8 cm 1 cm 1.8 cm cm 1.6 cm 1.3 cm 0.5 cm 1 cm 1.5 cm cm 1.4 cm 1.2 cm 0.5 cm 1 cm 1.3 cm cm 1.2 cm 1.5 cm 0.4 cm 1.1 cm 1.1 cm cm 1.1 cm 1.4 cm 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm cm 1 cm 1.3 cm 1.1 cm 0.9 cm 0.8 mc cm 0.8 cm 1.3 cm 1.3 cm 1.1 cm 0.6 cm 1

14 Akhter cm 0.6 cm 1.2 cm 1 cm 1 cm 0.4 cm.8 In both our data and class data the number of folder is the independent variable and the deflection is the dependent variable. So the data on the graph show the relation between number of folders and the deflection. From our data we observe that by the time number of folder increase the deflection decrease. The data give the answer of our purpose of all the work. The purpose was to find the relation between deflection and the number of folder. We observe our data and we come out on a point that the relation is interval, if the independent variable the number of folder increases the defendant variable decrease. After all group put their data together an interesting thing was some of the groups had totally different pattern of data from ours. It was hard to decide the relation. So we used the Microsoft Excel and we plug all the information of all groups in graph. Then it gave us a graph and an equation. We keep the liner line for our final data. We choose liner line because it covers most of the point of the graph. In This graph it said when the number of folder increases the band decease. Beside that there was an equation and that is y = x The r squared is not close to 0 is mean that there are less error and the graph is right. From the equation we notice

15 Akhter 15 that the coefficient are negative or can say that the slope is negative. Which mean that when the independent variable was increase and the deflection was decrease. More likely they have a positive relationship if X Axis which is number of folder increase the y axis which is deflection decreased. After that we did class defection average and the folder number in Microsoft Excel to find out the relation between deflection and the number of folder. But some of the group had data that was not expected, there were error in setting table so some data were not what we expected. Therefore when we did the graph in Microsoft Xscale the linen was was not able to fit on that. So we choose the power line. And we get an equation where R 2 were 0.8 its mean that the statistic line is closer to the original line. And here we also observe that when the number of folder increase the defection decrease. After we got all the information we need to find the material for out bridge so that we can calculate the coast of the bridge. The first we need to find the thickness of each deck. On our class experiment for deck we found that for.3 cm thickness the bridge can hold 500 gm mass so we can calculate the thickness of our real bridge. We found that a stander mass of a car is 1000 gm so we will make each deck which can carry 5 cars each time. So the total weight will be ( ) gm 0.3cm X =.5 kg kg x= 3000 cm or 30 m So for ( ) Kg weight of real bridge the thickness should be 30m. By this kind of small experiment we can able to find out the thickness for big distance bridge. The thickness of folder is different than the thinness of a real matarialle as like iron. But this equation and

16 Akhter 16 experiment showing us that by doing defection experiment for small weight for a small distance material we will be able to count the real thickness and other stuff. After we had all structure as like the small pillar of triangle deck we start to connect the entire triangle share together. We connect three small straight pillar type folder make structure to make the triangle and we attached with the deck. After that we applied 45 N weights on it. When the weight was40 N the base started to bend and when it reached at 45 N the deflection was a lot. We observe the model of our bridge; we know the as much will be thickness of deck it could hold more weight. We observed the base or deck and we saw that it s thick enough for 45 N. We try to find the cause and we saw some of the triangle structure was not connected with the base. We found that there were small gaps between the triangle structure and the deck. And when the weight applied the deck started to coming down as like it started to collapse. Analysis of Results: After all experiment we come out in a conclusion that truss bridge is the best bridge for the Dingmans Ferry. Then we did the experiment for the base of our bridge by setting the 35 cm apart folder. And we found out that there are inverse relation between folder and defection. And from the background research we found that on that place truss bridge is a good choice, because of its small wide. The data that we get from the base experiment we realize the inverse relation between deflection and the thickness of folder. If the thickness is less the defection is more and by the time the thickness increase the defection deserve. Our final conclusion is that the for the Delaware River at Dingmans ferry truss is best because of its construction and its balancing force. Earlier in that place there were different truss construction and our data of bridge base defection experiment also support that in that place truss construction is the best choice.

17 Akhter 17 When we made our model for truss bridge and we tested it by 45 N and we found some error. The triangle structure was not connected with the base properly and there were more major defection in our bridge. The force of our bridge only acting in certain place and it started to breakdown that place. We observe that collapse and we found out that the pressure become more than it should be. Why it happened? Then we study what is pressure mean and what other things related to pressure. According to physics pressure is. Force acting on a unit area of surface ( "Pressure." Definition ). Its mean that in a given area the force act in, it call pressure. F So, P = A Here P = Pressure, F = Force A = Area So according to the pressure formula it showing that the pressure depend on area and force. And it s clear that if we apply same force in small and big area the smaller area will have bigger pressure. For example if we apply 60N force in both 2 m and 3 m area, the 2m area will 60 N have P= = 30 Nm 2 and for 3 m area P= = 20 Nm 2. So its mean that in smaller place 60 N 20 m 2 30 m ˆ 2 the pressure is bigger ( Pressure ). When we build the model bridge the triangle structure that we made by manila folder some triangles were not connected with the deck. As a result the place where the triangle where attached on that place only force act instant of spreading the force all over the deck which increase the pressure. The pressure increases because the area was short when the whole 45 N forces were acted. Actually the force should spread all over the deck but the structure was not connected so all force applied in small place and it lead to band the deck a lot. Revision of original Design:

18 Akhter 18 For the Bridge base experiment we found out that according to the weight the defection act inversely. On the bridge base we saw the when the add 7 folder on the base experiment the defection start decreasing and by the time the number of folder become 10 the deflection were so less than 1 folder. So our data table showed the relation of folder and bend. So from this information we learn that as much we will increase the thickness of deck or base the deflection will decrease. Now we reach on the position where we have to connect all our triangle shape with the base. We made simple 3 straight small pillars by using manila folder and we stapled then as a triangle shape with the base. When the 40 N weights applied on the bridge of our base start bending little bite but then the total weight become 45 N the defection was a lot. We did not expect that result. Therefore we observed and find out that the triangle shapes were not attached with the base properly, which mean that when the weight applied the mass could not spread equally all over the base which causes the bending of the deck. The error of out bridge was the connecting section of triangle structure. Because we could not connect properly the unexpected band happens. At the truss bridge we usually use materials like iron for future research I want to know which kind of material work better in condition where flood and other natural calamities often occur. And I want to know how we can balance more weight by using less thickness of the deck, it is important because as much as we will use the material to make deck the coast will increase. I want of research which kind of material can use to make deck which will be less expensive and have high straighter so that the thickness can be less. Biography:

19 Akhter 19 "Broadway Bridge (US 9)." Broadway Bridge (US 9). N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan "Bridge Building." Work Study 51.5 (2002): n. pag. Web. 15 Jan "Dingmans Ferry Bridge." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec Department of the Interior, 12 Dec Web. 19 Dec "Forces." The Physics Hypertextbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec "Google Maps." Google Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec How to Build a Model Bridge out of Manila Folders. WikiHow. N.P.,n.d. Web. 04 Jan "Pressure Is Force per Unit Area." By Ron Kurtus. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec Porterm. Characteristics of Three Bridge TypesImportant Terms: (n.d.): n. pag. Web. "Pratt Truss." What Is? Definition and Image. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan "Pressure." Definition of. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan "Truss Design." Truss Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan "Truss." Kids Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec United States. National Park Service. "Plan Your Visit." National Parks Service. U.S.

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