This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

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1 This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Measuring Business Cycles Volume Author/Edir: Arthur F Burns and Wesley C Mitchell Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: X Volume URL: Publication Date: 1 Chapter Title: Appendix A: Division of Reference Cycles in Stages Chapter Author: Arthur F Burns, Wesley C Mitchell Chapter URL: Chapter pages in book: (p 0-1)

2 APPENDIX A Division of Reference Cycles in Stages

3 APPENDIX A Stage TABLE Al Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Nine Stages, Four Countries Period covered' I Nov1 Jan 1 II Jan 1 Oct 1 III Nov1 July 1 IV Aug1 May1 V May1 July 1 VI July 1 Dec 1 VII Jan 1 May1 VIII June1 Nov1 IX Nov1 Jan 1 I Nov1 Jan 1 II Jan 1 July 1 III Aug1 Feb IV Mar Sep V Sep Nov VI Nov Dec VII Jan Mar VIII, Apr May IX May July I May July II July Sep III Oct Dec 1 IV Jan 1 MarI V Mar1 May 1 VI May1 Feb 1 VII Mar1 Jan 1 VIII Feb 1 NovI IX Nov1 Jan 1 I 1 II Jan 1 June 1 III July 1 Nov1 IV Dec 1 May 1 V May 1 July 1 VI July 1 Dec 1 VII Jan May VIII June Nov IX Nov Jan I Nov Jan II Jan Nov III Dec Oct IV Nov Sep 1 V Sep 1 Nov 1 VI Nov1 July 1 VII Aug1 May1 VIII June1 Feb1 IX Feb 1 Apr 1 I Feb1 Apr1 II Apr1 MarI0 III Apr Feb IV Mar Feb V Feb Apr VI Apr Mar1 VII Apr 1 Apr 1 VIII May1 Apr 1 IX Apr 1 June 1 " from ii II Stage Period covered' (coos) United States I Apr1 June1 II June 1 Dec 1 III Jan 1 july 1 IV Aug1 Feb 1 V Feb 1 Apr 1 VI Apr 1 July 1 VII Aug1 Nov1 VIII Dec 1 MarI IX Mar1 May1 I Mar1 May1 II May1 Jan 1 III Feb 1 Sep 1 IV Oct 1 June 10 V JunelO AugI0 VI Aug10 Oct 10 VII Nov10 Jan 11 VIII Feb 11 Apr 11 IX Apr 11 June 11 I Apr 11 June 11 II Junell Nov11 III Dec 11 June IV July Dec V Dec Feb 1 VI Feb 1 June 1 VII july 1 Dec 1 VIII Jan 1 MayI IX May 1 July 1 I May1 July 1 II July 1 Dec 1 III Jan 1 May1 IV June 1 Nov 1 V Nov 1 Jan 1 VI Jan 1 June 1 VII July 1 Nov1 VIII Dec 1 May 1 IX May 1 July 1 I May1 July 1 II July 1 Feb 1 III Mar1 Sep 1 IV Oct 1 May 1 V May 1 july 1 VI July 1 Dec 1 VII Jan 100 Mayl00 VIII Junel00 Nov100 IX Nov100 Jan 101 I Nov100 Jan 101 II Jan 101 July 101 III Aug101 Jan 10 IV Feb10 Aug10 V Aug10 Oct 10 VI Oct 10 Apr 10 VII May 10 Dec 10 VIII Jan 10 July 10 IX July 10 Sep 10 0 from " (mm) '

4 IV DIVISION OF REFERENCE CYCLES TABLE Al' Conjjnued Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Nine Stages, Four Countries from from Stage Period covered Stage Period covered itt b In b (mm) (moo) I July 10 Sep 10 II Sep 10 July 10 0 III Aug10 May10 IV Jutie 10 Apr 10 Ii V Apr 0 June10 0 VI June 10 Sep 10 VII Oct 10 Jan 10 VIII IX Feb 10 May 10 May 10 July 10 United States Continued I June Aug II Augl Apr 0 III May Dec IV Jan Sep V Sep Nov 0 VI Nov Feb VII Mar July VIII Aug Nov IX Nov Jan I May 10 July 10 II July 10 Dec 10 III Jan 0 June10 0 IV July 10 Dec 10 0 V Dec 10 Feb 1, VI Feb 1 Sep 1 VII Oct 1 Apr 1 VIII IX Maylll Dcc1 Dec 1 Feb 1 I Dec 1 Feb 1 II Feb May 1 III June 1 Aug 1 IV Sep 1 Dec 1 V Dec1 Feb 11 VI Feb 11 Aug11 VII Sep 11 Apr 11 VIII IX May11 Nov11 Nov1l Jan 11 I Nov Jan II Jan June III July Nov, IV Dec May V May July VI July Sep VII Oct 10 Nov VIII Dec11 Feb 1 1 IX Feb 1 Apr Feb 1 Apr 1 II Apr July 1 1 III Aug1 Dcc1 1 1 IV Jan Apr V Apr 1 June 1 VI June 1 Sep 1 VII Oct 1 Dec 1 VIII Jan 1 Apr 1 IX Apr 1 June1 I Novl1 jan 11 II Jan 11 Feb 11 1 III Ivlar11 Mayll 1 1 June 11 July V July 11 Sep 11 VI Sep 11 Oct 11 1 VII Nov 11 Jan 11 VIII Felj 11 Mar11 IX Mar11 May11 1 I Mar11 May11 II May 11 July 11 0 III Aug11 Sep 11 LV Oct 11 Dec 1 V Dec 11 Feb 0 0 VI Feb july 0 VII Aug0 Fcb 1 VIII Mar1 Aug 1 IX Aug 1 Oct 1 I Aug1 Oct 1 II Oct III Apr Oct LV Nov Apr V Apr June VI June Sep VII Oct Feb VIII Mar Junc IX June Aug

5 Stage APPENDIX A TABLE Al Continued Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Mne Stages, Four Countries Period covereda I Nov1 Jan 1 II Jan 1 Nov1 III Dec 1 Sep 1 IV Oct 1 Aug1 V Aug1 Oct 1 VI Oct 1 Nov1 VII Dec 1 VIII Jan 1 Feb 1 IX Feb 1 Apr 1 I Feb 1 Apr 1 II Apr 1 Jan 1 III Feb 1 Oct 1 IV Nov1 Aug V Aug Oct VI Oct JunelSl VII July Feb VIII Mar Nov IX Nov Jan 1 I Nov Jan 1 II Jan 1 Jan 1 III Feb 1 Jan 1 IV Feb 1 Feb 1 V Feb 1 Apr 1 VI Apr 1 Nov1 VII Dec 1 June1 VIII July 1 Feb 1 IX Feb 1 Apr 1 I Feb 1 Apr 1 II Apr 1 Sep 1 III Oct 1 Feb IV Mar Aug V Aug Oct VI Oct Dec 1 VII Jan 1 Feb 1 VIII Mar1 May 1 IX May1 July 1 I May 1 July 1 II July 1 Aug III Sep Sep IV Oct Nov V Nov Jan 1 VI Jan 1 Feb 1 VII Mar1 Mar1 VIII Apr 1 May 1 IX May 1 July 1 I May 1-July 1 II July 1 Nov 1 III Dec 1 Mar1 IV Apr 1 Aug10 V Aug10 Oct 10 VI Oct 10 Feb VII Mar Aug1 VIII Sep 1 Jan 1 IX Jan 1 Mar1 " from " (taos) Stage Great Britain S 0 Period I Jan 1 Mar1 II Mar1 Nov1 III Dec 1 Aug1 IV Sep 1 May100 V Mayl00 July 100 VI July 100 Nov100 VII Dec 100 Mar101 VIII Apr101 Aug101 IX Aug101 Oct 101 I Aug101 Oct 101 II Oct 101 Apr10 III May10 Oct 10 IV Nov10 May10 V May 10 July 10 VI July 10 Nov10 VII Dec 10 May 10 VIII JunelO Oct 10 IX Oct 10 Dec 10 I Oct 10 Dec 10 II Dec 10 Sep 10 III Oct 10 July 10 IV Aug10 May10 V May 10 July 10 VI July 10 Nov10 VII Dec 10 May10 VIII June 10 Oct 10 IX Oct 10 Dec 10 1 Oct 10 Dec 10 II Dec 10 Mar1 III Apr 1 July 1 IV Aug1 Nov1 V Nov 1 Jan 11 VI Jan 11 July 11 VII Aug11 Jan 11 VIII Feb 11 Aug11 IX Aug11 Oce 11 I Aug11 Oct 11 II Oct 11 Jan 11 III Feb 11 May11 IV Junell Sep 11 V Sep 11 Nov11 VI Nov11 Dec 11 VII Jan 11 VIII Feb 11 Mar11 IX Mar11 May11 I Mar11 May 11 II May 11 July 11 III Aug11 Nov11 IV Dec 11 Feb 0 V Feb 0 Apr 0 VI Apr 0 Aug0 VII Sep 0 Dec 0 VIII Jan 1 May1 IX May1 July 1 " from b (taos)

6 DIViSION OF REFERENCE CYCLES 1 TABLE Al Continued Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Nine Stages, Four Countries from Stage Period covere& " (mos) I May1 July 1 II July 1 July 1 0 III Aug Sep 1 1 IV Oct Oct 1 1 V Oct Dec 0 VI Dec May VII June Dec VIII Jan June IX June Aug I June Aug II Aug Sep 1 III Oct Dec IV Jan Feb V Feb Apr VI Apr Sep VII Oct Feb VIII Mar Aug IX Aug Oct Great Britain Continued frcim Stage Period covered stag&' (mos) I Aug Oct II Oct Dec 0 III Jan Mar 0 IV Apr June 0 V June Aug 0 VI Aug July 10 VII Aug10 July 11 0 VIII Aug11 July ' 0 IX July Sep I July Sep II Sep Apr1 0 III May 1 Dec IV Jan 1 Aug V Aug1 Oct 1 VI Oct 1 Jan 1 VII Feb 1 Apr 1 VIII May1 Aug1 IX Aug1 Oct 1 France - I Nov1 Jan 1 II Jan 1 July 1 III Aug1 Mar1 IV Apr 1 Oct 1 V Oct 1 Dec 1 VI Dec 1 Feb 1 0 VII Marl June 1 VIII July 1 Sep 1 IX Sep 1 Nov1 0 I Sep 1 Nov1 II Nov1 May1 III June 1 Dec 1 0 IV Jan July 0 V July Sep VI Sep Feb VII Mar July VIII Aug Jan IX Jan Mar I Jan Mar II Mar Aug III Sep Feb 1 0 IV Mar1 Aug1 0 V Aug1 Oct 1 VI Oct 1 Aug 1 it 0 VII Sep 1 Aug1 VIII Sep 1 July 1 IX July 1 Sep 1 0 I July 1 Sep 1 II Sep 1 Feb 1 III Mar1 Sep 1 IV Oct 1 Mar1 V Mar1 May 1 VI May1 Sep 1 0 VII Oct 1 Mar1 VIII Apr 1 Aug1 IX Aug1 Oct 1 0 I Aug1 Oct 1 II Oct 1 June 0 III July Feb IV Mar Nov V Nov Jan 0 VI Jan Oct 1 VII Nov1 Sep 1 VIII Oct 1 July 1 IX July 1 Sep 1 I July 1 Sep 1 II Sep 1 Sep III Oct 1 Nov1 1 1 IV Dec 1 Dec V Dec 10 Feb 11 0 VI Feb 11 May 1 VII June Aug1 1 1 VIII Sep 1 Dec IX Dec 1 Feb 1 I Dec1 Feb1 II Feb 1 Sep 1 0 III Oct 1 June IV July 1 Feb V Feb 100 Apr 100 VI Apr 100 Jan 101 VII Feb 101 Oct 101 VIII Nov101 Aug10 IX Aug10 Oct 10 I Aug10 Oct 10 II Oct 10 Nov10 1 III Dec 10 Feb 10 IV Mar10 Apr 10 V Apr 10 June10 1 VI JunelO Oct 10 0 VII Nov10 Apr 10 VIII May 10 Sep 10 IX Sep 10 Nov10 0

7 1 APPENDIX A TABLE Al Continued Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Nine Stages, Four Countries from from Stage Period coveredui itage Stage Period covereda lfl b fl h (mos) (mos) 1 Sep 10 Nov10 II Nov10 Sep 10 0 ILl Oct 10 july 10 IV ;Aug10 June10 v June 10 Aug 10 0 VI Aug10 Jan 10 VII Feb 10 July 10 VIII Aug10 Jan 10 IX 10 Mar10 France Continued 0 0 I rjan 10 Mar10 II Mar10 July III Aug1 Dec LV Jan 1 May V 11 July 11 0 VI July 11 Oct 11 VII Nov11 Mar11 VIII Apr 11 July 11 IX 11 Sep 11 I 11 Sep 11 II Sep 11 Nov III Dec 11 Feb IV Mar11 May V May 11 July 11 0 VI July 11 Sep 11 0 VII Oct11 Dec11 0 VIII Jan 11 Mar11 0 IX Mar11 May11 0 I Mar11 May11 II May11 Sep 11 0 III Oct 11 lvlar0 (a IV Apr 0 Aug0 V Aug0 Oct 0 0 VI Oct 0 Dec 0 0 VII Jan 1 Mar1 0 VIII Apr 1 June 1 0 IX Junell Aug1 0 I Junell Aug1 II Aug1 Aug 1 0 III Sep Aug IV Sep Sep 1 V Sep Nov 0 VI Nov Dec 1 VII Jan Mar VIII Apr May IX May july 1 I II July May 0 III June Mar IV Apr Feb 10 V Feb10 Apr10 0 VI Apr 10 Dec 10 0 VII Jan 11 Sep 11 0 VIII Oct 11 June 0 IX June Aug 0 I June Aug II Aug Nov III Dee Feb 1 IV Mar1 June 1 V June 1 Aug 1 VI Aug1 Feb 1 VII Mar1 Aug1 VIII Sep 1 Mar1 IX Mar1 May 1 I Mar1 May 1 II May 1 Dec 1 III Jan 1 Sep 1 IV Oct 1 May 1 V May 1 July 1 VI July 1 Oct VII Nov 1 Mar1 VIII Apr 1 July 1 IX July 1 Sep 1 I May July II July Nov 0 III Dec Apr 0 IV May Sep 0 V Sep Nov 0 VI Nov Dec 1 VII Jan Mar VIII Apr May, IX May July 1

8 DIVISION OF REFERENCE CYCLES 1 TABLE Al Continued Division of Monthly Reference Cycles in Nine Stages, Four Countries from from Stage Period covered Stage Period covered " b (mos) (moo) I Jan 1 Mar1 II Mar1 Jan 0 III Feb Jan IV Feb Dec V Dec Feb 0 VI Feb July 1 1 VII Aug1 jan VIII Feb 1 July IX July 1 Sep 1 I July 1 Sep 1 II Sep 1 Sep III Oct1 Nov1 1 1 IV Dec 1 Dec V Dec1 Feb 10 0 VI Feb 10 Sep 11 0 VII Oct 11 May VIII june1 Jan IX Jan 1 Mar1 1 Jan 1 Mar1 II Mar1 Oct 1 0 III Nov 1 June IV July 1 Feb V Feb 100-Apr 100 VI Apr 100 Nov 100 VII Dec 100 June 101 VIII July 101 Feb 10 IX Feb 10 Apr 10 1 Feb 10 Apr 10 0 II III Apr 10 Aug 10 Sep 10 Feb 10 IV Mar10 July 10 V July 10 Sep 10 0 VI Sep 10 Feb 10 VII Mar10 July 10 VIII Aug10 Jan 10 IX Jan 10 Mar10 I Jan 10 Mar10 II Mar10 Nov10 0 III Dec10 Sep 10 IV Oct 10 June 10 V JunelO Aug10 0 VI Aug10 Dec 10 0 VII Jan 10 JunelO VIII July 10 Nov10 IX NovI0 Jan 10 0 I Nov10 Jan 10 II Jan 10 May III June 1 Oct IV Nov1 Mar V Mar11 May11 0 VI May11 Sep 11 0 VII Oct 11 Feb 11,0 VIII Mar11-July 11 0 IX July 11 Sep 11 0 Germany I July 11 Sep 11,0 Dec 11 Feb IV Mar11 May V May 11 July 11 0 II III Sep 11 Nov11 1 VI July 11 Oct 11 VII Nov11 jan 11 VIII Feb 11 May 11 IX May 11 July 11 I May11 july 11 II July 11 May 0 0 III JunelO May1 IV Junell Apr V Apr june 0 VI june Nov VII Dcc Apr VIII May Oct IX Oct Dec I Oct Dec II Dec Apr 0 III May Sep 0 IV Oct Feb 0 V Feb Apr 0 VI Apr july VII Aug Oct VIII Nov Feb IX Feb Apr I Feb Apr II Apr Mar III Apr Mar 0 IV AprI Mar 0 V Mar May VI MayI May VII JunelO Junell 1 10 VIII July 11 July 1 10 IX July Sep 0 'Inclusive of the dates given is, from the midpoint of the preceding the midpoint of the given

9 1 APPENDIX A TABLE A Average between Reference-cycle Stages during Selected Periods United States Average interval in between s Period covered reference cycles [-II It-LIt Ill-tV tv-v V-Vt VI-VII viiv1iiivi1i-ix Trough first First middle Expansion Middle last Last peak Peak Contraction First middle Middle last Last trough Average duration of cycles in (turn of av intervals) I , -, 0 1 -, - -, -, i A , 0 - -, , - -,, S, J -, M A A A , Derived from Appendix Table Al, which shows intervals between successive s of the monthly reference cgclei