COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS

Transcription

1 COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS Cover figure adapted from a draft by George Siscoe, see Crooker, Gosling eta!., p. 182: Schematic illustration of the expected interplanetary magnetic field and shock geometry associated with corotating interaction regions when the ambient magnetic field consists of Parker spirals around the Sun. Superimposed are the orbits of Earth, Jupiter, and the Ulysses spacecraft, projected onto the ecliptic plane.

2 Space Sciences Series of ISSI Volume 7 The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law. It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Canton of Bern. For more information, see the homepage at The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

3 COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 6-13 June 1998, Bern, Switzerland Edited by A. BALOGH The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2B2, u.k. 1. T. GOSLING Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA 1. R, JOKIPII Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA R, KALLENBACH International Space Science Institute. CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland H, KUNOW Extraterrestrische Physik, Institutfur Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik. Universitiit Kiel. D Kiel, Germany Reprinted from Space Science Reviews. Vol. 89, nos. 1-2, 1999 SPRlNGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

4 A c.i.p. Catalogue record for this book is avai lable from the Library of Congress. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

5 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Introduction A. Balogh, J. T. Gosling, 1. R. Jokipii, R. Kallenbach, and H. Kunow xiii INTRODUCTORY PAPERS Solar Origin and Interplanetary Evolution of Stream Interfaces R. 1. Forsyth and E. Marsch 7 Formation and Evolution of Corotating Interaction Regions and Their Three-Dimensional Structure 1. T. Gosling and V. J. Pizzo 21 Voyager 2 Observations of Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) in the Outer Heliosphere A.1. Lazarus, 1. D. Richardson, R. B. Decker, and F. B. McDonald 53 Development and Effects of Turbulence in Connection with CIRs T. S. Horburyand 1. M. Schmidt 61 CIR Associated Energetic Particles in the Inner and Middle Heliosphere G. M. Mason and T. R. Sanderson 77 Observation of Injection and Pre-Acceleration Processes in the Slow Solar Wind G. Gloeckler 91 Injection and Accleration Processes in Corotating Interaction Regions: Theoretical Concepts M. Scholer 105 Mechanisms for Latitudinal Transport of Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere L. A. Fisk and 1. R. Jokipii 115 Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays at Solar Minimum B. Heber and R. A. Burger 125 WORKING GROUP REPORTS The Solar Origin of Corotating Interaction Regions and Their Formation in the Inner Heliosphere - Report of Working Group 1 A. Balogh, V. Bothmer, N. U. Crooker, R.1. Forsyth, G. Gloeckler, A. Hewish, M. Hilchenbach, R. Kallenbach, B. Klecker, 1. A. Linker, E. Lucek, G. Mann, E. Marsch, A. Posner, I. G. Richardson, J. M. Schmidt, M. Scholer, Y-M. Wang, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, M. R. Aellig, P. Bochsler, S. Hefti, and Z. Mikic 141

6 vi 1. Introduction; A. Balogh, V. Bothmer, and R. Kallenbach The Relationship of Fast and Slow Solar Wind to Coronal Structure; 1. A. Linker, Y.-M. Wang, E. Marsch, A. Posner, V. Bothmer, Z. Mikic Compositional and Kinematic Signatures of Solar Wind Stream Interfaces and Their Relationship with Solar and Coronal Features; R. Kallenbach, M. Aellig, P. Bochsler, N. U. Crooker, R. J. Forsyth, S. Hefti, M. Hilchenbach, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber CIRs in the Inner Heliosphere: A Summary of the Results from Helios; A. Balogh and I. G. Richardson Summary; A. Balogh 171 References; 174 CIR Morphology, Turbulence, Discontinuities, and Energetic Particles - Report of Working Group 2 N. U. Crooker, 1. T. Gosling, V. Bothmer, R. 1. Forsyth, P. R. Gazis, A. Hewish, T. S. Horbury, D. S. Intriligator, 1. R. Jokipii, 1. Kota, A. 1. Lazarus, M. A. Lee, E. Lucek, E. Marsch, A. Posner, I. G. Richardson, E. C. Roelof, J. M. Schmidt, G. L. Siscoe, B. T. Tsurutani, and R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber Introduction; Morphological Structures; R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. J. Forsyth, N. U. Crooker, J. T. Gosling, P. R. Gazis, A. 1. Lazarus An Analytical Model of the Plasma and Field Morphology of CIRs; M. A. Lee Turbulence, Discontinuities and Waves, and Their Relation to Energetic Particles; T. S. Horbury, B. T. Tsurutani, E. C. Roelof, V. Bothmer, D. S. Intriligator, G. L. Siscoe, 1. R. Jokipii, I. G. Richardson Conclusions; 216 References; 216 Corotating Interaction Regions at High Latitudes - Report of Working Group 3 H. Kunow, M. A. Lee, L. A. Fisk, R. 1. Forsyth, B. Heber, T. S. Horbury, E. Keppler, 1. Kota, Y.-Q. Lou, R. B. McKibben, C. Paizis, M. S. Potgieter, E. C. Roelof, T. R. Sanderson, G. M. Simnett, R. von Steiger, B. T. Tsurutani, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, and 1. R. Jokipii 221 l. Introduction; M. A. Lee and H. Kunow Global Structure, Observations, and Challenges to Theory; E. C. Roelof, G. M. Simnett, T. R. Sanderson, and H. Kunow Remote Connection of Particles at High Latitudes to CIRs; 1. K6ta, L. A. Fisk, 1. R. Jokipii, Y.-Q. Lou, and E. C. Roelof 235

7 4. Comparison of the CIRs Observed by Ulysses in the Southern and Northern Heliosphere; T. R. Sanderson, R. J. Forsyth, G. M. Simnett, E. C. Roelof, and B. Heber North-South Asymmetries in Modulation and 26-Day Variations; R. B. McKibben Summary and Conclusions; H. Kunow and M. A. Lee 262 References; 264 vii Corotating Interaction Regions in the Outer Heliosphere - Report of Working Group 4 P. R. Gazis, F. B. McDonald, R. A. Burger, S. Chalov, R. B. Decker, J. R. Dwyer, D. S. Intriligator, J. R. Jokipii, A. J. Lazarus, G. M. Mason, V. 1. Pizzo, M. S. Potgieter, I. G. Richardson, and L. 1. Lanzerotti 269 I. Introduction; P. R. Gazis and R. B. Decker Structure and Evolution of CIRs and Their Successors; P. R. Gazis and A,l. Lazarus Behavior of Energetic Particles and Cosmic Rays; R. B. Decker, F. B. McDonald, and M. S. Potgieter The Origin of Recurrent Non-Dispersive Particle Enhancements in the Outer Heliosphere; J. R. Jokipii, R. B. Decker, and P. R. Gazis Conclusions; P. R. Gazis and R. B. Decker 300 References; 30 I Modulation of Cosmic Rays and Anomalous Components by CIRs - Report of Working Group 5 R. B. McKibben, J. R. Jokipii, R. A. Burger, B. Heber, J. K6ta, F. B. McDonald, C. Paizis, M. S. Potgieter, and I. G. Richardson 307 I. Introduction; Quantitative Estimates of Variations in Propagation Imposed by CIRs; J. K6ta Comparison of Models and Observations; R. A. Burger Jovian Electrons and CIRs; R. B. McKibben Further Developments Desired for Improving Models; J. R. Jokipii 322 References; 323

8 Vlll Origin, Injection, and Acceleration of CIR Particles: Observations - Report of Working Group 6 G. M. Mason, R. von Steiger, R. B. Decker, M. I. Desai, 1. R. Dwyer, L. A. Fisk, G. Gloeckler, 1. T. Gosling, M. Hilchenbach, R. Kallenbach, E. Keppler, B. Klecker, H. Kunow, G. Mann, I. G. Richardson, T. R. Sanderson, G. M. Simnett, Y-M. Wang, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, M. Franz, and 1. E. Mazur Introduction; G. M. Mason Seed Populations; G. Gloeckler and J. T. Gosling Plasma and Shock Parameters; G. Mann Time-Intensity Profiles and Spectral Evolution at 1 AU; 1. R. Dwyer, R. B. Decker, and H. Kunow Spectra: Temporal and Radial Evolution; R. B. Decker, M. I. Desai, and G. M. Simnett Composition: Averages, Time Variations; Radial and Latitude Variations; G. M. Mason, G. Gloeckler, M. Hilchenbach, R. Kallenbach, and E. Keppler Anisotropies at I AU; 1. R. Dwyer High Latitude Observations; G. M. Mason Summary of Key Observational Features; G. M. Mason 361 References; 363 Origin, Injection, and Acceleration of CIR Particles: Theory - Report of Working Group 7 M. Scholer, G. Mann, S. Chalov, M. I. Desai, L. A. Fisk, 1. R. Jokipii, R. Kallenbach, E. Keppler, J. Kota, H. Kunow, M. A. Lee, T. R. Sanderson, and G. M. Simnett 369 I. Introduction; Energetic Particle Transport and the Diffusion Tensor; M. A. Lee and J. Kota Theory of Shock Acceleration; 1. R. Jokipii A Model for Diffusive Shock Acceleration; M. A. Lee Numerical Models for Ion Injection at Shocks; M. Scholer Shock Surfing and Shock Drift; M. A. Lee and R. Kallenbach Statistical Acceleration in the Solar Wind; L. A. Fisk Electron Acceleration; G. Mann Summary; 392 References; 396

9 IX EPILOGUE Glossary A. Balogh, 1. T. Gosling, and R. Kallenbach 403 List of Acronyms 407 Author Index 409 List of Participants 410

10 x ISSI Workshop "Corotating Interaction Regions", 6-13 June 1998, Bern, Switzerland - Group Photograph by D. Taylor 1 l R. Kallenbach B. McKibben C. Paizis M. Potgieter A. Balogh J. Kota E. Roelof R. Jokipii M. Lee M. Hilchenbach A. Hewish G. Mann 13. V. Bothmer P. Gazis G. Mason J. Gosling I. Richardson H. Kunow E. Lucek M. Desai D.Intriligator A. Burger B. Heber 24. G. Gloeckler E. Marsch R. Decker N. Crooker B. Klecker S. Wenger J. Dwyer T. Horbury R. Forsyth J. Schmidt 1. Geiss Not in this picture: S. Chalov, L. Fisk, E. Keppler, M. Lancaster, A. Lazarus, J. Linker, Y.-Q. Lou, F. McDonald, A. Posner, T. Sanderson, M. Scholer, G. Simnett, R. von Steiger, B. Tsurutani, Y.-M. Wang, R. Wimmer-Schweingruber

11 XI

12 X III Foreword A Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) is the result of the interaction of fast solar wind with slower solar wind ahead. CIRs have a very large three-dimensional extent and are the dominant large-scale structure in the heliosphere on the declining and minimum phase of the solar activity cycle. Until recently, however, CIRs could only be observed close to the ecliptic plane, and their three-dimensional structure was therefore not obvious to observers and theoreticians alike. Ulysses was the first spacecraft allowing direct exploration of the third dimension of the heliosphere. Since 1992, when it has entered a polar orbit that takes it up to 80 0 latitude, the spacecraft's performance has been flawless and the mission has provided excellent data from a superbly matched set of instruments. Perhaps the most exciting observation during Ulysses' first passage towards the south pole of the Sun was a strong and long lasting CIR whose energetic particle effects were observed up to unexpectedly high latitudes. These observations, documented in a number of publications, stimulated considerable new theoretical work. In 1995 the idea was born to convene a workshop on "Development and Effects of CIRs". Its purpose was to select typical events for extensive study. In March 1996, at Elmau Castle, Germany, the workshop was held with international participation of about 35 scientists representing a broad range of disciplines in solar, heliospheric, and cosmic ray physics as a concerted effort to disentangle the secrets of CIRs. A series of talks introduced the participants into observational data from Ulysses, Earth vicinity, and from the inner and outer hejiosphere as well as into models and theoretical calculations. Three working groups attempted to understand the underlying plasma and field characteristics of these CIRs as well as the wealth of related energetic particle effects during this first latitude ascent of Ulysses. The results of this concerted research effort were exchanged in daily plenary reports and provided a valuable basis for further research and the development of new models. The new data collected during Ulysses' return to low latitudes following its north polar pass showed qualitatively similar but much weaker CIRs in the northern heliosphere. The workshop decided to reconvene in Elmau one year later in April 1997 following the same scheme to review subsequent progress and new findings. Two competing models of particle transport between a CIR and an observing spacecraft were proposed and splinter groups discussed more specific topics, e.g. spectra, composition, modulation of energetic particles, or detailed correlations. These workshops served as market places to exchange observations and ideas and led to the desire to assemble current understanding of CIRs in the form of a reference book. At that point the International Space Science Institute offered its experience and staff to host a third workshop specifically oriented towards publication of this book in the Space Sciences Series of ISSI. The ISSI Workshop began with introductory and review papers, usually prepared jointly by two authors representing theoretical and experimental backgrounds.

13 XIV Then parallel working group sessions collected the new findings, results, and models, and planned the publication of the working group chapters for the book. The series of introductory papers is intended to provide an overview of the development of CIRs and related energetic particle effects in the heliosphere. The seven working group reports attempt to synthesize this knowledge, highlight progress in our understanding, and point out directions for future research. Each of the chapters has been externally reviewed. Finally, a glossary and a list of acronyms is added for the benefit of the reader. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who have made this volume possible. First of all, we want to thank the authors for writing review articles, and contributing original sections to the working group chapters. The extensive efforts of the authors and the timely cooperation of the reviewers are greatly appreciated. We wish to express our sincere thanks to the members of the ISSI staff for providing an atmosphere conducive for intense and detailed discussions. In particular we thank Ursula Pfander, Diane Taylor, and Silvia Wenger for their help in organization and their hospitality during the workshop, and Xavier Schneider for maintaining ISSI's computer infrastructure. The co-editors especially appreciate the professional work and deep personal involvement of ISSI scientist Reinald Kallenbach who carried the burden of the detailed editing of this book. August 1999 A. Balogh. J. T. Gosling, J. R. Jokipii, R. Kallenbach, H. Kunow Acknowledgement This book complements other volumes of the ISSI Space Sciences Series on solar and heliospheric physics titled "The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium", "Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere", and "Solar Composition and its Evolution-from Core to Corona". Together with volumes on solar-terrestrial, planetary, and astrophysical topics it sets another milestone for ISSI in synthesizing knowledge about the Universe. The ISSI directors gratefully acknowledge Horst Kunow, AndnS Balogh, Jack Gosling, and Randy Jokipii who initiated the workshop series and convened the international group of scientists. Their expertise in the field was extraordinarily valuable for achieving the goal of ISSI to exchange experimental data and theoretical models between scientists of different disciplines. It is our hope that the reader finds this book a stimulating resource for knowledge and ideas concerning the three-dimensional structure of Corotating Interaction Regions. August Geiss, G. Paschmann, R. von Steiger