Polarization Optics. N. Fressengeas
|
|
- Carmel Patrick
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Polarization Optics N. Fressengeas Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes Unité de Recherche commune à l Université de Lorraine et à Supélec Download this document from N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 1
2 Further reading [Hua94, GB94] A. Gerrard and J.M. Burch. Introduction to matrix methods in optics. Dover, S. Huard. Polarisation de la lumière. Masson, N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 2
3 Course Outline 1 The physics of polarization optics Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere 2 Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition 3 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 3
4 The vector nature of light Optical wave can be polarized, sound waves cannot Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere The scalar monochromatic plane wave The electric field reads: Acos(ωt kz ϕ) A vector monochromatic plane wave Electric field is orthogonal to wave and Poynting vectors Lies in the wave vector normal plane Needs 2 components E x = A x cos(ωt kz ϕ x ) E y = A y cos(ωt kz ϕ y ) N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 4
5 Linear and circular polarization states Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere In phase components ϕ y = ϕ x π/2 shift ϕ y = ϕ x ±π/ π shift ϕ y = ϕ x +π Left or Right N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 5
6 The elliptic polarization state The polarization state of ANY monochromatic wave Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere ϕ y ϕ x = ±π/4 1 Electric 0.5 field E x = A x cos(ωt kz ϕ x ) E y = A y cos(ωt kz ϕ y ) 4 real numbers A x,ϕ x A y,ϕ y 2 complex numbers -0.5 A x exp( ıϕ x ) A y exp( ıϕ y ) -1 N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 6
7 Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere Polarization states are vectors Monochromatic polarizations belong to a 2D vector space based on the Complex Ring ANY elliptic polarization state Two complex numbers A set of two ordered complex numbers is one 2D complex vector Canonical Basis ([ ] [ ]) 1 0, 0 1 Link with optics? These two vectors represent two polarization states We must decide which ones! Polarization Basis Two independent polarizations : Crossed Linear Reversed circular... YOUR choice N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 7
8 The physics of polarization optics Examples : Linear Polarizations Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere Canonical Basis Choice [ ] 1 : horizontal linear polarization 0 [ ] 0 : vertical linear polarization 1 Tilt [ ] cos(θ) sin(θ) θ Linear polarization Jones vector in a linear polarization basis Linear Polarization : two in phase components N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 8
9 Examples : Circular Polarizations In the same canonical basis choice : linear polarizations Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere ϕ y ϕ x = ±π/ Electric field E x = A x cos(ωt kz ϕ x ) E y = A y cos(ωt kz ϕ y ) Jones vector [ ] ± ı N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 9
10 About changing basis A polarization state Jones vector is basis dependent Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere Some elementary algebra The polarization vector space dimension is 2 Therefore : two non colinear vectors form a basis Any polarization state can be expressed as the sum of two non colinear other states Remark : two colinear polarization states are identical Homework Find the transformation matrix between between the two following bases : Horizontal and Vertical Linear Polarizations Right and Left Circular Polarizations N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 10
11 Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere Relationship between Jones and Poynting vectors Jones vectors also provide information about intensity Choose an orthonormal basis (J 1,J 2 ) Hermitian product is null : J 1 J 2 = 0 Each vector norm is unity : J 1 J 1 = J 2 J 2 = 1 Hermitian Norm is Intensity Simple calculations show that : If each Jones component is one complex electric field component The Hermitian norm is proportional to beam intensity N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 11
12 The Stokes parameters A set of 4 dependent real parameters that can be measured Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere P 0 Overall Intensity P 1 Intensity Différence P 0 = I P 1 = I x I y P 2 in a π/4 Tilted Basis P 3 in a Circular Basis P 2 = I π/4 I π/4 P 3 = I L I R N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 12
13 Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere Relationship between Jones and Stockes Sample Jones Vector [ ] 4 dependent parameters Ax exp(+ ıϕ/2) J = P A y exp( ıϕ/2) 0 2 = P2 1 +P2 2 +P2 3 P 0 P 2 P 0 = I = A 2 x +A 2 y Overall Intensity in a π/4 Tilted Basis J π/4 = 2 [ Ax e + ıϕ/2 +A y e ıϕ/2 A x e + ıϕ/2 +A y e ıϕ/2 P 2 = J x π/4 Jx π/4 Jy π/4 Jy π/4 = 2A x A y cos(ϕ) ] P 1 P 3 Intensity Difference P 1 = I x I y = A 2 x A 2 y in a Circular Basis [ J Cir = 1 Ax e + ıϕ/2 ıa y e ıϕ/2 ] 2 A x e + ıϕ/2 + ıa y e ıϕ/2 P 3 = J x Cir Jx Cir Jy Cir Jy Cir = 2A x A y sin(ϕ) N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 13
14 Polarization states Jones Calculus Stokes parameters and the Poincare Sphere The Poincare Sphere Polarization states can be described geometrically on a sphere Normalized Stokes parameters S i = P i /P 0 (S 1,S 2,S 3 ) on a unit radius sphere Unit Radius Sphere 3 i=1 S2 i = 1 General Polarisation Figures from [Hua94] N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 14
15 Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition A polarizer lets one component through Polarizer aligned with x : its action on two orthogonal polarizations [ ] [ ] 1 1 Lets through the linear polarization along x: 0 0 Blocks the linear polarization along y : [ ] 0 1 [ ] 0 0 x polarizer Jones matrix [ ] in this basis N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 15
16 Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition A quarter wave plate adds a π/2 phase shift Birefringent material: n 1 along x and n 2 along y Linear polarization along x: phase shift is ke = k 0 n 1 e Linear polarization along y: phase shift is ke = k 0 n 2 e Jones matrix [ ] e ık 0 n 1 e 0 0 e ık 0n 2 e = e ık 0n 1 e [ ] ± ı thickness e in this basis [ ] ± ı N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 16
17 Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition Eigen Polarizations Eigen polarization are polarizations that do not change upon propagation Eigen Vectors λ C M v = λv v isaneigenvector λisitseigenvalue Polarization unchanged J and λj describe the same polarization Intensity changes Handy basis A matrix is diagonal in its eigen basis Polarizer eigen basis is along its axes Bi-refringent plate eigen basis is along its axes Homework Find the eigen polarizations for an optically active material that rotates any linear polarisation by an angle φ N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 17
18 A polarizer in a rotated basis Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition In its eigen basis Eigen basis Jones matrix : P x = [ ] When transmitted polarization is θ tilted Change base through θ rotation Transformation Matrix [ ] cos(θ) sin(θ) R(θ) = sin(θ) cos(θ) P(θ) = R(θ) [ ] [ 1 0 cos R( θ) = 2 (θ) 0 0 sin(θ)cos(θ) ] sin(θ)cos(θ) sin 2 (θ) N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 18
19 Changing basis in the general case Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition Using the Transformation Matrix If basis B 1 is deduded from basis B 0 by transformation P : B 1 = PB 0 Jones Matrix is transformed using J 1 = P 1 J 0 P From linear to circular Optically [ Active media in ] a linear basis : cos(φ) sin(φ) J = sin(φ) cos(φ) Transformation Matrix to a circular basis P = [ ] e ıφ P 1 0 MP = 0 e ıφ [ ] 1 1 I ı example N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 19
20 Anisotropy can be linear and circular Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition Linear Anisotropy Orthogonal eigen linear polarizations Different index n 1 & n 2 Eigen Jones Matrix [ e ıθ Orthogonal linear polarisations basis ] Circular Anisotropy Orthogonal eigen Circular polarizations Different index n 1 & n 2 Eigen Jones Matrix [ e ıθ Orthogonal Circular basis Back to linear basis [ ( cos θ 2) sin ( )] θ 2 sin ( ( θ 2) cos θ ) 2 Optically Active media ] N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 20
21 Jones Matrices Examples Matrix, basis & eigen polarizations Jones Matrices Composition Jones Matrices Composition The Jones matrices of cascaded optical elements can be composed through Matrix multiplication Matrix composition If a J 0 incident light passes through M 1 and M 2 in that order First transmission: M 1J0 Second transmission: M 2 M 1J0 Composed Jones Matrix : M 2 M 1 Reversed order Beware of non commutativity Matrix product does not commute in general Think of the case of a linear anisotropy followed by optical activity in that order in the reverse order N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 21
22 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Stokes parameters for partially polarized light Generalize the coherent definition using the statistical average intensity Stokes Vector P 0 S = P 1 P 2 = P 3 I x +I y I x I y I π/4 I π/4 I L I R Polarization degree 0 p 1 P1 2 p = +P2 2 +P2 3 P 0 Stokes decomposition Polarized and depolarized sum P 0 pp 0 (1 p)p 0 S = P 1 P 2 = P 1 P = S P + S NP P 3 P 3 0 N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 22
23 The Jones Coherence Matrix Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Jones Vectors are out They describe phase differences Meaningless when not monochromatic Jones Coherence Matrix If [ Ax J = (t)e ıϕx(t) ] A (t)e ıϕy(t) y Γ ij = J i (t) J j (t) Γ = J(t) J(t) t Coherence Matrix: explicit formulation [ A Γ = x (t) 2 A x (t)a (t)e ı(ϕx ϕy) ] y A x (t)a y (t)e ı(ϕx ϕy) A y (t) 2 N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 23
24 Jones Coherence Matrix: properties Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Trace is Intensity Tr(Γ) = I Base change Relationship with Stokes parameters P Γ xx P 1 P 2 = Γ yy Γ xy P ı ı Γ yx Inverse relationship Γ xx P 0 Γ yy Γ xy = P ı P 2 Γ yx ı P 3 P 1 ΓP Transformation P from definition N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 24
25 Coherence Matrix: further properties Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Polarization degree p = P 2 1 +P2 2 +P2 3 P 2 0 = 1 4(ΓxxΓyy ΓxyΓyx) = 1 4Det(Γ) (Γ xx+γ yy) 2 Tr(Γ) 2 Γ Decomposition in polarized and depolarized components Γ = Γ P +Γ NP Find Γ P and Γ NP using the relationship with the Stokes parameters N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 25
26 Propagation of the Coherence Matrix Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Jones Calculus If incoming polarization is J(t) Output one is J (t) = M J(t) Coherence Matrix if M is unitary M unitary means : linear and/or circular anisotropy only Γ = J (t) J (t) t Γ = M J(t) J(t) t M 1 Basis change Polarization degree Unaltered for unitary operators Tr and Det are unaltered Not the case if a polarizer is present : p becomes 1 N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 26
27 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Mueller Calculus Propagating the Jones coherence matrix is difficult if the operator is not unitary Jones Calculus raises some difficulties Coherence matrix OK for partially polarized light Propagation through unitary optical devices Hard Times if Polarizers are present The Stokes parameters may be an alternative (linear or circular anisotropy only) Describing intensity, they can be readily measurered We will show they can be propagated using 4 4 real matrices They are the Mueller matrices N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 27
28 The projection on a polarization state Matrix of the polarizer with axis parallel to V Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices V Projection on V in Jones Basis Orthogonal Linear Polarizations Basis: X and Y Normed Projection Base Vector : V = Ax e ıϕ 2 X +Ay e ıϕ 2 Y P V V t V = 1 P V = V V t a a Easy to check in the projection eigen basis N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 28
29 The Pauli Matrices The physics of polarization optics Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices A base for the 4D 2 2 matrix vector space [ ] [ ] [ ] σ 0 =,σ =,σ =,σ = P V decomposition P V = 1 2 (p 0σ 0 +p 1 σ 1 +p 2 σ 2 +p 3 σ 3 ) [ ] 0 ı ı 0 N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 29
30 P V composition and Trace property Trace is the eigen values sum Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Projection property V t σj V = ( V t V ) V t σj V = V t ( V V t ) σ j V = V t PV σ j V Projection Trace in its eigen basis P V eigenvalues : 0 & 1 Tr(P V ) = 1 P V σ j eigenvalues : 0 & α α 1 Tr(P V σ j ) = α P V σ j eigenvectors are the same as P V : V associated to eigenvalue α Project the projection V t PV σ j V = α = Tr(PV σ j ) = V t σ j V N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 30
31 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices P V Pauli components and physical meaning Express p i as a function of V and the Pauli matrices, then find their signification V t σj V = Tr(PV σ j ) Tr(σ i σ j ) = 2δ ij t V σjv = Tr(PV σ j ) = 1 2 i Tr(σ iσ j )p i = 1 2 i 2δ ijp i = p j Project the base vectors on V Using V = A x e ıϕ 2 X +Ay e ıϕ 2 Y P V X = A 2 x X +Ax A y e ıϕ Y P V Y = A 2 y Y +Ax A y e ıϕ X Using the P V decomposition on the Pauli Basis P V X = 1 2 (p 0 +p 1 ) X (p 2 + ıp 3 ) Y P V Y = 1 2 (p 0 p 1 ) Y (p 2 ıp 3 ) X Identify N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 31
32 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices P V Pauli composition and Stokes parameters Stokes parameters as P V decomposition on the Pauli base p 0 = P 0 = A 2 x A 2 y = I x I y p 1 = P 1 = A 2 x A 2 y = I x I y p 2 = P 2 = 2A x A y cos(ϕ) = I π/4 I π/4 p 3 = P 3 = 2A x A y sin(ϕ) = I L I R N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 32
33 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Propagating through devices: Mueller matrices V = M J V Projection on V P V = V V t = M J V V t MJ t = M J P V M J t Trace relationship ) P i = Tr(P V σ i ) = Tr (M J P V M t J σ i = ) 3 j=0 (M Tr J σ j M t J σ i P j 1 2 Mueller matrix (M M ) ij = 1 2 Tr ( M J σ j M J t σ i ) S = M M S N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 33
34 Formalisms used Propagation through optical devices Mueller matrices and partially polarized light Time average of the previous study Mueller matrices are time independent S = M M S Mueller calculus can be extended to... Partially coherent light Cascaded optical devices Final homework Find the Mueller matrix of each : Polarizers along eigen axis or θ tilted half and quarter wave plates linearly and circularly birefringent crystal N. Fressengeas Polarization Optics, version 2.0, frame 34
UE SPM-PHY-S Polarization Optics
UE SPM-PHY-S07-101 Polarization Optics N. Fressengeas Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes Unité de Recherche commune à l Université Paul Verlaine Metz et à Supélec Document à télécharger
More informationCHAPTER 1. Polarisation
CHAPTER 1 Polarisation This report was prepared by Abhishek Dasgupta and Arijit Haldar based on notes in Dr. Ananda Dasgupta s Electromagnetism III class Topics covered in this chapter are the Jones calculus,
More informationJones calculus for optical system
2/14/17 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6 1 Jones calculus for optical system T. Johnson Key concepts in the course so far What is meant by an electro-magnetic response? What characterises
More informationQuarter wave plates and Jones calculus for optical system
2/11/16 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6 1 Quarter wave plates and Jones calculus for optical system T. Johnson 2/11/16 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6
More informationChapter 4: Polarization of light
Chapter 4: Polarization of light 1 Preliminaries and definitions B E Plane-wave approximation: E(r,t) ) and B(r,t) are uniform in the plane ^ k We will say that light polarization vector is along E(r,t)
More informationPolarized and unpolarised transverse waves, with applications to optical systems
2/16/17 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6 1 Polarized and unpolarised transverse waves, with applications to optical systems T. Johnson 2/16/17 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive
More informationLecture 5: Polarization. Polarized Light in the Universe. Descriptions of Polarized Light. Polarizers. Retarders. Outline
Lecture 5: Polarization Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Descriptions of Polarized Light 3 Polarizers 4 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Leiden University, keller@strw.leidenuniv.nl ATI 2016,
More informationMATH 423 Linear Algebra II Lecture 33: Diagonalization of normal operators.
MATH 423 Linear Algebra II Lecture 33: Diagonalization of normal operators. Adjoint operator and adjoint matrix Given a linear operator L on an inner product space V, the adjoint of L is a transformation
More informationBrewster Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Lecture 4: Polarization Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Brewster Angle and Total Internal Reflection 3 Descriptions of Polarized Light 4 Polarizers 5 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Utrecht
More informationBrewster Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Lecture 5: Polarization Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Brewster Angle and Total Internal Reflection 3 Descriptions of Polarized Light 4 Polarizers 5 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Leiden University,
More informationIntroduction to Polarization
Phone: Ext 659, E-mail: hcchui@mail.ncku.edu.tw Fall/007 Introduction to Polarization Text Book: A Yariv and P Yeh, Photonics, Oxford (007) 1.6 Polarization States and Representations (Stokes Parameters
More informationPolarization. Polarization. Physics Waves & Oscillations 4/3/2016. Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones. Two problems to be considered today:
4/3/26 Physics 422 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 34 Polarization of Light Spring 26 Semester Matthew Jones Polarization (,)= cos (,)= cos + Unpolarizedlight: Random,, Linear polarization: =,± Circular polarization:
More informationMatrices in Polarization Optics. Polarized Light - Its Production and Analysis
Matrices in Polarization Optics Polarized Light - Its Production and Analysis For all electromagnetic radiation, the oscillating components of the electric and magnetic fields are directed at right angles
More informationPolarized Light. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. Dennis Goldstein Air Force Research Laboratory Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, U.S.A.
Polarized Light Second Edition, Revised and Expanded Dennis Goldstein Air Force Research Laboratory Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, U.S.A. ш DEK KER MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK BASEL Contents Preface to
More informationOrthogonalization Properties of Linear Deterministic Polarization Elements
Orthogonalization Properties of Linear Deterministic Polarization Elements Sergey N. Savenkov and Yaroslav V. Aulin* Quantum adiophysics Department, adiophysics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University
More informationChap. 5. Jones Calculus and Its Application to Birefringent Optical Systems
Chap. 5. Jones Calculus and Its Application to Birefringent Optical Systems - The overall optical transmission through many optical components such as polarizers, EO modulators, filters, retardation plates.
More informationChap. 2. Polarization of Optical Waves
Chap. 2. Polarization of Optical Waves 2.1 Polarization States - Direction of the Electric Field Vector : r E = E xˆ + E yˆ E x x y ( ω t kz + ϕ ), E = E ( ωt kz + ϕ ) = E cos 0 x cos x y 0 y - Role :
More informationPMARIZED LI6HT FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS EBWABD COLLETT. Measurement Concepts, Inc. Colts Neck, New Jersey
PMARIZED LI6HT FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS EBWABD COLLETT Measurement Concepts, Inc. Colts Neck, New Jersey Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York Basel Hong Kong About the Series Preface A Historical Note iii
More information17. Jones Matrices & Mueller Matrices
7. Jones Matrices & Mueller Matrices Jones Matrices Rotation of coordinates - the rotation matrix Stokes Parameters and unpolarized light Mueller Matrices R. Clark Jones (96-24) Sir George G. Stokes (89-93)
More informationLinear Algebra: Matrix Eigenvalue Problems
CHAPTER8 Linear Algebra: Matrix Eigenvalue Problems Chapter 8 p1 A matrix eigenvalue problem considers the vector equation (1) Ax = λx. 8.0 Linear Algebra: Matrix Eigenvalue Problems Here A is a given
More information4: birefringence and phase matching
/3/7 4: birefringence and phase matching Polarization states in EM Linear anisotropic response χ () tensor and its symmetry properties Working with the index ellipsoid: angle tuning Phase matching in crystals
More informationJones vector & matrices
Jones vector & matrices Department of Physics 1 Matrix treatment of polarization Consider a light ray with an instantaneous E-vector as shown y E k, t = xe x (k, t) + ye y k, t E y E x x E x = E 0x e i
More informationPolarization degree fading during propagation of partially coherent light through retarders
OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW 3(), 7 76 7 th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics Applications Polarization degree fading during propagation of partially coherent light through retarders A.W. DOMAÑSKI
More information4. Two-level systems. 4.1 Generalities
4. Two-level systems 4.1 Generalities 4. Rotations and angular momentum 4..1 Classical rotations 4.. QM angular momentum as generator of rotations 4..3 Example of Two-Level System: Neutron Interferometry
More informationOPTICS LAB -ECEN 5606
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder OPTICS LAB -ECEN 5606 Kelvin Wagner KW&K.Y. Wu 1994 KW&S.Kim 2007 Experiment No. 12 POLARIZATION and CRYSTAL OPTICS 1
More informationEigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Sec. 6.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Linear transformations L : V V that go from a vector space to itself are often called linear operators. Many linear operators can be understood geometrically by identifying
More information3.4 Elliptical Parameters of the Polarization Ellipse References
Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition A Historical Note Edward Collett iii v xiii PART 1: THE CLASSICAL OPTICAL FIELD Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Introduction
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF POLARIZED LIGHT
FUNDAMENTALS OF POLARIZED LIGHT A STATISTICAL OPTICS APPROACH Christian Brosseau University of Brest, France A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York - Chichester. Weinheim. Brisbane
More informationLinear Algebra Review. Vectors
Linear Algebra Review 9/4/7 Linear Algebra Review By Tim K. Marks UCSD Borrows heavily from: Jana Kosecka http://cs.gmu.edu/~kosecka/cs682.html Virginia de Sa (UCSD) Cogsci 8F Linear Algebra review Vectors
More informationAppendix A. Vector addition: - The sum of two vectors is another vector that also lie in the space:
Tor Kjellsson Stockholm University Appendix A A.1 Q. Consider the ordinary vectors in 3 dimensions (a x î+a y ĵ+a zˆk), with complex components. Do the following subsets constitute a vector space? If so,
More informationMath Bootcamp An p-dimensional vector is p numbers put together. Written as. x 1 x =. x p
Math Bootcamp 2012 1 Review of matrix algebra 1.1 Vectors and rules of operations An p-dimensional vector is p numbers put together. Written as x 1 x =. x p. When p = 1, this represents a point in the
More informationIntroduction to Matrix Algebra
Introduction to Matrix Algebra August 18, 2010 1 Vectors 1.1 Notations A p-dimensional vector is p numbers put together. Written as x 1 x =. x p. When p = 1, this represents a point in the line. When p
More informationWeek Quadratic forms. Principal axes theorem. Text reference: this material corresponds to parts of sections 5.5, 8.2,
Math 051 W008 Margo Kondratieva Week 10-11 Quadratic forms Principal axes theorem Text reference: this material corresponds to parts of sections 55, 8, 83 89 Section 41 Motivation and introduction Consider
More informationSymmetric and anti symmetric matrices
Symmetric and anti symmetric matrices In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. Formally, matrix A is symmetric if. A = A Because equal matrices have equal
More informationPolarimetry in the E-ELT era. Polarized Light in the Universe. Descriptions of Polarized Light. Polarizers. Retarders. Fundamentals of Polarized Light
Polarimetry in the E-ELT era Fundamentals of Polarized Light 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Descriptions of Polarized Light 3 Polarizers 4 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Leiden University, keller@strw.leidenuniv.nl
More informationMatrix description of wave propagation and polarization
Chapter Matrix description of wave propagation and polarization Contents.1 Electromagnetic waves................................... 1. Matrix description of wave propagation in linear systems..............
More informationPh.D. Katarína Bellová Page 1 Mathematics 2 (10-PHY-BIPMA2) EXAM - Solutions, 20 July 2017, 10:00 12:00 All answers to be justified.
PhD Katarína Bellová Page 1 Mathematics 2 (10-PHY-BIPMA2 EXAM - Solutions, 20 July 2017, 10:00 12:00 All answers to be justified Problem 1 [ points]: For which parameters λ R does the following system
More informationTypical anisotropies introduced by geometry (not everything is spherically symmetric) temperature gradients magnetic fields electrical fields
Lecture 6: Polarimetry 1 Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Fundamentals of Polarized Light 3 Descriptions of Polarized Light Polarized Light in the Universe Polarization indicates anisotropy
More informationIntroduction to Quantum Information Processing QIC 710 / CS 768 / PH 767 / CO 681 / AM 871
Introduction to Quantum Information Processing QIC 710 / CS 768 / PH 767 / CO 681 / AM 871 Lecture 9 (2017) Jon Yard QNC 3126 jyard@uwaterloo.ca http://math.uwaterloo.ca/~jyard/qic710 1 More state distinguishing
More informationPhysics 221A Fall 2005 Homework 8 Due Thursday, October 27, 2005
Physics 22A Fall 2005 Homework 8 Due Thursday, October 27, 2005 Reading Assignment: Sakurai pp. 56 74, 87 95, Notes 0, Notes.. The axis ˆn of a rotation R is a vector that is left invariant by the action
More informationWaves in Linear Optical Media
1/53 Waves in Linear Optical Media Sergey A. Ponomarenko Dalhousie University c 2009 S. A. Ponomarenko Outline Plane waves in free space. Polarization. Plane waves in linear lossy media. Dispersion relations
More information1. Matrix multiplication and Pauli Matrices: Pauli matrices are the 2 2 matrices. 1 0 i 0. 0 i
Problems in basic linear algebra Science Academies Lecture Workshop at PSGRK College Coimbatore, June 22-24, 2016 Govind S. Krishnaswami, Chennai Mathematical Institute http://www.cmi.ac.in/~govind/teaching,
More informationAlgebra I Fall 2007
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 18.701 Algebra I Fall 007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 18.701 007 Geometry of the Special Unitary
More information1 Readings. 2 Unitary Operators. C/CS/Phys C191 Unitaries and Quantum Gates 9/22/09 Fall 2009 Lecture 8
C/CS/Phys C191 Unitaries and Quantum Gates 9//09 Fall 009 Lecture 8 1 Readings Benenti, Casati, and Strini: Classical circuits and computation Ch.1.,.6 Quantum Gates Ch. 3.-3.4 Kaye et al: Ch. 1.1-1.5,
More informationChapter 9 - Polarization
Chapter 9 - Polarization Gabriel Popescu University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Beckman Institute Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory http://light.ece.uiuc.edu Principles of Optical Imaging Electrical
More informationThe Stern-Gerlach experiment and spin
The Stern-Gerlach experiment and spin Experiments in the early 1920s discovered a new aspect of nature, and at the same time found the simplest quantum system in existence. In the Stern-Gerlach experiment,
More informationEXERCISES ON DETERMINANTS, EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS. 1. Determinants
EXERCISES ON DETERMINANTS, EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS. Determinants Ex... Let A = 0 4 4 2 0 and B = 0 3 0. (a) Compute 0 0 0 0 A. (b) Compute det(2a 2 B), det(4a + B), det(2(a 3 B 2 )). 0 t Ex..2. For
More informationQM and Angular Momentum
Chapter 5 QM and Angular Momentum 5. Angular Momentum Operators In your Introductory Quantum Mechanics (QM) course you learned about the basic properties of low spin systems. Here we want to review that
More informationMATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 20: The Gram-Schmidt process (continued). Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 20: The Gram-Schmidt process (continued). Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Orthogonal sets Let V be a vector space with an inner product. Definition. Nonzero vectors v 1,v
More informationON THE SINGULAR DECOMPOSITION OF MATRICES
An. Şt. Univ. Ovidius Constanţa Vol. 8, 00, 55 6 ON THE SINGULAR DECOMPOSITION OF MATRICES Alina PETRESCU-NIŢǍ Abstract This paper is an original presentation of the algorithm of the singular decomposition
More information33AH, WINTER 2018: STUDY GUIDE FOR FINAL EXAM
33AH, WINTER 2018: STUDY GUIDE FOR FINAL EXAM (UPDATED MARCH 17, 2018) The final exam will be cumulative, with a bit more weight on more recent material. This outline covers the what we ve done since the
More informationLinear Algebra. Workbook
Linear Algebra Workbook Paul Yiu Department of Mathematics Florida Atlantic University Last Update: November 21 Student: Fall 2011 Checklist Name: A B C D E F F G H I J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 xxx xxx xxx
More informationMath Homework 8 (selected problems)
Math 102 - Homework 8 (selected problems) David Lipshutz Problem 1. (Strang, 5.5: #14) In the list below, which classes of matrices contain A and which contain B? 1 1 1 1 A 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 and B 1 1 1
More informationDEGREE OF POLARIZATION VS. POINCARÉ SPHERE COVERAGE - WHICH IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE PDL ACCURATELY?
DEGREE OF POLARIZATION VS. POINCARÉ SPHERE COVERAGE - WHICH IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE PDL ACCURATELY? DEGREE OF POLARIZATION VS. POINCARE SPHERE COVERAGE - WHICH IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE PDL ACCURATELY? Introduction
More informationMathematical foundations - linear algebra
Mathematical foundations - linear algebra Andrea Passerini passerini@disi.unitn.it Machine Learning Vector space Definition (over reals) A set X is called a vector space over IR if addition and scalar
More informationFundamentals of Matrices
Maschinelles Lernen II Fundamentals of Matrices Christoph Sawade/Niels Landwehr/Blaine Nelson Tobias Scheffer Matrix Examples Recap: Data Linear Model: f i x = w i T x Let X = x x n be the data matrix
More informationPart IA. Vectors and Matrices. Year
Part IA Vectors and Matrices Year 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2018 Paper 1, Section I 1C Vectors and Matrices For z, w C define the principal value of z w. State de Moivre s
More informationQuantum Computing Lecture 2. Review of Linear Algebra
Quantum Computing Lecture 2 Review of Linear Algebra Maris Ozols Linear algebra States of a quantum system form a vector space and their transformations are described by linear operators Vector spaces
More informationQuantum Information & Quantum Computing
Math 478, Phys 478, CS4803, February 9, 006 1 Georgia Tech Math, Physics & Computing Math 478, Phys 478, CS4803 Quantum Information & Quantum Computing Problems Set 1 Due February 9, 006 Part I : 1. Read
More informationC/CS/Phys 191 Quantum Gates and Universality 9/22/05 Fall 2005 Lecture 8. a b b d. w. Therefore, U preserves norms and angles (up to sign).
C/CS/Phys 191 Quantum Gates and Universality 9//05 Fall 005 Lecture 8 1 Readings Benenti, Casati, and Strini: Classical circuits and computation Ch.1.,.6 Quantum Gates Ch. 3.-3.4 Universality Ch. 3.5-3.6
More informationWave Propagation in Uniaxial Media. Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces
Lecture 5: Crystal Optics Outline 1 Homogeneous, Anisotropic Media 2 Crystals 3 Plane Waves in Anisotropic Media 4 Wave Propagation in Uniaxial Media 5 Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces Christoph
More informationProperties of Linear Transformations from R n to R m
Properties of Linear Transformations from R n to R m MATH 322, Linear Algebra I J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2015 Topic Overview Relationship between the properties of a matrix transformation
More informationHomework 3. 1 Coherent Control [22 pts.] 1.1 State vector vs Bloch vector [8 pts.]
Homework 3 Contact: jangi@ethz.ch Due date: December 5, 2014 Nano Optics, Fall Semester 2014 Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich www.photonics.ethz.ch 1 Coherent Control [22 pts.] In the first part of this
More informationQuantization of the Spins
Chapter 5 Quantization of the Spins As pointed out already in chapter 3, the external degrees of freedom, position and momentum, of an ensemble of identical atoms is described by the Scödinger field operator.
More informationOrientational Kerr effect in liquid crystal ferroelectrics and modulation of partially polarized light
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Orientational Kerr effect in liquid crystal ferroelectrics and modulation of partially polarized light To cite this article: Alexei D. Kiselev et
More informationCP3 REVISION LECTURES VECTORS AND MATRICES Lecture 1. Prof. N. Harnew University of Oxford TT 2013
CP3 REVISION LECTURES VECTORS AND MATRICES Lecture 1 Prof. N. Harnew University of Oxford TT 2013 1 OUTLINE 1. Vector Algebra 2. Vector Geometry 3. Types of Matrices and Matrix Operations 4. Determinants
More informationReview of Linear Algebra
Review of Linear Algebra Definitions An m n (read "m by n") matrix, is a rectangular array of entries, where m is the number of rows and n the number of columns. 2 Definitions (Con t) A is square if m=
More information2. Review of Linear Algebra
2. Review of Linear Algebra ECE 83, Spring 217 In this course we will represent signals as vectors and operators (e.g., filters, transforms, etc) as matrices. This lecture reviews basic concepts from linear
More information1 Matrices and vector spaces
Matrices and vector spaces. Which of the following statements about linear vector spaces are true? Where a statement is false, give a counter-example to demonstrate this. (a) Non-singular N N matrices
More informationTHE JONES-MUELLER TRANSFORMATION CARLOS HUNTE
Printed ISSN 33 8 Online ISSN 333 95 CD ISSN 333 839 CODEN FIZAE4 THE JONES-MUELLER TRANSFORMATION CARLOS HUNTE University of The West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, The Department of Computer Science, Mathematics
More informationEE5120 Linear Algebra: Tutorial 7, July-Dec Covers sec 5.3 (only powers of a matrix part), 5.5,5.6 of GS
EE5 Linear Algebra: Tutorial 7, July-Dec 7-8 Covers sec 5. (only powers of a matrix part), 5.5,5. of GS. Prove that the eigenvectors corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthonormal for unitary matrices.
More informationMathematical foundations - linear algebra
Mathematical foundations - linear algebra Andrea Passerini passerini@disi.unitn.it Machine Learning Vector space Definition (over reals) A set X is called a vector space over IR if addition and scalar
More information16. More About Polarization
16. More About Polarization Polarization control Wave plates Circular polarizers Reflection & polarization Scattering & polarization Birefringent materials have more than one refractive index A special
More informationPOLARIZATION OF LIGHT
POLARIZATION OF LIGHT OVERALL GOALS The Polarization of Light lab strongly emphasizes connecting mathematical formalism with measurable results. It is not your job to understand every aspect of the theory,
More informationReference Optics by Hecht
Reference Optics by Hecht EquationOfEllipse.nb Optics 55 - James C. Wyant Equation of Ellipse e x = a x Cos@k -wtd e y = a y Cos@k -wt +fd FullSimplifyA i k e x y þþþþþþþ a x { Sin@fD Therefore, i e x
More informationLecture 10: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues (Numerical Recipes, Chapter 11)
Lecture 1: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues (Numerical Recipes, Chapter 11) The eigenvalue problem, Ax= λ x, occurs in many, many contexts: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, optics 22 Eigenvectors and
More informationFoundations of Matrix Analysis
1 Foundations of Matrix Analysis In this chapter we recall the basic elements of linear algebra which will be employed in the remainder of the text For most of the proofs as well as for the details, the
More informationA Lie Group. These notes introduce SU(2) as an example of a compact Lie group. SU(2) = { A A a 2 2 complex matrix,deta = 1,AA = A A = 1l }
A Lie Group The Definition These notes introduce SU2) as an example of a compact Lie group. The definition of SU2) is SU2) { A A 2 complex matrixdeta 1AA A A 1l } In the name SU2) the S stands for special
More information1 Planar rotations. Math Abstract Linear Algebra Fall 2011, section E1 Orthogonal matrices and rotations
Math 46 - Abstract Linear Algebra Fall, section E Orthogonal matrices and rotations Planar rotations Definition: A planar rotation in R n is a linear map R: R n R n such that there is a plane P R n (through
More informationREPRESENTATION THEORY WEEK 7
REPRESENTATION THEORY WEEK 7 1. Characters of L k and S n A character of an irreducible representation of L k is a polynomial function constant on every conjugacy class. Since the set of diagonalizable
More informationThe Spin-Vector Calculus of Polarization
2 The Spin-Vector Calculus of Polarization Spin-vector calculus is a powerful tool for representing linear, unitary transformations in Stokes space. Spin-vector calculus attains a high degree of abstraction
More informationA Brief Outline of Math 355
A Brief Outline of Math 355 Lecture 1 The geometry of linear equations; elimination with matrices A system of m linear equations with n unknowns can be thought of geometrically as m hyperplanes intersecting
More informationNOTES ON BILINEAR FORMS
NOTES ON BILINEAR FORMS PARAMESWARAN SANKARAN These notes are intended as a supplement to the talk given by the author at the IMSc Outreach Programme Enriching Collegiate Education-2015. Symmetric bilinear
More informationHOMEWORK PROBLEMS FROM STRANG S LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS (4TH EDITION)
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS FROM STRANG S LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS (4TH EDITION) PROFESSOR STEVEN MILLER: BROWN UNIVERSITY: SPRING 2007 1. CHAPTER 1: MATRICES AND GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION Page 9, # 3: Describe
More informationChapter 14 Matrix Treatment of Polarization
Chapter 4 Matri Treatment of Polarization Lecture Notes for Modern Optics based on Pedrotti & Pedrotti & Pedrotti Instructor: Naer Eradat Spring 29 5//29 Matri Treatment of Polarization Polarization Polarization
More informationPolarimetry. Dave McConnell, CASS Radio Astronomy School, Narrabri 30 September kpc. 8.5 GHz B-vectors Perley & Carilli (1996)
VLA @ 8.5 GHz B-vectors Perley & Carilli (1996) 10 kpc Polarimetry Dave McConnell, CASS Radio Astronomy School, Narrabri 30 September 2010 1 Electro-magnetic waves are polarized E H S = c/4π (E H) S E/M
More informationIntroduction to quantum information processing
Introduction to quantum information processing Measurements and quantum probability Brad Lackey 25 October 2016 MEASUREMENTS AND QUANTUM PROBABILITY 1 of 22 OUTLINE 1 Probability 2 Density Operators 3
More informationKIPMU Set 1: CMB Statistics. Wayne Hu
KIPMU Set 1: CMB Statistics Wayne Hu CMB Blackbody COBE FIRAS spectral measurement. yellblackbody spectrum. T = 2.725K giving Ω γ h 2 = 2.471 10 5 12 GHz 200 400 600 10 B ν ( 10 5 ) 8 6 4 error 50 2 0
More informationMATH 583A REVIEW SESSION #1
MATH 583A REVIEW SESSION #1 BOJAN DURICKOVIC 1. Vector Spaces Very quick review of the basic linear algebra concepts (see any linear algebra textbook): (finite dimensional) vector space (or linear space),
More informationRepresentation theory and quantum mechanics tutorial Spin and the hydrogen atom
Representation theory and quantum mechanics tutorial Spin and the hydrogen atom Justin Campbell August 3, 2017 1 Representations of SU 2 and SO 3 (R) 1.1 The following observation is long overdue. Proposition
More informationLecture 3: Review of Linear Algebra
ECE 83 Fall 2 Statistical Signal Processing instructor: R Nowak Lecture 3: Review of Linear Algebra Very often in this course we will represent signals as vectors and operators (eg, filters, transforms,
More informationComputational Methods CMSC/AMSC/MAPL 460. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Ramani Duraiswami, Dept. of Computer Science
Computational Methods CMSC/AMSC/MAPL 460 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Ramani Duraiswami, Dept. of Computer Science Eigen Values of a Matrix Recap: A N N matrix A has an eigenvector x (non-zero) with corresponding
More informationLecture 4: Polarisation of light, introduction
Lecture 4: Polarisation of light, introduction Lecture aims to explain: 1. Light as a transverse electro-magnetic wave 2. Importance of polarisation of light 3. Linearly polarised light 4. Natural light
More informationQM1 Problem Set 1 solutions Mike Saelim
QM Problem Set solutions Mike Saelim If you find any errors with these solutions, please email me at mjs496@cornelledu a We can assume that the function is smooth enough to Taylor expand: fa = n c n A
More informationLecture 3: Review of Linear Algebra
ECE 83 Fall 2 Statistical Signal Processing instructor: R Nowak, scribe: R Nowak Lecture 3: Review of Linear Algebra Very often in this course we will represent signals as vectors and operators (eg, filters,
More informationNOTES ON LINEAR ALGEBRA CLASS HANDOUT
NOTES ON LINEAR ALGEBRA CLASS HANDOUT ANTHONY S. MAIDA CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. Basis Vectors 2 3. Linear Transformations 2 3.1. Example: Rotation Transformation 3 4. Matrix Multiplication and Function
More information1 = I I I II 1 1 II 2 = normalization constant III 1 1 III 2 2 III 3 = normalization constant...
Here is a review of some (but not all) of the topics you should know for the midterm. These are things I think are important to know. I haven t seen the test, so there are probably some things on it that
More informationELLIPSOMETRY AND POLARIZED LIGHT
ELLIPSOMETRY AND POLARIZED LIGHT R.M.A.AZZAM Department of Electrical Engineering University of New Orleans Lakefront, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA and N.M. В ASH AR A Electrical Materials Laboratory, Engineering
More informationElectromagnetic Waves
May 7, 2008 1 1 J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition, Section 7 Maxwell Equations In a region of space where there are no free sources (ρ = 0, J = 0), Maxwell s equations reduce to a simple
More informationIntroduction to Group Theory
Chapter 10 Introduction to Group Theory Since symmetries described by groups play such an important role in modern physics, we will take a little time to introduce the basic structure (as seen by a physicist)
More information