Scientific cases for Simbol-X of interest of the Italian community

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1 Scientific cases for Simbol-X of interest of the Italian community Based on the High Energy Astrophysics study: Fields of interest and perspective for the national community ASI Fabrizio Fiore

2 Two main themes Accreting Black holes Non-thermal emission, particle acceleration mechanisms

3 Accreting Black Holes L/L E B H B ULX? M82 IMBH? NLSy1 AGN 10-2 LLAGN M/M? 1. A hidden parameter -- the BH spin 2. Possible violation of the mass scaling; ionization, m e c 2

4 Black Hole spectral states Done & Gierlinski 2003

5 Hard Colour Intrinsic colours Co-add objects onto same plot all RXTE database archive obs Cyg X1, LMC X3, X1, GX339, J1655, J1550, J1859, J1650 Done & Gierlinski 2003 Spectral evolution with L/L Edd hard spectra well defined track, soft spectra show variety of spectra at L/L Edd Γ (3-6.4) Steady jet Transient jet 4.5 No jet Γ (6.4-16)

6 Origin of hard X-rays Dissipate energy in optically thick disk cool, no hard X-rays MUST dissipate in optically thin material so that E >> kt (Compton) Optically thin accretion flow low L/L Edd only! Magnetic reconnection above disk no known alternatives at high L/L Edd! Collapse of optically thin flow gives hard/soft transition? Esin et al 1997 Hard/soft transition associated with disk moving inwards. Adapted from C. Done

7 L h /L s LS 1 Hard (low L/L Edd ) Soft (high L/L Edd ) VHS HS US Adapted from C. Done

8 High Energy view of the Galactic Center

9 Stellar Black Hole goals Study the low/hard state, Comptonization models Extend color analysis at high E Test ADAF models Search for stellar BH in the Galactic Center and in nearby galaxies Census of Stellar BH

10 Scale accretion flow to AGN Same accretion flow onto higher mass black hole (?) All that should change is disk temperature need M and L/L Edd Magorrian-Gebhardt relationships linking M to properties of host galaxy so now possible! But AGN have more complex environment. Harder to disentangle intrinsic spectrum, so need very good S/N spectra Adapted from C. Done

11 Bright AGNs: the BeppoSAX legacy F(15-150)= cgs 100ks S/N keV 65

12 AGN spectral studies SX baseline SX improved

13 Hard X-ray Surveys Most direct probe of the super-massive black hole (SMBH) accretion activity, recorded in the CXB spectral energy density SMBH census Strong constraints to models for the formation and evolution of structure in the Universe AGN number and luminosity evolution AGN clustering and its evolution

14 Imaging surveys up to 8-10 kev (ASCA,BSAX, Chandra, XMM): most of the CXB <6-7 kev is resolved in sources. But only 40-50% in the 5-10 kev band. < 1 % E>10keV. The light-up and evolution of obscured, accreting SMBH is still largely unknown Worsley et a. 2004

15 The sources making the kev CXB are the same we see below 10 kev? What did we learn below 10 kev? What do we expect to learn above 10 kev?

16 The sources making the kev CXB are the same we saw below 10 kev? Residual CXB after subtracting the resolved fraction below 10 kev Comastri 2004 We need to resolve: 80% of (similar to Chandra and XMM deep fields below 10 kev) 50% of 20-40keV

17 The sources making the kev CXB are the same we see below 10 kev? What did we learn below 10 kev? What do we expect to learn above 10 kev?

18 2-10 kev AGN luminosity function models Solid = observed dashed = best fit LDDE with constant N H distribution La Franca et al. 2005

19 2-10 kev AGN luminosity function models 2-10keV 0.5-2keV LDDE with variable absorbed AGN fraction La Franca et al. 2005

20 A working scenario small mass progenitors. Feedback is effective in self-regulating accretion and SF, cold gas is left available Galactic cold gas available for accretion and obscuration increases at high z large mass progenitors. Feedback is less effective, most gas is quickly converted in stars at high z.

21 The sources making the kev CXB are the same we see below 10 kev? What did we learn below 10 kev? What do we expect to learn above 10 kev?

22 1) Paucity of z>1, logl X <44 sources? Real or are we missing highly obscured AGNs? 2) Compare the obscuration properties of Seyfert 2 galaxies and QSO2 Sensitive observations at the peak of the CXB (~20-40 kev) to probe highly obscured AGN in the golden edge of nuclear and galaxy activity

23 1) Paucity of Seyfert like z>1 is real? Or, is it, at least partly, a selection effect? Are we missing in Chandra and XMM surveys highly obscured (N H cm -2 ) AGN? Which are common in the local Universe

24 How deep should we go? And how hard? Residual CXB after subtracting the resolved fraction below 10 kev Comastri 2004 We need to resolve: 80% of (similar to Chandra and XMM deep fields below 10 kev) 50% of 20-40keV

25 CXB fraction >50% res.cxb >80% res.cxb F(20-40keV)< cgs or 0.75 mcrab cgs or 0.1 mcrab F(10-30keV)< cgs or 0.65 mcrab cgs or 0.13 mcrab

26 Direct Imaging at E=10-80 kev 1mCrab = 250 sources deg 2 = 12 sources X 15 diam. FOV 0.5 mcrab = 550 deg 2 = 27 sources X 15 diam. FOV 0.1mCrab = 2350 deg 2 = 120 sources X 15 diam. FOV

27 The sources making the kev CXB are the same we see below 10 kev? What did we learn below 10 kev? What do we expect to learn above 10 kev? What do we expect to learn with Simbol-X?

28 Hard X-ray focusing mission proposed for HPD FOV Flim µcrab %CXB sources/fov FWHM 20-40keV 1Msec NuStar % 15 NeXT % 12 Simbol-X baseline % 2 Simbol-X ML % 25

29 Four Challenges Image quality 15 HPD High throughput cm Low internal background Rejection of CXB from outside the FOV

30 (1) Image quality: which PSF do we need? 50 HPD; eq. 2µCrab HPD Eq.2µCrab 1 15 HPD Eq.0.2µCrab

31 Image quality: which PSF do we need?

32 (2) SX Multilayer optimization See G. Pareschi presentation

33 (3) Internal Background non-active shields instruments Katayama et al. astro-ph/ ASCA-SIS cts/s/cm 2 /kev LEO 27deg inclination PN cts/s/cm 2 /kev SIS 15 HEO MOS cts/s/cm 2 /kev SIS 3 HEO 114,000 km apogee 7,000 km perigee

34 (3) Internal Background HEO Active shield instrument EXOSAT 200,000 km apogee 500 km perigee ME Argon 1-15 kev ME Xenon 5-50 kev 1.5cm thick ME Xenon total internal BKG kev = cts/s/detector cts/s/kev/cm 2 = cts/s/kev/cm 2 /mm 10 times less than XMM MOS

35 (3) Internal Background HEO Simulations From Armstrong et al Montecarlo for an L2 orbit Assuming 90% efficiency anticoincidences, total BKG= 10-4 cts/s/cm 2 /kev/mm Within a factor of 2 of that seen by EXOSAT ME 20 times less than XMM MOS 2-3 times higher than LEO low inclination orbit BKG

36 (3) Technical developments (1) ASI phase-a study 2004: Payload for high energy astrophysics

37 (4) Technical developments (2) Baffling to screen CXB from outside the FOV ASI phase-a study 2004: Payload for high energy astrophysics

38 SX flux limit Background is an issue: source spot size on detector scales with (f.l.) 2 : 30m vs. 8m f.l. 39 times larger spot! 2.3mm 2 for a 5 HPD 1/3 mcrab in 150ks for HPD=5 1/10 mcrab in 1Msec! 1/3 mcrab = cgs 20-40keV 50% of the CXB resolved 700 sources/deg -2 7 sources per 7 diam. FOV 1/10 mcrab= cgs 20-40keV 80% of the CXB resolved, similar to what Chandra and XMM do below 10 kev sources/deg sources per 7 diam FOV

39 Flux limits S/N=3 1Msec

40 Flux limits S/N=3 1Msec Circinus galaxy: a nearby (4Mpc), highly obscured (N H = cm -2 ), low luminosity (logl keV =41.7) AGN BeppoSAX MECS-PDS data Circinus X 100 a bright Seyfert

41 Flux limits S/N=3 1Msec Markarian 3: a highly obscured (N H = cm -2 ), high luminosity (logl keV =43.8) Seyfert at 60Mpc BeppoSAX MECS-PDS data Mark3 X 10 a QSO2

42 Flux limits S/N=3 1Msec NGC1068: a Compton thick (N H = cm -2 ) AGN at 20 Mpc observed luminosity logl keV =42, unobscured luminosity logl keV 44, A nearby QSO2??!! BeppoSAX MECS,PDS NGC1068 X 10 a QSO2

43 Blazars

44 Radio Galaxies Lobes of powerful radio-galaxy at the center of a cluster. Total spectrum = ICM + NT emission from the radio lobes kev imaging is required to study the NT spectrum

45 NT emission from Cluster of galaxies

46 Clusters radio halos

47 Clusters radio halos

48 NT emission and particle acceleration in SNR

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