Überflieger Wettbewerb Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Tamara Koch, Robin Nowok, Yannik Schaper.

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1 Überflieger Wettbewerb 2017 Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Tamara Koch, Robin Nowok, Yannik Schaper

2 EXCISS Team Y. Schaper (Physics) O. Christ (Mineralogy) M. Lindner (Geoscience) F. Schmuck (Geoscience) P.-T. Genzel (Mineralogy) S. Rempt (Mineralogy) Y. Matschey (Geoscience) D. Mederos Leber (Physics) R. Nowok (Mineralogy) A. Beck (Geochemistry) T. Koch (NanoGeoscience) 2

3 Introduction Chondrules One of the oldest materials in our solar system Building blocks for the planetary system How did the first solid particles of our solar system form? Is the answer in the chondrules? ( ) meteoritics who know chondrules must collaborate with astrophysicists who know what it was like at the beginning of our solar system. Kerr, Science (2013) 3

mm-sized spherical objects building blocks for the planetary system consist of

4 What are Chondrules? crystallized from a melt (> 2000 K) oldest material in our solar system Ø mm-sized spherical objects building blocks for the planetary system consist of silicates and metal Summarized in Zanda, Earth & Planetary Science Letters (2004) Video: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab 4

5 We all know how chondrules are formed by chondrule formation processes Alan Rubin 5

Chondrule Formation Processes Nebular Shocks Nebular Lightning Accretion Shocks Impact Jetting Magnetic Flares FU Orionis Impact Plumes Hot Inner Nebula Bipolar Flows Brandon et al.

6 Chondrule Formation Processes Nebular Shocks Nebular Lightning Accretion Shocks Impact Jetting Magnetic Flares FU Orionis Impact Plumes Hot Inner Nebula Bipolar Flows Brandon et al., Nature (2017); Marrocchi et al., Science (2016); Johnson et al., Nature (2014); Kerr, Science (2013); Alexander et al., Science (2008); Cuzzi et al., Nature (2006); Desch, Nature (2006); Summary in Boss, Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk

7 Nebular Lightning Theory Fundamentals Electrical charging by grain-grain collisions in the nebula Rapidly discharge through lightning bolts Arguments against: Unclear if charge separation is possible Insufficient energy to melt mm-sized aggregates Cooling rate is too fast to form chondrule textures Whipple, Science (1966); Desch & Cuzzi, Icarus (2000); Desch & Connolly, Icarus (2002) 7

8 Nebular Lightning Theory Fundamentals Electrical charging by grain-grain collisions in the nebula Rapidly discharge through lightning bolts Arguments for: Fast enough for rapid heating Different chondrule properties are possible Repeating heating events Whipple, Science (1966); Desch & Cuzzi, Icarus (2000); Desch & Connolly, Icarus (2002) 8

9 Chondrule Formation Experiments 1 mm dust aggregates as starting material T max = 6500 K, electrical charging = 7 14 kv Most of the aggregates were destroyed Güttler et al., Icarus (2008) 9

Experiments in Micro-Gravity No chondrule formation experiments in micro-gravity Processes after chondrule formation Collision dynamics of

10 Experiments in Micro-Gravity No chondrule formation experiments in micro-gravity Processes after chondrule formation Collision dynamics of dust coated chondrules ZARM Drop tower in Bremen (7 s micro-gravity) Too short for chondrule formation! 5 mm Beitz et. al, Icarus (2012) 10

11 Experiments in Micro-Gravity NanoRocks in Nanorack cube Low energy collisions of mm-sized particles 1 cm Brisset et al., EPSC abstract (2015) 11

12 EXCISS Idea Experimental concept Chondrule formation experiment under long-term micro-gravity conditions Heating events by electrical discharges (Nebular lightning) Modified from Scott, Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk (2007) 12

13 EXCISS Idea Advantages of long-term micro gravity Combination of heating and collision experiment Collisions of molten and unmolten particles Several heating events Modified from Scott, Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk (2007) 13

14 Experimental Set-up 14

EXCISS Sample Chamber Properties Pt electrodes, d = 3 mm 0.

15 EXCISS Sample Chamber Properties Pt electrodes, d = 3 mm g of Mg 2 SiO 4 (olivine) Particle size = 100 µm p = 250 Pa, Ne atmosphere U breakdown = 500 V 15

16 1:1 model 16

17 EXCISS Circuit Diagram sample chamber 17

18 Event Timeline at ISS 10 min 50 min 18

19 Data Analysis Camera Data Particle velocities (absolute/relative) Collisions of molten and solid particles Formation and growth of aggregates Sample Size and shape Microstructure Mineralogical and chemical properties 19

20 Sample Analysis SEM Jeol JSM-6490 Renishaw Raman spectrometry TEM Philips CM

21 Implementation Schedule Sample Synthesis 21

22 Risk Mitigation Possible Scenarios vibrations destroy electrical contacts data transfer unexpected power loss particles precipitate at electrodes and sample chamber walls Solution Approach tests on vibrating table save data on mass storage additional batteries for raspberry tiny vibrating motor at the sample chamber, IR coating 22

23 Outreach Projects Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,

24 Outreach Projects Social Media, Newspaper Design cooperation with August-Bebel-Schule for media design Scientific paper Scientific conferences 24

25 Conclusion Chondrule formation experiment in long-term microgravity: combines melting and aggregation induced by electrical discharges A straight forward experiment will present crucial new results to the origin of our solar system EXCISS, the first chondrule formation experiment at the ISS? definitely not the last! This experiment is only possible in micro-gravity! 25

26 Acknowledgement Unconditional support from the institute of geoscience at the Goethe University Prof. Frank E. Brenker Prof. B. Winkler M. Röder D. Merges Thank you for your attention! 26

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Meteorites and the Early Solar System II

Meteorites and the Early Solar System II D. S. Lauretta H. Y. McSween Jr. Editors With 88 collaborating authors Foreword by Richard P. Binzel Dedicated to Robert M. Walker and Alastair G. W. Cameron THE