Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) Technology

Transcription

1 Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) Technology Kondo Gnanvo University of Virginia Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC, January 2018 Outline Introduction to Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) Overview of MPGDs in High Energy and Nuclear Physics Industrial & Medical Applications of MPGDs

2 Basics Principle of Gaseous Detectors Gas volume Cathode E drift Amplification / Avalanche Multiplication / Gain E drift Anode Energy loss to electromagnetic interaction: MIP 2 MeV / cm 2 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 2

3 Basics Principle of Gaseous Detectors Multi Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs) Charpak; Nobel Prize 1992 F. Sauli Limitation of MWPCs Limited multi-track separation: mechanical instabilities due to electrostatic repulsion - critical length of about 25 cm for 10µm wires and 1mm spacing Fast gain drop at high fluxes: field-distorting space charge accumulation due to the long time taken by the ions to clear the region of multiplication Aging: permanent damage of the structures after long exposure to radiation G. Charpak Performances of MWPCs: Fast Position Sensitive Devices High rate capability, Sub mm position accuracy Drift chambers as a variation of MWPCs Development of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) Overcome rate limitation of the MWPCs fast ions evacuation o Semiconductor technology: Photolithography, Etching, Lift-off, Coating, Doping, Pioneer: Micro Strip Gaseous Counter (MSGCs) [Oed (1988)] : Cathode strips and anode strips on the same substrate pitch ~ 100 μm Excellent spatial and high rate capability But high discharge rate impossible to operate in real experiment Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 3

4 polymi de Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM): Amplification Device Thin, metal-clad polymer foil chemically perforated by a high density of holes, typically 100/mm 2 Voltage of ~ 350 V across the Cu electrode creates a strong field in the hole leading to amplification The ionization pattern is preserved by design with the E field focusing the charges inside the holes UNIQUE FEATURE: Charge amplification is decoupled from the charge collection Allow multi-stage amplification F. Sauli, NIMA A386 (1997) 531 E Field lines Copp er Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 4

5 Micromegas: Small gap parallel plate detector Two-stage parallel-plate avalanche chamber of small amplification gap: Amplification in the ~100 μm gap between the mesh electrode and the anode Small gap, high field: fast movement of positive ions that are mostly collected on the mesh, small space-charge accumulation and very fast signals Optimum gap provides stable operation and minimizes gain variation from pressure-temperature variations and fluctuations due to gap variations Y. Giomataris, CEA-Irfu-France Y. Giomataris, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) Gap around 100 mm: small gap variations compensated by an inverse variation of amplification factor i.e. good uniformity and stability of response over a large area. Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 5

6 Micro Resistive Well Detector (µrwell) The µrwell is realized by coupling: 1. a suitable WELL patterned Kapton foil as amplification stage 2. a resistive stage for discharge suppression & current evacuation: 3. a standard readout PCB Combines the advantages of both GEMs & Micromegas Like Micromegas single amplification stage, thin structure, low material Like GEM Simple amplification stage it is similar to a GEM foil Unlike GEM and Micromegas, no stretching, flexible or rigid PCB Low cost MPGD detector Drift Cathode Cylinder µ-rwell Readout Cylinder Cylindrical µ-rwell in the central EIC tracking detector Fast hit information for the EIC detector design Low cost and simpler alternative to Micromegas Main challenge is the large area cylindrical detector IP Not to scale Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 6

7 Thick GEM (THGEMs) MPGDs: Solving MSGC problems Micro Gap Chambers Micro Wire Chamber Angelini F., NIMA 335:69 (1993) MicroWELL B. Adeva et al., NIMA 435 (1999) 402 MicroDot Micro Groove R. Bellazzini, NIMA 423 (1999) 125 m-pic Biagi SF, Jones TJ. NIM A361:72 (1995) Micro Gap Wire Chamber R. Bellazzini, NIMA 424 (1999) 444 Ochi et al NIMA 471 (2001) 264 NIMA 398 (1997) 195 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 7

8 M. Bianco, Mini RD51 week, 06/18\2014 Performances of MPGDs Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 8

9 E. Christy Tagged SF, JLAB 2014 D. Domenici INSTR2014, Novosibirsk M. Vandenbroucke, MPGD2015 Trieste, Italy T. Hemmick MPGD2017, Philadelphia Disk: Forward Tracker or TPC endcap MPGDs in all shape and forms TPC GEM readout, BNL Micromegas CLAS12 (Hall B, JLab) TOTEM LHC CERN Cylindrical: Central tracker or Radial TPC GEM: BoNuS rtpc in Hall JLab GEM Frascati, Micromegas CLAS12 (Hall B, JLab) Spherical GEM S. Pinto, Planispherical GEM F. Sauli, RD51 Coll. Meeting, Aveiro 2016 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 9

10 F. Kunne, 2006 IEEE NSS/MIC Conference Record CERN: Pioneer in MPGDs in large scale HEP experiments MICROMEGAS RELIABLE OPERATION in 2002 NO SIGN OF AGING UNIFORMITY OF TRACKING EFFICIENCY: (e > 95 %) THGEM GEM F. Tessarotto, MPGD2017, Philadelphia B. Ketzer et al, NIM A535 (2004) 314 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 10

11 MPGDs in LHC and Other CERN CMS (GEM) LHC TOTEM (GEM) LHC COMPASS (GEM, TGEM, micromegas upgrade) Compass (GEM, micromegas) GLACIER (LEM) NA48 (micromegas) ALICE (GEM) LHC LHCb (GEM) LHC LHCb (GEM) LHC CAST (micromegas) ATLAS (micromegas) CAST (InGrid) LHC DIRAC (MSGC-GEM) E. Oliveri, PH Detector Seminar MPGD, 04/11/2016 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 11

12 MPGDs in 12 GeV JLab GEMs for Super Bigbite Spectrometer (SBS) in Hall A Micromegas for CLAS12 (Hall B, JLab) Front Tracker (FT): Track of the recoil protons 6 GEM layers Back Tracker (BT): Polarimetry of the recoil protons 10 layers Total production of ~ 60 large GEM modules SBS Front Tracker layer MVT: Central and Forward Tracker But also: Past experiments: BoNUS, PRad in the past Future Experiments: SoLID, MOLLER, TDIS, BoNUS12, DarkLIGHT Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 12

13 Thick GEMs for COMPASS RICH1 PD Upgrade: MWPCs replaced by THGEMs + CsI + Micromegas Typical PARAMETERS: Diam. = 0.4 mm, Pitch = 0.8 mm Thick. = 0.4 mm, Rim = 10 μm Fast signal (ns), HV = 2kV: 10 5 atmospheric pressure MPGDs as Photon Detectors Cherenkov blobs e +e- pair opening angle Hadron Blind Detector (HBD), BNL R. Chechik, A. Breskin, C. Shalem GEM-like multipliers for large area UV-RICH detectors PCB Etching and drilling Simple and robust & cost effective Ring reconstruction Target E d ~0.1 kv/cm T. Hemmick, SoLID Coll. JLab 02/03/2012 HBD-like RICH (Generic R&D) F. Tessaroto, MPGD2015, Trieste, Italy, 10/12/2015 T. Hemmick, MPGD 1017, Temple Univ., 05/23/2017 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 13

14 the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Ongoing MPGD detector R&D for EIC (erd6 / erd3 / erd22) GEM readout for TPC / Cherenkov (TPC-C) (BNL) GEM, Micromegas & µrwell for Tracking (FIT, UVa, Temple U.) Hybrid THGEM + Micromegas for RICH detector (INFN Trieste) GEM readout for Short radiator length RICH; (Stony Brook Univ.) 3-D-coordinate GEM readout; (Yale Univ.) GEM-based Transition Radiation Detector for e-pid (JLab, UVa, Temple U.) JLEIC Design EIC User Group Meeting ANL 2016 Rik Yoshida Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 14

15 Application outside the field of HEP / NP Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 15

16 GEMs GEMs Muon Tomography with MPGDs: Homeland Security Decision Sciences Corp.: Multi-Mode Passive Detection System, Compact MT Station with GEMs (Florida Tech) GEMs MPGDs can be used instead of Drift Tubes detectors Large area capability Excellent spatial resolution (~ 100 µm) compact detector Low cost detector technologies GEMs Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 16 ~ 1 ft 3 M. Hohlmann

17 Muon Tomography with MPGDs ScanPyramids: Muography of Pyramid with Micromegas Plenty other potential applications: volcanology, archeology civil engineering, Etc S. Procureur - RD51 mini-week, CERN Dec 14, D Imaging of Nuclear Reactors Fukushima Daiichi reactors Haruo Miyadera: Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 17

18 Medical applications: Dose Monitoring in Hadrontherapy DOUBLE GEM WITH OPTICAL DETECTION OPTIGEM Detector: best beam at IU Cyclotron E. Seravalli et al, Phys. Med. Biol. 53(2008)4651 BEAM PROFILE A.V. Klyachko, Quarterly Phys. Rev., Vol. 3, Issue 3, Oct Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 18

19 Medical applications: Dose Monitoring in Hadrontherapy ARDENT Framework (Collaboration CERN & INFN Frascati) GEMPIX: Triple-GEM detector with Timepix electronics (no silicon sensor) The Bragg Peak compared with FLUKA simulation The GEMPix inserted in a Plexiglas box and attached to a 3D stage system inside a water phantom. The Gempix moved along the beam to measure the ionization produce inside the chamber. 40 positions for longitudinal scan; 30 images with 50 micron resolution was taken for each point. Image in 3 different positions of the detector F. Murtas Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 19

20 Summary MPGD technologies are playing an ever increasing role in the field of particle physics Micromegas, GEM and Thick GEMs are mature technologies successfully deployed in large scale High Energy and Nuclear Physics experiments over the last 10 years Significant progress in MPGD technologies, in particular the development of large area GEM, Micromegas, THGEMs RD51 Collaboration at the forefront of all the major breakthrough for MPGDs Development of new MPGD technologies such as the GridPix, µ-rwell or Cr-GEMs for the detector challenges of the future Nuclear Physics experiments such as the Electron Ion Collider Applications in medical imaging field and for Muon Tomography Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 20

21 Backup Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 21

22 Medical applications: Radiotherapy TRIPLE-GEM WITH MEDIPIX READOUT 256x256 pixels, 55x55 µm 2 Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 22

23 Basic principle of Muon Tomography Muon Tomography with MPGDs μ μ Incoming muons (from natural cosmic rays) μ μ Iron μ Uranium μ Note: Angles Exaggerated! Small Scattering Fe Small Scattering U Large Scattering Tracking detectors Large Scattering Multiple Coulomb Scattering to 1 st order produces Gaussian distribution of scattering angles θ with σ = Θ 0 : 13.6 MeV x 0 [ ln( x / X cp X 0 0 )] X 0 = g cm -2 A Z Z + 1 ln (287 Z) Tech Transfer CUA, Washington DC 23