Probing the Inner-most Parsec of AGN with Water Masers

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23, 216 Lincoln Greenhill (CfA), Guangtun Zhu (JHU), Jeffrey Mei (MIT),

1 Probing the Inner-most Parsec of AGN with Water Masers Ingyin Zaw (New York University Abu Dhabi) East Asia AGN Workshop, Sept. 23, 216 Lincoln Greenhill (CfA), Guangtun Zhu (JHU), Jeffrey Mei (MIT), Yanfei Zhang (NYUAD), Shinji Horiuchi (CDSCC), Tom Kuiper (JPL), Frank Briggs (ANU), Andrei Gruzinov (NYU) 1

2 Unique location (.1-1. pc from SMBH, R g ) Zier & Biermann (22) H 2 O masers live here. 2

3 22 GHz H2O Masers in AGN Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (MASER) Power Source Column density along line of sight => Type 2 AGN Velocity cohesion (~1 km/s) Traces warm (~4-1 K), dense (~ cm -3 ) gas Systems (~15 currently known): Mostly local (z < ~.67) Most distant known maser at z = 2.64 Edge-on geometry (Type 2, high obscuration) Rare, only ~few % of Sy2 s host masers Greenhill et al. (28) Hα/Hβ 3 Zhu, IZ, Blanton, & Greenhill (211)

4 NGC 152, jet Resolved in position (~millarcsec) and velocity (~km/s) Maps (VLBI) Spectra (Single Dish) NGC 4258, disk Claussen et al., 1998 (map), (spectrum) Circinus Circinus, disk+outflow Miyoshi et al. (1995) Herrnstein et al. (1999) Zier & Biermann (22) Greenhill et al. (23) 4 H 2 O masers live here.

5 NGC 152, jet Resolved in position (~millarcsec) and velocity (~km/s) Maps (VLBI) Spectra (Single Dish) NGC 4258, disk Claussen et al., 1998 (map), (spectrum) Circinus Circinus, disk+outflow Miyoshi et al. (1995) Herrnstein et al. (1999) Zier & Biermann (22) Greenhill et al. (23) 5 H 2 O masers live here.

6 NGC 4258, disk NGC 152, jet Resolved in position (~millarcsec) and velocity (~km/s) Maps (VLBI) Spectra (Single Dish) Claussen et al., 1998 (map), MBH = (4. ±.9) Humphreys x 1(spectrum) 7 et M al. 213 Distance: 7.6 ±.17 ±.15 Mpc Warp: ~few degrees pc Humphreys et al. 213 Circinus, disk+outflow Circinus Miyoshi et al. (1995) Herrnstein et al. (1999) Zier & Biermann (22) Greenhill et al. (23) 6 H 2 O masers live here.

7 Distances and Masses from clean disk systems Reid et al. (28) Ade et al. 213 NGC 6264: H = 68 ± 9 km/s/mpc, Kuo et al. (213) 7 Greene et al. (216)

8 NGC 152, jet Resolved in position (~millarcsec) and velocity (~km/s) Maps (VLBI) Circinus, disk+outflow Spectra (Single Dish) NGC 4258, disk Claussen et al., 1998 (map), (spectrum) Circinus Miyoshi et al. (1995) Herrnstein et al. (1999) Zier & Biermann (22) Greenhill et al. (23) 8 H 2 O masers live here.

9 NGC4945(H 2 O) (Parkes-Tidbinbilla-Hobart-Mopra 6-97) Accretion and Outflow Physics from messy systems 2 2 North-South Offset (mas) CO Major Axis Heliocentric Radio Velocity (km s -1 ) East-West Offset (mas) Flux (Jy) Systemic Velocity (km/s) 9

10 NGC4945(H 2 O) (Parkes-Tidbinbilla-Hobart-Mopra 6-97) Accretion and Outflow Physics from messy systems 2 2 North-South Offset (mas) CO Major Axis Heliocentric Radio Velocity (km s -1 ) East-West Offset (mas) Flux (Jy) Systemic Velocity (km/s) 1

al. (1996) North-South Offset (mas) -2-2 -4 CO Major Axis 2-2 Done

(23) IR Wind -4 53 58 63 68 73 Heliocentric Radio Velocity (km s

11 NGC4945(H 2 O) (Parkes-Tidbinbilla-Hobart-Mopra 6-97) Accretion and Outflow Physics from messy systems 2 2 X-ray Wind Moorwood et al. (1996) North-South Offset (mas) CO Major Axis 2-2 Done et al. (23) IR Wind Heliocentric Radio Velocity (km s -1 ) East-West Offset (mas) Flux (Jy) Systemic Velocity (km/s) 11 Greenhill, IZ, & Zhang, in prep

12 Circinus NGC 1386 UGC 3789 NGC 4258 NGC 6264 NGC 6323 NGC 3393 NGC 1194 MRK 1419 NGC 2273 IC 256 VV 34a CG 211 MRK 34 J ESO 558-G9 UGC 693 NGC 5495 Traces warm, dense gas Test temperature gradient T = /5 ṁ 3/1 m 1/5 r 3/4 (1 z 1/2 ) 3/1 8 6 Temperature required: ~4-1 K Rout/Rin = (4/1) -4/3 = 3.39 Shakura & Sunyaev (1973) Spectrum VLBI R out / R in 4 2 IZ, Greenhill, & Gruzinov, in prep 12

13 Preliminary maps from Megamaser Cosmology Group 13

NuSTAR data of AGN which host disk masers Model torus as extension of maser disk, exploit maser density condition to predict torus dimensions Torus dimensions

14 NuSTAR data of AGN which host disk masers Model torus as extension of maser disk, exploit maser density condition to predict torus dimensions Torus dimensions agree roughly with available IR interferometry (NGC 168 and Circinus) Rout,torus Rout,maser Rin,maser Torus and Nuclear Obscuration Masini et al. (216) LBol 14

15 Maser Host AGN Systems (~15 currently known): Mostly local (z < ~.67) Most distant known maser at z = 2.64 Rare, only ~few % of Sy2 s host masers What is special about maser hosts? Zhu, IZ, Blanton, & Greenhill (211) 15

16 L[OIII]57 Maser Host AGN σt Maser detections and non-detections cross-matched with SDSS Overall detection rate ~3%, ~4.5% in Sy 2 s Detection rates higher at higher L[OIII]57 and velocity dispersion, σ 16 Zhu, IZ, Blanton, & Greenhill (211)

17 Is maser luminosity dependent on host AGN properties? z Maser emission beamed and variable Data from different surveys with different sensitivities SDSS data supplemented with values from literature Zhu, IZ, Blanton, & Greenhill (211) 17 R cr L.38 AGN MBH.62 Assuming α, η x, µ similar to NGC 4258 Neufeld & Maloney (1995)

18 Is maser luminosity dependent on host AGN properties? L[OIII]57 σt MB Extinction Corrected Observed Large scatter but appears to be correlated, defying expectations Caveats: Maser emission beamed and variable, small sample from different surveys Fit (dashed line), large errors: Dotted line assuming LH2O proportional to L[OIII] and MBH (σ 4 ) L H2 O / L.3 [OIII] L H2 O / Zhu, IZ, Blanton, & Greenhill (211)

19 Double Sample Size Restricted to Type 2 AGN above Kauffmann et al. (23) line IZ, Mei, & Greenhill, submitted Correlation does not tighten 19

20 Is maser luminosity dependent on host AGN properties? Maser Hosts vs. Non-detections Full vs. Previous Maser Sample IZ, Mei, & Greenhill, submitted 2

21 Disk Maser Types Jet Other

22 Is maser luminosity an unobscured proxy for AGN activity and SMBH mass? R cr L.38 AGN MBH.62 L H2 O / L.6±.8 AGN M.59±.14 BH Model Best Fit L H2 O / L.2±.12 AGN M.75±.19 BH LH2O Disks+Jets LH2O σ 4 t L[OIII] L H2 O / L.1±.11 AGN M.18±.24 BH σ 4 t L[OIII] LH2O Others All 22 σ 4 t L[OIII] IZ, Mei, & Greenhill, submitted

Search for New Masers Northern Sky: Megamaser Cosmology Project (MCP) ~3 Type 2 AGN from SDSS surveyed with the Green Bank Telescope, completed in 215 (Braatz et al.

23 Search for New Masers Northern Sky: Megamaser Cosmology Project (MCP) ~3 Type 2 AGN from SDSS surveyed with the Green Bank Telescope, completed in 215 (Braatz et al.) Follow-up systems suitable for distance measurements Southern Sky: Tidbinbilla AGN Maser Survey (TAMS) Co-PIs: Ingyin Zaw, Lincoln Greenhill (CfA), Team: Shinji Horiuchi (CDSCC), Tom Kuiper (JPL), Frank Briggs (ANU) ~9 Type 2 AGN identified from 6dF spectra, δ < hrs at the 7 m Tidbinbilla telescope (NASA DSN, near Canberra, Australia) Expect ~38 new masers, ~16 disks Combine with multi-wavelength data to understand AGN physics 23

24 Summary Masers offer a direct view of the inner-most parsec of AGN Single systems: detailed study of disk and outflow geometry Population studies: Masers are probes of disk temperature and density which can be used to test models of accretion and obscuration Maser luminosity correlates with SMBH mass and AGN activity Conducting a large survey in the Southern hemisphere 24

Hard X-ray Properties of Water Maser Galaxies

Hard X-ray Properties of Water Maser Galaxies Eugenia Litzinger University of Würzburg & Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory Bamberg/ECAP J. Walther, M. Kadler, M. Langejahn, W.H. Baumgartner, N. Gehrels, C.B.