A quantitative infrared thermography method for the assessment of windows thermal transmittance
|
|
- Melina Collins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A quantitative infrared thermography method for the assessment of windows thermal transmittance FRANCESCO BIANCHI, GIORGIO BALDINELLI, FRANCESCO ASDRUBALI Department of Engineering University of Perugia Via Duranti, Perugia ITALY Abstract: - The window is one of the weakest elements of buildings envelope and it is characterized by threedimensional heat exchange that makes its study, in terms of overall thermal performance, quite complex. The thermal field on window surface is defined by different parts such as transparent zone (glass) and frame (wood, aluminum or PVC) and their matching generates thermal bridges, downgrading the insulation properties of the entire window. The hot box test is a laboratory setup which allows the evaluation of the window thermal transmittance;the paper shows the comparison between the results obtained by hot box measurements and the thermal transmittance assessed by an original experimental methodology based on quantitative infrared thermography, conducted on a wooden window. Key-Words: window thermal transmittance, hot box test, quantitative infrared thermography. 1 Introduction The thermal properties of windows constitute a key factor as far as buildings insulation. Over recent years, the European Commission, through the Construction Products Regulation [1] and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive [2], encouraged the development of more energy efficient building materials and components. Some priority sectors have been identified to foster efficiency, such as the product group "Windows". According to the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC [3], windows are in the indicative list of energyrelated products which will be considered in priority for the adoption of implementing measures, as this product group has significant sales and trade in the EU, as well as a significant environmental impact and potential for improvement. As a matter of fact, windows are among the components of the building envelope that are developing faster. Beyond the traditional windows with double or triple glazing, new innovative products are appearing on the market providing excellent overall performance: quadruple (or quintuple) glazing [4], vacuum glazing [5], selective and low-emissivity coatings [6, 7], electrochromic windows [8], aerogels [9] and others. A comprehensive review of the various innovative products and an analysis of the future development can be found in [10]. The assessment of the thermal transmittance of windows is extremely important in the common market; it is mainly performed through numerical simulations [11, 12] and, when possible, using complex experimental setups. The paper presents a new methodology for the evaluation of the insulation characteristics of these components, based on the capture of infrared thermography images. The proposed technique is validated through laboratory measurements: in particular, a calibrated hot box apparatus is used, which gives the possibility to compare the infrared thermography results with the thermal resistance value obtained from a Standard procedure. 2 Hot box measurements The hot box facility is useful to evaluate thermal performance of inhomogeneous elements; it is composed by two chambers, a hot and a cold one, separated by a wall where the sample to be tested is installed (Fig. 1). The functioning principle of this apparatus is the measurement of heat flux provided to the hot chamber, in order to maintain a fixed temperature once that cold chamber is conditioned and steadystate conditions are achieved. Therefore, it is not necessary to install probes on the surface of sample, avoiding the uncertainty of the installation position ISBN:
2 linked to the lack of homogeneity of the constructing elements. Several measurement on the sample window and its elements were performed in this experimental setup [14, 15], including the campaign aimed to define a methodology forthermal bridge analysis by means of quantitative infrared thermography[16]. The sample analyzed is a window with a wooden frame (dimensions 1.20 m x 1.40 m), with a lowemission double glazing (4-15-4). Figure 3 shows the window in the hot box apparatus with some probes (thermocouples and heat flow meters) installed just for monitoring purposes. Fig. 1 - Scheme of the hot box apparatus: 1) specimen; 2) heating system; 3) refrigeration system; 4) fan; 5) central movable panel; 6) baffle. At the Department of Engineering of Perugia University a calibrated hot box set-up was built (Fig. 2), following the recommendations of the Standard EN ISO 8990 [13], as well as tips gathered from a literature review. Fig. 3 The analyzed window installed in the hot box. The thermal transmittance obtained through the hot box measurement resulted equal to 1.62 W/m 2 K, a value that fits with the thermal performance of similar wooden windows. In table 1 the main acquired and calculated data from the testare reported. Table 1 Data from the hot box test. Hot room temperature 292 K Cold room temperature 273 K Heat flowentering the hot chamber 69.3 W Heat flow through the sample 30.5 W/m 2 Total surface resistance 0.18 m 2 K/W Thermal transmittance 1.62 W/m 2 K Fig. 2 Hot box facility at Department of Engineering of Perugia University. 3 Quantitative infrared thermography methodology 3.1 Image acquisition The hot box facility allows to capture infrared thermography images on the hot side, keeping closed the cold side. The infrared camera used for the analysis is a FLIR B360. Table 2 shows itsmain features [17]. ISBN:
3 Table 2 Characteristics of the infrared camera used. Field of view 25 x 19 Focal length 18 mm Spatial resolution 1,36 mrad f number 1,3 Thermal sensitivity < 0,06 C a +30 C/60 mk FPA (Focal Plane Array), Type of detector microbolometer without cooling Spectral range 7,5 13 μm IR Resolution 320 x 240 pixel Object temperature range From -20 C to +120 C Precision ±2 C o ±2% of reading The quantitative analysis proposed needs the retrieve of some parameters involved in the infrared thermography measurement. The surface emissivity of the transparent and opaque surfaces have been measured according to the indications of ASTM C1371 [18] that suggests to use an instrument to obtain the hemispherical emissivity. The device consists of a circular head with a diameter of 50 mm, heated by an electric power supplier up to a temperature of 355 K. During the measurement, the sample surface and the measurement head surface remain separated by an air layer of about 4.3 mm, confined by the circular crown of the plastic cylinder that encases the entire head and facilitates its use. The instrument includes a heat flow differential gauge made of two pairs of sensors: a pair with the same surface treatment of the head (black-opaque, high-emissive), the other with a golden low-emissive treatment (Fig. 4). From the knowledge of the radiation heat flow and the surfaces temperatures (the sample temperature must be kept close to the ambient temperature) the emissivity of the sample can be determined. The instrument needs a significant heat dissipation through the analyzed object at the aim of maintaining a certain temperature difference between the sensor and the sample surface; for this reason, it results accurate for highly conductive materials, rather than for thermal insulating ones. Other technique to evaluate the surface emissivity is by mean of infrared thermography comparative method. The temperature registered by the instrument is strictly linked to the surface emissivity; in each thermography camera, the user has the possibility to vary the emissivity of the objects captured, to obtain the real temperature value. On the other hand, if the object temperature is known, for instance by means of a thermocouple contact measurement, its emissivity can be obtained, correcting the value until the camera registers the same value of the thermocouple (Fig. 5). Figure 4 Instruments for the surface emissivity measurement (calibration phase). The differential sensor returns the difference between the voltage signals produced by the two thermopile pairs. Through this measurement it is possible to assess the radiation heat exchange since the heat flux registered by the first pair includes both the conduction and radiation heat transfer, while the second pair of sensors evaluates the only contribution of the conduction; the small thickness of the cavity does not allow the activation of convection. Figure 5 Infrared thermography image for the evaluation of the surface emissivity: the red circle highlights the thermocouple fixed to the aluminum surface and the point detected by the infrared camera. This methodology is affected by numerous error sources that have to be controlled and reduced: the main uncertainty factors are connected to the camera detector, which acquires the heat due to the absolute temperature of the surfaces analyzed, together with the energy reflected by the surface itself coming from the closer objects. This noisy contribution could be diminished raising the surface temperature to a value 10 C higher respect to the other objects, so enhancing the percentage of the energy emitted against the energy reflected. The ISBN:
4 procedure results therefore suitable only for highemissive samples. The reflected temperature for the window analysis,was evaluated lying a rubbed aluminum foil on the object surface, setting at the same time the detector emissivity to the unitary value (Fig. 6). Because of the aluminum high reflectivity, the rub and the infrared thermography camera detector setting, the thermogram obtained gives the reflected temperature, linked to the radiative heat sources present in the surrounding environment. Fig. 7 Infrared thermography thermal field of the wooden window Fig. 6 Infrared image of the measurement of reflected temperature. Finally,the humidity and the air temperature of the laboratory during the acquisition period were taken in account too. All the previous evaluations are necessary to improve the quantitative thermography accuracy, minimizing the sources of errors and uncertainty [19]. Due to the narrow space existing between the sample and the position of the infrared camera, the window was divided in nine sectors and for each of themten images were acquired with an angle suitable to avoid the narcissus effect [20]. The temperature values of each pixel of the ten images were averaged and composed to create an overall thermal field of the surface of the wooden window (Fig. 7). 3.2 Quantitative infrared analysis: Methodology The following methodology is implemented to check at the same time the value of the window thermal performance andits weakest points in terms of heat insulation, for product optimization purposes. The temperature values related to each pixel constitute the basis of the methodology for the calculation of the thermal transmittance of the overall sample. Even if the hot chamber was opened during the acquisition period, the temperature of the laboratory was kept constant to achieve steady state conditions between the laboratory itself and the cold chamber.therefore, the heat flow and the thermal field could be considered constant, this condition allows to state that the heat flux through the sample is equal to the heat flux exchanged between the air laboratory and the sample hot surface (Fig. 8). For each pixel it is possible to calculate the temperature difference between the sample surface and the laboratory air measured with thermocouples. The heat flow that passes for each pixel is expressed by the following equation: q h A ( T T ) (1) k = c k c k,sc where: q k h c is the heat flux of the k th pixel [W]. is the laboratory convective coefficient [W/m 2 K]. ISBN:
5 A k T c T k,sc is the assigned surface of the k th pixel [m 2 ] is the laboratory air temperature [K]. is the surface temperature revealed by the pixel of infrared camera [K]. Fig. 8 Steady state condition: heat flow through the sample. The convective coefficient h c is the variable that influences more significantly the results [21, 22]. At the aim of properly defining the convective coefficient, a surface temperature probe and a heat flow meter were installed on the transparent zone on the window.it wasassumed that the convective coefficient remained constant on the overall surface of the window. The evaluation of the entire heat flowtransmitted through the overall window is expressed by the sum of the singular contributions calculated by equation (1): n q = (2) tot q k k =1 where n is the total number of pixels composing the whole image. The evaluation of thermal transmittance U is therefore implemented dividing the total heat transferred (q tot ) by the product of the sample surface (A tot ) and the difference between the laboratory average temperature and the average cold room temperature (T c and T f respectively): 4 Discussion and results (3) Table 3 reports the values obtained by the quantitative thermographic investigation. A particular attention was given to the value of the convective coefficient which was determined, as stated previously, by experimental tests. As a matter of fact, it results close to the standard convective coefficient for indoor environments [23], thus, it is possible to compare directly the transmittance values derived from the two approaches, since the thermal performance acquired from the hot box method is standardized according to the thermal surface resistance. In accordance with equations (1) and (2), the heat flow passing through the entire thermal image was calculated to obtain, according to equation (3), the thermal transmittance value: 1.54 W/m 2 K. The percentage difference of the window thermal performance measured with the two approaches is about 5%, thus confirming the reliability of the proposed method. It is also possible to determine the measurement uncertaintiesfollowing the indications of the Standards [24]. The results show a value of 7.9% for the hot box test and 12.5%or the thermographic technique. Table 3 Results of the infrared thermography analysis on the window. Convection coefficient 7,75 W/m 2 K Heat flux 61,43 W Laboratoryaverage temperature 22,72 C Cold room average temperature -1,05 C Total sample surface 1,68 m 2 Thermal transmittance (infrared thermography) 1,54 W/m 2 K Thermal transmittance (hot box) 1,62 W m 2 K 5 Conclusion Windows are generally the weakest part of buildings envelope and can therefore contribute to reduce buildings global performance in terms of energy consumption and users comfort. Pushed by national and EU recommendations, researchers and enterprises are studying and developing more and more performing products, such as multiple glazing, vacuum glazing and advanced low-e coatings. New products need to be optimized and their thermal transmittance needs to be certified. A common approach is the use of numerical simulations; alternatively complex experimental setups, such as hot box test rigs, are used. ISBN:
6 The paper presents an original methodology, based on the capture of infrared thermography images in controlled conditions and on the evaluation of the temperatures related to each pixel. A wooden window sample was used to validate the methodology; in particular, results obtained from the infrared thermography were compared with the ones obtained following a standard procedure in a hot box. A thermal transmittance value of 1,54 W/m 2 K was obtained with the proposed methodology, while the hot box approach resulted in a value of 1,62 W/m 2 K, thus confirming the reliability of the method. Future work will include the application of the proposed approach to other kind of windows, with lower thermal transmittances, to verify if it is possible to extend with acceptable accuracy the methodology to more performing products. References: [1] European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC Text with EEA relevance, [2] European Parliament and Council, Directive 2002/91/EC of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, [3] European Parliament and Council, Directive 2009/125/EC of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast), [4] M. Thalfeldt, E. Pikas, J. Kurnitski, H. Voll, Facade design principles for nearly zero energy buildings in a cold climate, Energy and Buildings 67 (2013) [5] R.E. Collins, T.M. Simko, Current status of the science and technology of vacuum glazing, Solar Energy1998; n. 3, pp [6] F. Asdrubali, G. Baldinelli, Theoretical modelling and experimental evaluation of the optical properties of glazing systems with selective coatings, Building Simulation2009; n.2, pp [7] H. Yu, G. Xu, X. Shen, X. Yan, C. Cheng, Low infrared emissivity of polyurethane/cu composite coatings, Applied Surface Science ; n. 12, pp [8] R. Baetens, B.P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen, Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells2010; n. 94, pp [9] S.B. Riffat, G. Qiu, A review of state-of-the-art aerogel applications in buildings, International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies2013; n. 8, pp [10] B.P. Jelle, A. Hynd, A. Gustavsen, D. Arasteh, H. Goudey, R. Hart, Fenestration of today and tomorrow: A state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2012; n.96, pp [11] Weitzmann P., Jensen C. F., Svendsen S., 2000, Comparison of calculations of thermal transmittance of windows using two- and threedimensional models, Proceedings of the EuroSun Conference, June 19-22, Copenhagen, Denmark. [12] Blanusa P., Goss W. P., Roth H., Weitzmann P., Jensen C. F., Svendsen S., Elmahdy H., Comparison between ASHRAE e ISO thermal transmittance calculation methods, Energy and Buildings 2007;n. 39, pp [13] EN ISO Thermal insulation - Determination of steady-state thermal transmission properties - Calibrated and guarded hot box. European Standard, [14] Asdrubali F, Baldinelli G. Thermal transmittance measurements with the hot box method: Calibration, experimental procedures, and uncertainty analyses of three different approaches. Energy and Buildings 2011; n. 43,pp [15] F. Asdrubali, G. Baldinelli, F. Bianchi,Influence of cavities geometric and emissivity properties on the overall thermal performance of aluminum frames for window, Energy and Buildings2013; n. 60, pp [16] F. Asdrubali, G. Baldinelli, F. Bianchi, A quantitative methodology to evaluate thermal bridges in buildings, Applied Energy 2012; n. 97, pp [17] Flir System, User s manual, [18] ASTM C a. Standard Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers. American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, [19] Minkina W, Dudzik S.,Infrared Thermography Errors and uncertainties, West Sussex, UK: Wiley; [20] Boizumault F, Harmand S, Desmet B, Experimental determination of the local heat transfer coefficient on a thermally thick wall downstream of a backward-facing step. QIRT ISBN:
7 96, eurotherm series 50 ETS edition, Pisa [21] Fang Y, Eames PC, Norton B, Hyde TJ. Experimental validation of a numerical model for heat transfer in vacuum glazing. Solar Energy 2006; n. 80, pp [22] Griffith BT, Türler D, Arasteh D. Surface Temperatures of Insulated Glazing Units: InfraredThermography Laboratory Measurements. ASHRAE Transactions 1996; 102 Pt. 2. [23] ISO Building components and building elements - Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance - Calculation method. International Standard, [24] UNI CEI ENV 13005, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISBN:
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF MULTI-LAYER GLAZING WITH ULTRATHIN INTERNAL PARTITIONS. Agnieszka A. Lechowska 1, Jacek A. Schnotale 1
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF MULTI-LAYER GLAZING WITH ULTRATHIN INTERNAL PARTITIONS Agnieszka A. Lechowska 1, Jacek A. Schnotale 1 1 Cracow University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering,
More information5. AN INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PHYSICS
5. AN INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PHYSICS P. Wouters, S. Martin ABSTRACT This chapter places the System Identification Competition in a broader context of evaluating the thermal performances of building components.
More informationTRANSPARENT INNOVATIVE MATERIALS: ENERGETIC AND LIGHTING PERFORMANCES EVALUATION
TRANSPARENT INNOVATIVE MATERIALS: ENERGETIC AND LIGHTING PERFORMANCES EVALUATION C. Buratti, E. Moretti Department of Industrial Engineering, Perugia University Via G. Duranti, 67-06125 Perugia, Italy.
More informationCalculating the heat transfer coefficient of frame profiles with internal cavities
Calculating the heat transfer coefficient of frame profiles with internal cavities SUBMITTED: December 2001 REVISED: January 2004 PUBLISHED: March 2004 Peter A. Noyé, M.Sc (Eng) Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationSome critical remarks about the radiative heat transfer in air frame cavities according to EN ISO
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Some critical remarks about the radiative heat transfer in air frame cavities according to EN ISO 77- To cite this article: G Cuccurullo and L Giordano
More informationSIMULATED THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING. Yueping Fang, Trevor J. Hyde, Neil Hewitt
Proceedings of HT9 9 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference July 9-3 9 San Francisco California USA HT9-88344 SIMULATED THEMAL PEFOMANCE OF TIPLE VACUUM GLAZING Yueping Fang Trevor J. Hyde Neil Hewitt School
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF CALORIMETER TILT ON THE INWARD-FLOWING FRACTION OF ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION IN A VENETIAN BLIND
Collins, M.R., and Harrison, S.J., "The Effects of Calorimeter Tilt on the Inward-Flowing Fraction of Absorbed Solar Radiation in a Venetian Blind", ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 107 (1), pp. 677-683, 2001.
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 54 (2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 54 (2014 ) 352 358 4th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2013, ICAER 2013 Advance Glazing System Energy Efficiency
More informationQIRT th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography
10 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography July 27-30, 2010, Québec (Canada) Quantitative infrared wall inspection *CE Dept., Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland,
More informationStandard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods 1
Designation: 97 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM Standard Test Method for Measuring
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 1: Simplified method
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10077-1 First edition 2000-07-15 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 1: Simplified method Performance thermique des fenêtres,
More informationDetermining of Thermal Conductivity Coefficient of Pressed Straw (Name of test)
CONSTRUCTION HEAT PHYSICS LABORATORY INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF KAUNAS UNIVERSITY Test and calculation carried out according to: Product: 12 December 2012 LITHUANIAN NATIONAL ACCREDITATION
More informationIn situ quantitative diagnosis of insulated building walls using passive infrared thermography
http://dx.doi.org/./qirt..3 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography In situ quantitative diagnosis of insulated building walls using passive infrared thermography by M. H.A. Larbi
More informationNFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT January 27, 1999 Test Specimen
* This is not the original copy of the test report if you would like an original copy, please contact our East Brunswick office or the NCTL to request a copy. ALL SEASONS DOOR & WINDOW, INC. REPORT NO:
More informationTest Results: Results of the test period on 06/19/16 using the Equivalent CTS Method: Thermal transmittance at test conditions (U s ):
NORTH EAST WINDOWS USA, INC. NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Report No: NCTL-110-17842-3S Test Specimen NFRC Code Manufacturer: North East Windows USA, Inc. Series/Model: Series CW 300 Window Type: Casement-
More informationAnalysis of Thermal Diffusivity of Metals using Lock-in Thermography
Analysis of Thermal Diffusivity of Metals using Lock-in Thermography by F. Wagner*, T. Malvisalo*, P. W. Nolte**, and S. Schweizer** * Department of Electrical Engineering, South Westphalia University
More informationDetermination of installed thermal resistance into a roof of TRISO-SUPER 12 BOOST R
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF BUILDING PHYSICS Notified Body number: 2018 TEST REPORT No. 037-10/11(C) SF/15 Date: 26 of November 2015 page
More informationUse of Matlab package for external local calibration of IR camera with microbolometric FPA detector
Use of Matlab package for external local calibration of IR camera with microlometric FPA detector More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=20646 Abstract by T. Kruczek*, W. Adamczyk* and G.
More informationNFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 03/31/06
ALL SEASONS DOOR & WINDOW, INC. Report No: NCTL-110-8058-5S NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 03/31/06 Test Specimen NFRC Code Manufacturer : All Seasons Door & Window, Inc. Series/Model
More informationHFM 100 Series. Thermal Conductivity Meter for measurement of insulation and construction materials.
HFM 100 Series Conforms to International Standards ASTM C518, ISO 8301, and EN 12667 Thermal Conductivity Meter for measurement of insulation and construction materials. Hot Disk TPS -160 to 1000 C HFM
More informationABB temperature measurement Radiation thermometry. Measurement made easy. Process temperature measurement practice--non-contacting
Whitepaper_ WP_T_Non-Contacting_Temperature_Measurement ABB temperature measurement Radiation thermometry Measurement made easy Process temperature measurement practice--non-contacting By Gary Freeman,
More informationMETHOD OF IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS USING INFRARED CAMERA
METHOD OF IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS USING INFRARED CAMERA Shinsuke Kato 1, Katsuichi Kuroki 2, and Shinji Hagihara 2 1 Institute of Industrial Science,
More informationAR/IA 241 LN 231 Lecture 4: Fundamental of Energy
Faculty of Architecture and Planning Thammasat University A/IA 24 LN 23 Lecture 4: Fundamental of Energy Author: Asst. Prof. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi. Heat For a specific substance, the heat given to the
More informationAIR-INS inc. 1320, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Quebec) J3X 1P7 Tél. : (450) Fax : (450)
1320, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Quebec) J3X 1P7 Tél. : (450) 652-0838 Fax : (450) 652-7588 info@air-ins.com THERMAL PERFORMANCE VALIDATION TEST CONDUCTED ON YOUR 300 / 301 FIXED WINDOW IN ACCORDANCE
More informationFig 1. Power Tower during Operation
Accurate Flux Calculations Using Thermographic IR cameras in Concentrated Solar Power Fields A. Eitan*, G. Naor*, R. Hayut*, I. Segev*, J. Golbert**, S. Pekarsky*, A. Zisken*, G. Medan*, A. Feigelstock*,
More informationReflow Soldering Processes Development Using Infrared Thermography
Reflow Soldering Processes Development Using Infrared Thermography Petko Mashkov, Tamara Pencheva, and Berkant Gyoch Physics Department, University of Rousse, Bulgaria tgp@ru.acad.bg Abstract: Investigation
More informationReport No: NCTL S NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 07/14/15. Test Specimen
MGM INDUSTRIES, INC. Report No: NCTL-110-13834-1S NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 07/14/15 Test Specimen NFRC Code Manufacturer: MGM Industries, Inc. Series/Model: 8017 Window Type: Double
More informationReport No: NCTL NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 12/14/15
MGM INDUSTRIES, INC. Report No: NCTL-110-14571-1 NFRC THERMAL TEST SUMMARY REPORT Expiration Date: 12/14/15 Test Specimen NFRC Code Manufacturer: MGM Industries, Inc. Series/Model: Series 4600 Window Type:
More informationDetermination of thermal transmittance of window (test title)
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE LABORATORY OF BUILDING THERMAL PHYSICS Notified Body number: 2018 BANDYMAI ISO/IEC 17025 Nr. LA. 01.031 page (pages)
More informationGlazing selection for solar design
Glazing selection for solar design Visible light transmittance: A measure of the amount of visible light that passes through the glazing material of a window, door, or skylight. Visible light transmittance,
More informationTIR100-2 Measurement of Thermal Emissivity
TIR100-2 Measurement of Thermal Emissivity Dr. Thomas Meisel INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG Introduction Some basic physics Principles of measurement pren 15976 Working with the TIR100-2 Practical course INGLAS
More informationIn-situ emissivity measurement of construction materials
th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography In-situ emissivity measurement of construction materials Abstract *ITC-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 3527 Padova Italy, claudia.ciocia@gmail.com
More informationOPTIMISING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING WITH LOW-EMITTANCE COATINGS
HEFAT4 th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics 4-6 July Orlando, Florida OPTIMISING THE THEMAL PEFOMANCE OF TIPLE VACUUM GLAZING WITH LOW-EMITTANCE COATINGS Yueping
More informationDesign strategy for Low e windows with effective insulation
Design strategy for Low e windows with effective insulation Michael P.C. Watts, Impattern Solutions, www.impattern.com Keywords; insulating windows. low emission glass, ABSTRACT Optimal window glass assemblies
More informationTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS DETERMINATION
15 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS DETERMINATION E Latif *, M Pruteanu *** and G R Rhydwen *, D C Wijeyesekera *, S Tucker **, M A Ciupala *, D Newport * * School of Computing,
More informationAssessing The Thermal Performance of Building Enclosure Materials Using A Medium-Size Hot Box Chamber Summer Meeting Torkan Fazli
Assessing The Thermal Performance of Building Enclosure Materials Using A Medium-Size Hot Box Chamber 2014 Summer Meeting Torkan Fazli Introduction The building construction industry consumes significant
More informationCAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2012
CAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2012 Lecture 8: Fenestration (+ exam review) Dr. Brent Stephens, Ph.D. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Illinois Institute of
More informationComputational Modelling of the Impact of Solar Irradiance on Chemical Degradation of Painted Wall Hangings in an Historic Interior
Computational Modelling of the Impact of Solar Irradiance on Chemical Degradation of Painted Wall Hangings in an Historic Interior Z. Huijbregts *1, A.W.M. van Schijndel 1, H.L. Schellen 1, K. Keune 2,
More informationAalborg Universitet. Publication date: Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Aalborg Universitet Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Different Flooring Emissivity on Night- Time Cooling using Displacement Ventilation Dreau, Jerome Le; Karlsen, Line Røseth; Litewnicki,
More informationSolar Flat Plate Thermal Collector
Solar Flat Plate Thermal Collector INTRODUCTION: Solar heater is one of the simplest and basic technologies in the solar energy field. Collector is the heart of any solar heating system. It absorbs and
More informationCool Roofs Standards & the ECRC Product Rating Program
Cool Roofs Standards & the ECRC Product Rating Program Dr. Afroditi Synnefa (asynnefa@phys.uoa.gr ) TC Leader ECRC GRBES- NKUA 24/03/2016 European Cool Roofs Council 1 Outline Introduction Cool Roof Standards
More informationLOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E
SCREEN LOW E INTELLIGENT FABRICS FOR SOLAR PROTECTION Width: 240 cm www.mermet.co.uk LOW E THERMAL SHIELD FOR INTERNAL BLINDS 76% OF SOLAR REFLECTANCE 17% EMISSIVITY for thermal comfort all year round
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 0077-2 First edition 2003-0-0 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 2: Numerical method for frames Performance thermique
More informationTrue temperature measurement of electronics through infrared transparent materials
True temperature measurement of electronics through infrared transparent materials by R. Lehtiniemi, C.-M. Fager and J. Rantala Nokia Research Center, P. O. Box 407, FIN-00045 NOKIA GROUP, Finland Abstract
More informationNUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT STORAGE AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY IN THE CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE DECK ELEMENT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT STORAGE AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY IN THE CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE DECK ELEMENT Michal Pomianowski 1, Per Heiselberg 1, Rasmus Lund Jensen 1, and Hicham Johra 1 1 Aalborg University,
More informationMEASUREMENT OF WBGT INDEX IN AXIAL FLOW AS THE MAIN THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS VARY G.
MEASUREMENT OF WBGT INDEX IN AXIAL FLOW AS THE MAIN THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS VARY G. Buonanno, M. Dell'Isola, A. Frattolillo and L. Vanoli Di.M.S.A.T. - Università di Cassino via Di Biasio 43-03043 Cassino
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 121 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 121 (2015 ) 2176 2183 9th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC) and the 3rd International
More informationEnergy flows and modelling approaches
Energy flows and modelling approaches Energy flows in buildings external convection infiltration & ventilation diffuse solar external long-wave radiation to sky and ground local generation fabric heat
More informationCalculation of the heat power consumption in the heat exchanger using artificial neural network
9 th International Conference on Quantitative Infraed Thermography July -5,, Krakow - Poland Calculation of the heat power consumption in the heat exchanger using artificial neural network by S. Dudzik*
More informationINFRARED (IR) THERMOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT OF U-VALUE Siliang Lu
INFRARED (IR) THERMOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT OF U-VALUE Siliang Lu Supervisor: Itai Danielski Sumission date: June, 6 th, 2015 The Department of Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building Engineering Mid Sweden
More informationEmissivity: Understanding the difference between apparent and actual infrared temperatures
Emissivity: Understanding the difference between apparent and actual infrared temperatures By L. Terry Clausing, P.E. ASNT Certified NDT Level III T/IR, for Fluke Corporation Application Note Taking infrared
More informationMeasurement method for the proficiency testing program
APLAC T088 Appendix Measurement method for the proficiency testing program Introductions This measurement method is prepared for use by the APLAC Proficiency Testing Program Photometric measurement of
More informationINVESTIGATING GLAZING SYSTEM SIMULATED RESULTS WITH REAL MEASUREMENTS
INVESTIGATING GLAZING SYSTEM SIMULATED RESULTS WITH REAL MEASUREMENTS Mark Luther 1, Timothy Anderson 2, and Tim Brain 3 1 School of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia 2 School
More informationINFLUENCE OF SURFACE EMISSIVITY AND OF LOW EMISSIVITY SHIELDS ON THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LOW DENSITY INSULATING MATERIALS
8th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics HEFAT2011 8 th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics 11 13 July 2011 Pointe Aux
More informationHeat Transfer Analysis of a Between-Panes Venetian Blind Using Effective Longwave Radiative Properties
AN-04-6-1 Heat Transfer Analysis of a Between-Panes Venetian Blind Using Effective Longwave Radiative Properties Darryl S. Yahoda John L. Wright, Ph.D, P.Eng. Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT Center-glass thermal
More informationUncertainty Workshop: Overview of uncertainty factors in HTGHPs
Uncertainty Workshop: Overview of uncertainty factors in HTGHPs EMRP Final Stakeholder Meeting NPL, Teddington, United Kingdom 1 DIN/EU Standards for GHPs ISO 830:1991 Thermal insulation Determination
More informationAnalysis of the Measurements Reliability in Dynamic Test of the Opaque Envelope
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International High Performance Buildings Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 216 Analysis of the Measurements Reliability in Dynamic Test of the Opaque Envelope
More informationEffect of wood modification and weathering progress on the radiation emissivity
Effect of wood modification and weathering progress on the radiation emissivity Paolo Grossi 1, Jakub Sandak 2,3,, Marta Petrillo 5 and Anna Sandak 6 1 CNR-IVALSA, via Biasi 75, 30010 San Michele all Adige,
More informationCool Roofs Standards & the ECRC Product Rating Program
Cool Roofs Standards & the ECRC Product Rating Program Dr. Afroditi Synnefa (asynnefa@phys.uoa.gr ) TC Leader ECRC GRBES- NKUA 20/11/2016 European Cool Roofs Council 1 Outline Introduction Cool Roof Standards
More informationThermal Image Resolution on Angular Emissivity Measurements using Infrared Thermography
, March 18-20, 2015, Hong Kong Thermal Image Resolution on Angular Emissivity Measurements using Infrared Thermography T. Nunak, K. Rakrueangdet, N. Nunak, and T. Suesut Abstract This paper reports the
More informationBuilding and Environment
Building and Environment 45 (2010) 1016 1024 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv A methodology for experimental evaluations
More informationDepartment of Mechanical Engineering ME 96. Free and Forced Convection Experiment. Revised: 25 April Introduction
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering ME 96 Free and Forced Convection Experiment Revised: 25 April 1994 1. Introduction The term forced convection refers to heat transport
More informationPerformance Assessment of PV/T Air Collector by Using CFD
Performance Assessment of /T Air Collector by Using CFD Wang, Z. Department of Built Environment, University of Nottingham (email: laxzw4@nottingham.ac.uk) Abstract Photovoltaic-thermal (/T) collector,
More informationNFRC THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT. Rendered to: NORTH EAST WINDOWS USA, INC.
NFRC 102-2014 THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT Rendered to: NORTH EAST WINDOWS USA, INC. SERIES/MODEL: 100 Double Hung TYPE: Vertical Slider (Double Hung) Summary of Results Standardized Thermal Transmittance
More informationTHERMAL ANALYSIS OF OVERGROUND BOUND CONSTRUCTIONS
ABSTRACT THERMAL ANALYSIS OF OVERGROUND BOUND CONSTRUCTIONS Sandris Liepins, Silvija Strausa, Uldis Iljins*, Uldis Gross* Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Rural Engineering, *Latvia University
More information/qirt The influence of air humidity on effectiveness of heat sink work. by M. Kopeć*, R. Olbrycht*
The influence of air humidity on effectiveness of heat sink work by M. Kopeć*, R. Olbrycht* More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=20731 Abstract * Lodz Univ. of Technology, 90-924, 211/215
More informationNFRC THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT. Rendered to: C.R. LAURENCE CO., INC.
NFRC 102-2014 THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT Rendered to: C.R. LAURENCE CO., INC. SERIES/MODEL: 45X - High Performance Dual Thermally Broken Storefront TYPE: Glazed Wall Systems (Site-built) Summary of
More informationLOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E
SCREEN LOW E INTELLIGENT FABRICS FOR SOLAR PROTECTION COLLECTION 2015 2018 Width: 240 cm www.sunscreen-mermet.com LOW E THERMAL SHIELD FOR INTERNAL BLINDS 78% OF SOLAR REFLECTANCE 15% EMISSIVITY for thermal
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 78 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015 ) 2202 2207 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015 Set-up and calibration by experimental data of a numerical
More informationIntroduction to Infrared Thermometry
TS-104 Introduction to Infrared Thermometry Fig. 1 - Blackbody Radiation Characteristics General Infrared thermometers have the ability to measure temperature without physical contact. The ability to accomplish
More informationCustomer: Ashton Industrial Sales Ltd. South Road, Harlow Essex CM20 2AR UNITED KINGDOM. Project/Customer: Profilex HM spacer
Page 1 of 11 Customer: Ashton Industrial Sales Ltd. South Road, Harlow Essex CM20 2AR UNITED KINGDOM Project/Customer: Profilex HM spacer Content: U f simulation of profiles in accordance to EN ISO 10077-2
More informationI' I, I.
!! - http://ddoiorg/1021611/qirt1994019 Det( rmination of uncertainties for emissivity measurements in the temperature ran le [200 C - 900 C] by HAMEURY J" Labaratoire National d'essais (LNE), 5 Rue Enrico
More informationMEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
HEAT008 6 th International Conference on Heat Transfer, luid Mechanics and Thermodynamics 30 June to July 008 Pretoria, South Africa Paper number: LC1 MEASUREMENT O THE THERMAL DIUSIVITY O BUILDING MATERIALS
More informationBuilding Envelope Requirements Overview Page 3-4
Building Envelope Requirements Overview Page 3-4 The benefit of a high reflectance surface is obvious: while dark surfaces absorb the sun s energy (visible light, invisible infrared. and ultraviolet radiation)
More informationSHANGHAI MYLCH WINDOWS & DOORS THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT
SHANGHAI MYLCH WINDOWS & DOORS THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT SCOPE OF WORK DR65 FIXED REPORT NUMBER H3108.01-301-46 R0 TEST DATE 11/09/17 ISSUE DATE 11/14/17 RECORD RETENTION END DATE 11/09/22 PAGES
More informationThe energy performance of an airflow window
The energy performance of an airflow window B.(Bram) Kersten / id.nr. 0667606 University of Technology Eindhoven, department of Architecture Building and Planning, unit Building Physics and Systems. 10-08-2011
More informationTREES Training for Renovated Energy Efficient Social housing
TREES Training for Renovated Energy Efficient Social housing Intelligent Energy -Europe programme, contract n EIE/05/110/SI2.420021 Section 2 Tools 2.1 Simplified heating load calculation Tamas CSOKNYAI
More informationDiv. 1 Div. 2 Div. 3 Div.4 8:30 am 9:30 pm 12:30 pm 3:30 pm Han Xu Ruan Pan
Write Down Your NAME, Last First Circle Your DIVISION Div. 1 Div. 2 Div. 3 Div.4 8:30 am 9:30 pm 12:30 pm 3:30 pm Han Xu Ruan Pan ME315 - Heat and Mass Transfer School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue
More information5.5. Calibration and Test Procedures
5.5. Calibration and Test Procedures - List of Calibration Procedures 1. C-18-010-2000, Calibration procedure of melting point measuring apparatus 2. C-18-011-2000, Calibration procedure of calorimeter
More informationDr. Michael Müller. Thermal Management for LED applications
Thermal Management for LED applications Content Thermal Design Basics thermal management Internal thermal management External thermal management 2 1967 founded with the production of insulation parts for
More informationInternational Fire Safety Symposium 2015
Proceedings of the International Fire Safety Symposium 2015 Organizers: cib - International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction UC - University of Coimbra albrasci - Luso-Brazilian
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER RADIATION
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THERMODYNAMICS METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER RADIATION Radiation is the energy transferred by electromagnetic waves mainly infrared (IR), visible and ultraviolet (UV). All materials radiate
More informationThermal behavior study of the mold surface in HPDC process by infrared thermography and comparison with simulation
More Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=17680 Thermal behavior study of the mold surface in HPDC process by infrared thermography and comparison with simulation Abstract By S. TAVAKOLI **, *,
More informationCarbonized Electrospun Nanofiber Sheets for Thermophones
Supporting Information Carbonized Electrospun Nanofiber Sheets for Thermophones Ali E. Aliev 1 *, Sahila Perananthan 2, John P. Ferraris 1,2 1 A. G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at
More informationCFD-SIMULATIONS OF TRANSPARENT COATED AND GAS-FILLED FACADE PANELS
Ninth International IBPSA Conference Montréal, Canada August 15-18, 2005 CFD-SIMULATIONS OF TRANSPARENT COATED AND GAS-FILLED FACADE PANELS R.M.J. Bokel 1, B.H.G. Peters 1,2, and M. van der Voorden 1 1
More informationSolar Radiation 230 BTU s per Hr/SF. Performance Glazing Coatings, Layers & Gases
Solar Radiation 230 BTU s per Hr/SF 89 83 82 90 Performance Glazing Coatings, Layers & Gases Learning Objectives After Viewing This Presentation You Will Understand: q The NFRC Labeling System q Light
More informationValidation of quantitative IR thermography for estimating the U-value by a hot box apparatus
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Validation of quantitative IR thermography for estimating the U-value by a hot box apparatus To cite this article: I Nardi et al 2015 J. Phys.: Conf.
More informationDouble-Skin Facade in Low-Latitude: Study on the Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Direct Solar Radiation
ouble-skin Facade in Low-Latitude: Study on the Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of irect Solar Radiation G-LO 011 Rosady Mulyadi epartment of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin
More informationINFRARED THERMOMETER Model : TM-959
LED target light, Emissivity adjustment INFRARED THERMOMETER Model : TM-959 Your purchase of this I N F R A R E D THERMOMETER marks a step forward for you into the field of precision measurement. Although
More informationResearch Article Emissivity Measurement of Semitransparent Textiles
Advances in Optical Technologies Volume 2012, Article ID 373926, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/373926 Research Article Emissivity Measurement of Semitransparent Textiles P. Bison, A. Bortolin, G. Cadelano,
More informationInitial study - draft
The department of Ecotechnology 2014-03-24 and Sustainable Building Engineering Itai Danielski Campus Östersund Tel: 063 165416 E post: itai.danielski@miun.se Measurements of heat transfer coefficient
More informationWarm surfaces warm edges Insulated glass with thermally improved edge seal
ECKELT I Edge Seal Warm Edge I Page 1 Warm surfaces warm edges Insulated glass with thermally improved edge seal New statutory requirements with respect to energy savings have had significant effects on
More informationTHERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT
THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST REPORT Manufacture: Address: Coral Architectural Products 7704B Industrial Lane Tampa, Florida 33637 Specifications: ANSI/NFRC 102-2014: Test Procedure for Measuring the Steady-State
More informationDetection of Subsurface Defects using Active Infrared Thermography
Detection of Subsurface Defects using Active Infrared Thermography More Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=15141 Suman Tewary 1,2,a, Aparna Akula 1,2, Ripul Ghosh 1,2, Satish Kumar 2, H K Sardana
More informationEffect of Installing a Curved Venetian Blind to the Glass Window on Heat Transmission
Effect of Installing a Curved Venetian Blind to the Glass Window on Heat Transmission Somsak Chaiyapinunt *1 and Nopparat Khamporn 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
More informationSCREEN LOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E
SCREEN LOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E SCREEN LOW E INTELLIGENT FABRICS FOR SOLAR PROTECTION COLLECTION 2018 2021 INTERNAL APPLICATION www.sunscreen-mermet.com THERMAL SHIELD FOR INTERNAL BLINDS 78% OF SOLAR REFLECTANCE
More informationInverse Heat Flux Evaluation using Conjugate Gradient Methods from Infrared Imaging
11 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Inverse Heat Flux Evaluation using Conjugate Gradient Methods from Infrared Imaging by J. Sousa*, L. Villafane*, S. Lavagnoli*, and
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF GLAZING TYPE, FRAME PROFILES SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE WINODOW OF THE FINAL VALUE OF WINDOW THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE U
MAŁGORZATA ROJEWSKA-WARCHAŁ * THE INFLUENCE OF GLAZING TYPE, FRAME PROFILES SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE WINODOW OF THE FINAL VALUE OF WINDOW THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE U ANALIZA WPŁYWU PRZESZKLENIA, RAM ORAZ KSZTAŁTU
More informationSCREEN LOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E
SCREEN LOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E SCREEN LOW E SATINÉ 5500 LOW E INTELLIGENT FABRICS FOR SOLAR PROTECTION COLLECTION 2018 2021 INTERNAL APPLICATION www.sunscreen-mermet.com SATINÉ 5500 LOW E THERMAL SHIELD
More informationComparing 2-D Conduction Experiments with Simulation
Comparing 2-D Conduction Experiments with Simulation Introduction Simulation techniques are often used in industry as a beneficial part in the development process whether an engineer or scientist is designing
More information