Dynamic Behaviour of Timber Footbridges
|
|
- Barbara Wade
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Contança RIGUEIRO MSc PhD Student EST-IPCB Dynamic Behaviour of Timber Footbridge Graduated in Civil Engineering in Univ. of Coimbra (1992). MSc, Univ. of Coimbra (1997). João NEGRÃO PhD Aitant Profeor Dept. Civil Engineering Univ. Coimbra, PORTUGAL Graduated in Civil Engineering in Univ. of Coimbra (1981). MSc, Univ. of Oporto (1987). PhD, Univ. of Coimbra (1997). Aitant Profeor at the Dept. Civil Engin., Univ. of Coimbra. Carlo REBELO PhD Aitant Profeor Dept. Civil Engineering Univ. Coimbra, PORTUGAL Graduated in Civil Engineering in Univ. of Coimbra (1980). MSc, Technical Univerity of Libon (1987). PhD, Univ. of Karlruhe, Germany (1992). Aitant Profeor at the Dept. Civil Engin., Univ. of Coimbra Summary In ENV1995-2:1997 (Eurocode 5-Part 2), a implified method i propoed for checking the erviceability limit tate (SLS) of vibration in timber bridge ubjected to the action of tream of pedetrian. The procedure etimate the value of peak acceleration in the deck under uch condition. Thi paper undertake a comparion between the value upplied by that method and thoe obtained through a Finite-Element baed numerical analyi. A number of load cae i analyed, in which variable value of the number of pedetrian and of it walking frequency i conidered. The probabilitic model ued to generate the dynamic loading correponding to thee crowd are alo decribed. 1. Introduction Timber and timber-baed material, namely glued-laminated timber, have been uccefully ued in pedetrian or low-traffic hort to medium pan bridge. However, the low denity and modulu of elaticity of thee material may reult in exceive vibration caued by dynamic loading, particularly in the cae of ynchronized action of pedetrian. In ENV1995-2:1997 [1], a implified method i propoed for checking thi erviceability limit tate in current timber bridge, uch a ingle-pan and 2- or 3-pan continuou bridge, under the action of pedetrian crowd or vehicle. In the verion to come of that tandard, a ignificant part of thee proviion are likely to be removed, leading to further information lack. The vibration SLS criteria tated in EC5-2 conit of limiting the maximum value of the
2 acceleration in the deck, o that fatigue rik in tructural element i minimized and an appropriate level of comfort may be enured. Thi tudy compare the value provided by the implified method with thoe calculated from a detailed tep-by-tep dynamic analyi. Reference to precription of other tandard on thi topic are made whenever relevant. Prior to proceeding with the tep-by-tep analyi, the generation of dynamic loading correponding to the croing of only one or a tream of pedetrian had to be undertaken. The procedure ued for thi purpoe i decribed in ection Pedetrian Load Model The characterization of the action caued by a pedetrian involve conidering different motion pattern uch a walking, running or rhythmic jumping. Motion type typical of thoe activitie likely to take place in a footbridge, uch a walking and running, are of particular interet in the context of thi tudy. Rhythmic jumping may become relevant in ituation of vandalim, though it i not a uual ue condition. For the analyi of the dynamic behaviour of footbridge excited by tream of pedetrian, load function were conidered which repreent the variation with time of the force caued by the pedetrian on the deck. Thee function depend on a number of factor whoe characterization i important, uch a the tep frequency, the peed of the pedetrian motion and the tep length [2]. 2.1 Individual load The load function may uually be defined in term of a Fourier erie, N p () i in 2 i i 1 F t G G if t (1) where G repreent the weight of the reference pedetrian, i G the amplitude of the ith harmonic, i the correponding phae angle with repect to the firt harmonic, i the ordinal number of the term within the erie and N the number of harmonic conidered, uually equal to 3. The Fourier coefficient i may have the value lited in Table 1, according to the type of pedetrian motion under conideration. In the range 2,0-2,5, different motion type are poible, but running or rhythmic jumping lead to more evere dynamic coefficient than walking. The load function for the former type of motion i different from that of the latter, becaue it how a maximum value correponding to the contact of the foot with the deck, followed by ome time with no contact at all. Such function may, therefore, be modelled a a periodic equence of triangular or emi-inuoidal impule with a duration t c equal to the contact period between the foot and the deck. Table 1 Fourier coefficient for the firt three harmonic Type of motion Walking Running / Rythmic jumping Model in the time domain Triangular model Half-ine model Frequency Range 1 f 1, 5 0,43 0, 38 f 0,1 0,1 1,5 f 2, 5 0,43 f 0, 380,15 0, 125 2,0 f 4,0 co 4 i co i f 0,1 i ftc i f 2 c t i ftc if t 2 c Bachmann and Ammann [2] propoe the phae angle to be conidered with the value 1=0, 2= 3= /2. However, thi iue will be irrelevant in mot ituation, except when the repone i not dominated by reonance in one of the load harmonic, which will not be uually the cae.
3 Foot-Deck contact time t c [ec] t c = 1.8f Frequency f [] Figure 1: Foot-to-deck contact period t c The relation between the foot-to-deck contact period, t c, and the tep period, T p =1/f, may be obtained from the relation hown in Figure Spatial uperpoition of individual load In order to compute the overall effect of more than one pedetrian moving on the deck, a computer programme wa developed which overlap the effect of individual pedetrian. According to Matumoto et al (1978) [3], the ditribution of tep frequencie for pedetrian walking on a footbridge deck may be cloely repreented through a Gauian ditribution with a mean value of 2,0 and a tandard deviation of 0,18. A there i no available data concerning the variation of running frequencie, the ame ditribution function and the ame mean to tandard deviation ratio wa conidered for thi type of motion. The recent tandard till under approval, pren1991-2:2001 (EC 1) [4], recommend the conideration of two dynamic type of load, beide the action of a ingle pedetrian: one reulting from a group of about 10 pedetrian and the other from a continuou crowd of pedetrian moving on the deck. For the overlap of the individual load correponding to ingle pedetrian, the previouly referred probability ditribution law for the tep frequency wa ued. It wa alo aumed that the time delay between pedetrian entering on the bridge follow an exponential rule, in uch a way that the maximum pedetrian denity on the deck i 1,5peron/ m 2. Conidering that there i a trend for people to walk on the right hand ide of a footbridge, an aymmetric ditribution with the mean value at one quarter of the deck width wa conidered for the variable that define the trajectory along the deck of the bridge for each pedetrian. 3. Vibration limit tate in pedetrian bridge 3.1 Maximum value according to EC5 and EC1 Both EC1 and EC5 propoe expreion for the approximate evaluation of the maximum vertical acceleration reulting from the motion of a pedetrian or a tream of pedetrian on the deck of a footbridge. In the cae of EC5, the numerical procedure for a tream of pedetrian i that of equation (2), in which M m l b repreent the total ma of the deck, l i the pan of the bridge, b i it width and m i the ma per unit area. In the ame expreion, i the vicou damping ratio, n the number of tep required to cro the bridge, K a account for the upport condition (ee Table 2) and kvert, f account for the fundamental frequency (ee Figure 2-a). a 165k K max, vert vert, f a 2n e M For the determination of the effect caued by a pedetrian tream paing on the deck, the following expreion applie: (2)
4 a 165 0,027lbk K max, vert vert, f a 2n e M The EC1 propoe an expreion imilar to thee, with only light modification in the value of the coefficient to be ued. The expreion (4) i therefore uitable to evaluate the maximum value of the acceleration in the deck, caued by a crowd of pedetrian. In it, the coefficient K v i obtained from the graphic of Figure 2-b and the remaining parameter are a previouly defined. a max, vert 210K v 2n e M Table 2 Factor K a for different upport condition 1 Span ratio L 1 /L Continuou, 2 pan Continuou, 3 pan 1,0 0,7 0,6 0,8-0,8 0,6-0,9 (3) (4) k vert,f Kv f vert f v [] (a) (b) Figure 2 Relation between coefficient by the EC5(a) and the EC1(b) K vert, f and the fundamental frequency f vert, a precribed 4. Example 4.1 Structural model The decribed methodology wa ued in the dynamic analyi of three type of footbridge correponding to imply upported, two- and three-pan deck and to a cable-tayed deck. The total length of the deck wa kept contant and equal to 30 metre for the different typologie. For multipan deck, the pan length wa contant for all pan. Although the cable-tayed typology i not covered by the pecification included in pren 1995 or in the pren it wa aimed, with thi numerical tudy, to tet their applicability in thi cae. An aymmetric footbridge, with a main pan of 20,0m and a ide pan of 10,0m wa conidered. The typical cro ection i repreented in Figure 6 for the ingle-pan imply upported cae. The dimenion of the cro-ection for the tiffening girder are given in the table included in Figure 3 for the topologie conidered in thi tudy. In order to get comparable reult between the different tructure, the deign wa performed under imilar erviceability condition. Main and tranvere beam are made of trength grade GL24h glued laminated timber according to EN1194 (2002) [5]. Service cla 2 wa conidered, in term of the EC5-Part 1. Although irrelevant for thi tudy, it hould be emphaied that, in a real ituation, the tructural element mut be mounted on open air making the conideration of ervice cla 3 1 K a =1 for imply upported deck.
5 Glulam girder 135 x 1500 Tranvere beam 100 x 300 // compulory. Concerning the load, the elf-weight and a uniformly ditributed live load of 3kN/m 2 with hort duration wa conidered. To generate the dynamic load a 0.05 time tep wa conidered. Since the time integration uing the Newmark method wa made for a 0.01 time tep, a linear interpolation within the load time tep wa performed in order to make the integration poible. The damping ratio related to critical damping wa conidered to be 1%, a recommended by the EC5-2. Structural ytem Simply upported Continuou, 2 pan Continuou, 3 pan Cable-tayed (main pan: 6,0-7,5-7,5) bxh (mm, girder) 135x x x x400 Figure 3 Cro ection of the deck for all upport condition 4.2 Reult and dicuion At thi tage the comparion i made between the maximum acceleration value obtained from the load model preented before and thoe preconized by the Eurocode EC5 and EC1 a well a thoe obtained from other code, namely the Britih Standard 5400 [6], the Canadian ONT [7] and pecialized bibliography (Pernica, [8]). Following the rule commended by recent pre-tandard, prec5 and prec1, the load model wa applied in three different loading ituation concerning pedetrian activity, namely one ingle pedetrian, one group of 10 pedetrian and finally a contant tream of pedetrian croing the bridge with a pre-etablihed denity over the deck. Thi denity wa conidered to be 0.5 pedetrian/m 2 leading to about 45 pedetrian imultaneouly croing the 30 meter pan bridge. Concerning the data given in Table 3, it hould be treed that ditinction wa made between the ENV1995-2:1997 [1] and the new project pren [9], ince the claue concerning continuou beam are withdrawn in the lat one. Beide that, the given value refer to maximum acceleration ituation, o that the reonance of one harmonic of the load, the firt or the econd, with the firt eigenfrequency i the main loading ituation. However, pedetrian bridge are motly ued by walking people at pace rate of about 2, o that thi ituation i alo conidered in the load model for the group of people, in order to have reference value for the mot probable maximum acceleration in normal uage. Reult are included in the firt column of the Load Model reult. The reult from different ource ummarized in Table 3 how ome catter, which i not comprehenible in ome cae. A a matter of fact, for the implet cae, the one-pan deck loaded with one pedetrian croing the bridge with a pace rate coincident with the eigenfrequency, the pren give a ubtantially lower maximum acceleration (1.2m/ 2 ) than the one computed (2.3 m/ 2 ). However, the value obtained from thi code for the effect of a continuou tream of pedetrian acting in reonance with the tructure (12.1 m/ 2 ) compare well with that one obtained from the load model (12.3 m/ 2 ). The draft of the pren only conider the cae of a group of pedetrian (about 10). The value obtained from thi code compare relatively well with thoe computed for walking people croing the bridge at about 2 pace/ec. However they are ubtantially lower than thoe computed for the ituation of reonance, a it can be een when comparing the correpondent column with the lat column in the Table 3. The methodology given in Pernica [8] i limited to pace rate up to 2.5, o that, in thi cae it can be applied only in the three-pan deck ituation.
6 Table 3 Maximum vertical deck acceleration obtained from the different ource (m/ 2 ) Type of tructure Eigenfrequency Load harmonic N. of pedetrian ENV pren BS 5400 Pernica Draft pren Load Model 2 pace rate Reonance Onepan deck Twopan deck Threepan deck Cable tayed bridge t Stream nd Stream nd Stream t Stream Concluion Some dicrepancie were detected when comparing the reult obtained from the code, pecially the pren and the draft of the pren and the reult from the Load Model preented in the firt part of the paper. Thee dicrepancie hould be avoided, at leat for the implet ituation when only one pedetrian croe a imply upported bridge. For group of 10 pedetrian the pren compare well with the computed value if the dynamic load i due to walking people croing the bridge deck at about 2 pace/ec. In reonant condition at higher frequencie the maximum acceleration predicted by the load model i much higher than the one predicted by the referred code. 6. Reference [1] ENV :1997 Eurocode 5: Deign of timber tructure Part 2: Bridge [2] Bachmann, H. e Ammann, W., 1987 Vibration in Structure Induced by Man and Machine, Journal of IABSE, Structural Engineering International, vol 5, nº [3] Matumoto, Y., Nihioka, T. Shiojiri, H. Matuzaki, K., 1978, Dynamic Deign of Footbridge, IABSE Proceeding, P-17/78, pp [4] pren (Draft tage 34) General action Traffic load on bridge; Annex X (informative) Dynamic model of pedetrian load. (Augut 2001) [5] EN1194: Timber tructure Glued laminated timber Strength clae and determination of characteritic value. [6] Britih Standard Intitution, 1978, BS5400, Part 2, Appendix C, Vibration Serviceability Requirement for Foot and Cycle Track Bridge. [7] Ontario Highway Bridge Deign Code. 1983, Ontario Minitry of Tranportation, Toronto. [8] Pernica, G. Dynamic load factor for Pedetrian movement and rhythmic exercie, Canadian Acoutic, pp 18, 2, 3-18,1990. [9] pren 1995 (Draft tage 34) Eurocode 5: Deign of timber tructure Part 2: Bridge
Estimating floor acceleration in nonlinear multi-story moment-resisting frames
Etimating floor acceleration in nonlinear multi-tory moment-reiting frame R. Karami Mohammadi Aitant Profeor, Civil Engineering Department, K.N.Tooi Univerity M. Mohammadi M.Sc. Student, Civil Engineering
More informationLateral vibration of footbridges under crowd-loading: Continuous crowd modeling approach
ateral vibration of footbridge under crowd-loading: Continuou crowd modeling approach Joanna Bodgi, a, Silvano Erlicher,b and Pierre Argoul,c Intitut NAVIER, ENPC, 6 et 8 av. B. Pacal, Cité Decarte, Champ
More informationA NEW LOAD MODEL OF THE PEDESTRIANS LATERAL ACTION
A NEW LOAD MODEL OF THE PEDESTRIANS LATERAL ACTION Fiammetta VENUTI PhD Politecnico di Torino Torino, IT Luca Bruno Aociate Profeor Politecnico di Torino Torino, IT Summary Thi paper propoe a new load
More informationNonlinear Single-Particle Dynamics in High Energy Accelerators
Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamic in High Energy Accelerator Part 6: Canonical Perturbation Theory Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamic in High Energy Accelerator Thi coure conit of eight lecture: 1. Introduction
More informationSocial Studies 201 Notes for November 14, 2003
1 Social Studie 201 Note for November 14, 2003 Etimation of a mean, mall ample ize Section 8.4, p. 501. When a reearcher ha only a mall ample ize available, the central limit theorem doe not apply to the
More informationSocial Studies 201 Notes for March 18, 2005
1 Social Studie 201 Note for March 18, 2005 Etimation of a mean, mall ample ize Section 8.4, p. 501. When a reearcher ha only a mall ample ize available, the central limit theorem doe not apply to the
More informationSeismic Loads Based on IBC 2015/ASCE 7-10
Seimic Load Baed on IBC 2015/ASCE 7-10 Baed on Section 1613.1 of IBC 2015, Every tructure, and portion thereof, including nontructural component that are permanently attached to tructure and their upport
More informationSoftware Verification
EXAMPLE 17 Crack Width Analyi The crack width, wk, i calculated uing the methodology decribed in the Eurocode EN 1992-1-1:2004, Section 7.3.4, which make ue of the following expreion: (1) w = ( ),max ε
More informationSIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR EPICYCLIC GEAR INERTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN FACULTY OF ECHANICS AND TECHNOLOGY AUTOOTIVE erie, year XVII, no. ( 3 ) SIPLIFIED ODEL FOR EPICYCLIC GEAR INERTIAL CHARACTERISTICS Ciobotaru, Ticuşor *, Feraru,
More informationTHE RATIO OF DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR TO FORCE REDUCTION FACTOR
3 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada Augut -6, 4 Paper No. 97 THE RATIO OF DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR TO FORCE REDUCTION FACTOR Mua MAHMOUDI SUMMARY For Seimic
More informationGain and Phase Margins Based Delay Dependent Stability Analysis of Two- Area LFC System with Communication Delays
Gain and Phae Margin Baed Delay Dependent Stability Analyi of Two- Area LFC Sytem with Communication Delay Şahin Sönmez and Saffet Ayaun Department of Electrical Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halidemir Univerity,
More informationCHAPTER 8 OBSERVER BASED REDUCED ORDER CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8 OBSERVER BASED REDUCED ORDER CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 REDUCED ORDER MODEL DESIGN FOR LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS 8.3
More informationComparing Means: t-tests for Two Independent Samples
Comparing ean: t-tet for Two Independent Sample Independent-eaure Deign t-tet for Two Independent Sample Allow reearcher to evaluate the mean difference between two population uing data from two eparate
More informationTHE EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A NONLINEAR DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER
Proceeding of IMAC XXXI Conference & Expoition on Structural Dynamic February -4 Garden Grove CA USA THE EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A NONLINEAR DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER Yung-Sheng Hu Neil S Ferguon
More informationPEDESTRIAN LATERAL ACTION ON LIVELY FOOTBRIDGES: A NEW LOAD MODEL
PEDESTRIAN LATERAL ACTION ON LIVELY FOOTBRIDGES: A NEW LOAD MODEL F. Venuti, PhD tudent, L. Bruno, Aociate Prof., P. Napoli, Full Prof., Department of Structural Engineering and Geotechnic, Politecnico
More informationChapter 2 Sampling and Quantization. In order to investigate sampling and quantization, the difference between analog
Chapter Sampling and Quantization.1 Analog and Digital Signal In order to invetigate ampling and quantization, the difference between analog and digital ignal mut be undertood. Analog ignal conit of continuou
More informationThe Influence of the Load Condition upon the Radial Distribution of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noise in a Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
The Influence of the Load Condition upon the Radial Ditribution of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noie in a Three-Phae Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Yuta Sato 1, Iao Hirotuka 1, Kazuo Tuboi 1, Maanori Nakamura
More informationFinite Element Analysis of a Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer for Performance Optimization
Finite Element Analyi of a Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer for Performance Optimization N. Baumallick*, P. Biwa, K. Dagupta and S. Bandyopadhyay Fiber Optic Laboratory, Central Gla and Ceramic Reearch
More informationMULTI-LAYERED LOSSY FINITE LENGTH DIELECTRIC CYLINDIRICAL MODEL OF MAN AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
Proceeding 3rd Annual Conference IEEE/EMBS Oct.5-8, 1, Itanbul, TURKEY MULTI-LAYERED LOSSY FINITE LENGTH DIELECTRIC CYLINDIRICAL MODEL OF MAN AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE S.S. Şeker, B. Yeldiren Boğaziçi Univerity,
More informationON THE APPROXIMATION ERROR IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL MODEL REPRESENTATION. Xiaoqun Wang
Proceeding of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference S. J. Maon, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Roe, T. Jefferon, J. W. Fowler ed. ON THE APPROXIMATION ERROR IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL MODEL REPRESENTATION Xiaoqun Wang
More informationA Simplified Methodology for the Synthesis of Adaptive Flight Control Systems
A Simplified Methodology for the Synthei of Adaptive Flight Control Sytem J.ROUSHANIAN, F.NADJAFI Department of Mechanical Engineering KNT Univerity of Technology 3Mirdamad St. Tehran IRAN Abtract- A implified
More information7.2 INVERSE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES 281
72 INVERSE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES 28 and i 2 Show how Euler formula (page 33) can then be ued to deduce the reult a ( a) 2 b 2 {e at co bt} {e at in bt} b ( a) 2 b 2 5 Under what condition
More informationUSPAS Course on Recirculated and Energy Recovered Linear Accelerators
USPAS Coure on Recirculated and Energy Recovered Linear Accelerator G. A. Krafft and L. Merminga Jefferon Lab I. Bazarov Cornell Lecture 6 7 March 005 Lecture Outline. Invariant Ellipe Generated by a Unimodular
More informationMODELLING OF FRICTIONAL SOIL DAMPING IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
MODELLING OF FRICTIONAL SOIL DAMPING IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS S. VAN BAARS Department of Science, Technology and Communication, Univerity of Luxembourg, Luxembourg ABSTRACT: In oil dynamic, the oil i
More informationChapter 4. The Laplace Transform Method
Chapter 4. The Laplace Tranform Method The Laplace Tranform i a tranformation, meaning that it change a function into a new function. Actually, it i a linear tranformation, becaue it convert a linear combination
More informationPOWER SYSTEM SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON TEST SIGNAL
POWE YEM MALL INAL ABILIY ANALYI BAE ON E INAL Zheng Xu, Wei hao, Changchun Zhou Zheang Univerity, Hangzhou, 37 PChina Email: hvdc@ceezueducn Abtract - In thi paper, a method baed on ome tet ignal (et
More information1. The F-test for Equality of Two Variances
. The F-tet for Equality of Two Variance Previouly we've learned how to tet whether two population mean are equal, uing data from two independent ample. We can alo tet whether two population variance are
More informationUnified Design Method for Flexure and Debonding in FRP Retrofitted RC Beams
Unified Deign Method for Flexure and Debonding in FRP Retrofitted RC Beam G.X. Guan, Ph.D. 1 ; and C.J. Burgoyne 2 Abtract Flexural retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) beam uing fibre reinforced polymer
More informationTRANSITION PROBABILITY MATRIX OF BRIDGE MEMBERS DAMAGE RATING
TRANSITION PROBABILITY MATRIX OF BRIDGE MEMBERS DAMAGE RATING Hirohi Sato and Ryoji Hagiwara 2 Abtract Bridge member damage characteritic were tudied uing the inpection record. Damage can be claified into
More informationNCAAPMT Calculus Challenge Challenge #3 Due: October 26, 2011
NCAAPMT Calculu Challenge 011 01 Challenge #3 Due: October 6, 011 A Model of Traffic Flow Everyone ha at ome time been on a multi-lane highway and encountered road contruction that required the traffic
More informationSimple Observer Based Synchronization of Lorenz System with Parametric Uncertainty
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) ISSN: 78-676Volume, Iue 6 (Nov. - Dec. 0), PP 4-0 Simple Oberver Baed Synchronization of Lorenz Sytem with Parametric Uncertainty Manih
More informationSampling and the Discrete Fourier Transform
Sampling and the Dicrete Fourier Tranform Sampling Method Sampling i mot commonly done with two device, the ample-and-hold (S/H) and the analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) The S/H acquire a CT ignal at
More informationSource slideplayer.com/fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, F.J. Holler, S.R.Crouch. Chapter 6: Random Errors in Chemical Analysis
Source lideplayer.com/fundamental of Analytical Chemitry, F.J. Holler, S.R.Crouch Chapter 6: Random Error in Chemical Analyi Random error are preent in every meaurement no matter how careful the experimenter.
More informationSEISMIC STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SINGLE AND MULTI-STOREY SHEAR BUILDINGS CONSIDERING SOIL- STRUCTURE INTERACTION
SEISMIC STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SINGLE AND MULTI-STOREY SHEAR BUILDINGS CONSIDERING SOIL- STRUCTURE INTERACTION Yang LU, Iman HAJIRASOULIHA * and Alec M. MARSHALL ABSTRACT A parametric analyi ha
More informationPOWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY SUPPLY IMPROVEMENT USING A POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH ENERGY STORAGE CAPABILITY
POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY UPPLY IMPROVEMENT UING A POWER CONDITIONING YTEM WITH ENERGY TORAGAPABILITY Domenico Caadei, Gabriele Grandi, Claudio Roi Department of Electrical Engineering Univerity of
More informationSTRAIN LIMITS FOR PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS OF CONCRETE REINFORCED COLUMNS
13 th World Conerence on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada Augut 1-6, 004 Paper No. 589 STRAIN LIMITS FOR PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS OF CONCRETE REINFORCED COLUMNS Rebeccah RUSSELL 1, Adolo MATAMOROS,
More informationInteraction of Pile-Soil-Pile in Battered Pile Groups under Statically Lateral Load
Interaction of Pile-Soil-Pile in Battered Pile Group under Statically Lateral Load H. Ghaemadeh 1*, M. Alibeikloo 2 1- Aitant Profeor, K. N. Tooi Univerity of Technology 2- M.Sc. Student, K. N. Tooi Univerity
More informationImproving the Efficiency of a Digital Filtering Scheme for Diabatic Initialization
1976 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 15 Improving the Efficiency of a Digital Filtering Scheme for Diabatic Initialization PETER LYNCH Met Éireann, Dublin, Ireland DOMINIQUE GIARD CNRM/GMAP, Météo-France,
More informationCONTROL SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION Vol. VIII Decoupling Control - M. Fikar
DECOUPLING CONTROL M. Fikar Department of Proce Control, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Univerity of Technology in Bratilava, Radlinkého 9, SK-812 37 Bratilava, Slovakia Keyword: Decoupling:
More informationModule: 8 Lecture: 1
Moule: 8 Lecture: 1 Energy iipate by amping Uually amping i preent in all ocillatory ytem. It effect i to remove energy from the ytem. Energy in a vibrating ytem i either iipate into heat oun or raiate
More informationPreemptive scheduling on a small number of hierarchical machines
Available online at www.ciencedirect.com Information and Computation 06 (008) 60 619 www.elevier.com/locate/ic Preemptive cheduling on a mall number of hierarchical machine György Dóa a, Leah Eptein b,
More informationReliability Analysis of Embedded System with Different Modes of Failure Emphasizing Reboot Delay
International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 3., 4: 449-47 Reliability Analyi of Embedded Sytem with Different Mode of Failure Emphaizing Reboot Delay Deepak Kumar* and S. B. Singh Department
More informationAlternate Dispersion Measures in Replicated Factorial Experiments
Alternate Diperion Meaure in Replicated Factorial Experiment Neal A. Mackertich The Raytheon Company, Sudbury MA 02421 Jame C. Benneyan Northeatern Univerity, Boton MA 02115 Peter D. Krau The Raytheon
More informationSERIES COMPENSATION: VOLTAGE COMPENSATION USING DVR (Lectures 41-48)
Chapter 5 SERIES COMPENSATION: VOLTAGE COMPENSATION USING DVR (Lecture 41-48) 5.1 Introduction Power ytem hould enure good quality of electric power upply, which mean voltage and current waveform hould
More informationClustering Methods without Given Number of Clusters
Clutering Method without Given Number of Cluter Peng Xu, Fei Liu Introduction A we now, mean method i a very effective algorithm of clutering. It mot powerful feature i the calability and implicity. However,
More informationAnnex-A: RTTOV9 Cloud validation
RTTOV-91 Science and Validation Plan Annex-A: RTTOV9 Cloud validation Author O Embury C J Merchant The Univerity of Edinburgh Intitute for Atmo. & Environ. Science Crew Building King Building Edinburgh
More informationIntroduction to Laplace Transform Techniques in Circuit Analysis
Unit 6 Introduction to Laplace Tranform Technique in Circuit Analyi In thi unit we conider the application of Laplace Tranform to circuit analyi. A relevant dicuion of the one-ided Laplace tranform i found
More informationControl Systems Analysis and Design by the Root-Locus Method
6 Control Sytem Analyi and Deign by the Root-Locu Method 6 1 INTRODUCTION The baic characteritic of the tranient repone of a cloed-loop ytem i cloely related to the location of the cloed-loop pole. If
More informationSimulation and Analysis of Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Motors for Direct Drive Systems
Available online at www.ijpe-online.com vol. 3, no. 8, December 07, pp. 304-3 DOI: 0.3940/ijpe.7.08.p.3043 Simulation and Analyi of Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Motor for Direct Drive Sytem Mingjie
More informationA FUNCTIONAL BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF INVERSE PROBLEMS WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL PARAMETERS AUTHORS: CORRESPONDENCE: ABSTRACT
A FUNCTIONAL BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF INVERSE PROBLEMS WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL PARAMETERS AUTHORS: Zenon Medina-Cetina International Centre for Geohazard / Norwegian Geotechnical Intitute Roger
More informationA BATCH-ARRIVAL QUEUE WITH MULTIPLE SERVERS AND FUZZY PARAMETERS: PARAMETRIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH
Mathematical and Computational Application Vol. 11 No. pp. 181-191 006. Aociation for Scientific Reearch A BATCH-ARRIVA QEE WITH MTIPE SERVERS AND FZZY PARAMETERS: PARAMETRIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH Jau-Chuan
More informationQuantifying And Specifying The Dynamic Response Of Flowmeters
White Paper Quantifying And Specifying The Dynamic Repone Of Flowmeter DP Flow ABSTRACT The dynamic repone characteritic of flowmeter are often incompletely or incorrectly pecified. Thi i often the reult
More informationExtending MFM Function Ontology for Representing Separation and Conversion in Process Plant
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2018 Extending MFM Function Ontology for Repreenting Separation and Converion in Proce Plant Zhang, Xinxin; Lind, Morten; Jørgenen, Sten Bay; Wu, Jing; Karnati,
More informationTuned vibration absorbers for control of noise radiated by a panel
Proceeding of ACOUSICS 9 3-5 November 9, Adelaide, Autralia uned vibration aborber for control of noie radiated by a panel Swee S. Kuik, Carl Q. Howard, Colin H. Hanen & Anthony C. Zander School of echanical
More informationLecture 10 Filtering: Applied Concepts
Lecture Filtering: Applied Concept In the previou two lecture, you have learned about finite-impule-repone (FIR) and infinite-impule-repone (IIR) filter. In thee lecture, we introduced the concept of filtering
More informationGNSS Solutions: What is the carrier phase measurement? How is it generated in GNSS receivers? Simply put, the carrier phase
GNSS Solution: Carrier phae and it meaurement for GNSS GNSS Solution i a regular column featuring quetion and anwer about technical apect of GNSS. Reader are invited to end their quetion to the columnit,
More informationA Constraint Propagation Algorithm for Determining the Stability Margin. The paper addresses the stability margin assessment for linear systems
A Contraint Propagation Algorithm for Determining the Stability Margin of Linear Parameter Circuit and Sytem Lubomir Kolev and Simona Filipova-Petrakieva Abtract The paper addree the tability margin aement
More informationSimulation Study on the Shock Properties of the Double-Degree-of-Freedom Cushioning Packaging System
Proceeding of the 7th IAPRI World Conference on Packaging Simulation Study on the Shock Propertie of the Double-Degree-of-Freedom Cuhioning Packaging Sytem Xia Zhu, Qiaoqiao Yan, Xiaoling Yao, Junbin Chen,
More informationAdvanced D-Partitioning Analysis and its Comparison with the Kharitonov s Theorem Assessment
Journal of Multidiciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 59- Vol. Iue, January - 5 Advanced D-Partitioning Analyi and it Comparion with the haritonov Theorem Aement amen M. Yanev Profeor,
More informationResponse of the beams on random Pasternak foundations subjected to harmonic moving loads
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 3 (9) 33~33 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology www.pringerlink.com/content/738-494x DOI.7/6-9-86-3 Repone of the beam on random Paternak foundation
More informationSuggested Answers To Exercises. estimates variability in a sampling distribution of random means. About 68% of means fall
Beyond Significance Teting ( nd Edition), Rex B. Kline Suggeted Anwer To Exercie Chapter. The tatitic meaure variability among core at the cae level. In a normal ditribution, about 68% of the core fall
More informationEstimation of Peaked Densities Over the Interval [0,1] Using Two-Sided Power Distribution: Application to Lottery Experiments
MPRA Munich Peronal RePEc Archive Etimation of Peaed Denitie Over the Interval [0] Uing Two-Sided Power Ditribution: Application to Lottery Experiment Krzyztof Konte Artal Invetment 8. April 00 Online
More informationPART I: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INTO THE VISCOUS DAMPING RESPONSE OF PILE-CLAY INTERFACES
PART I: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INTO THE VISCOUS DAMPING RESPONSE OF PILE-CLAY INTERFACES V. B. L. Chin, Gue & Partner Sdn Bhd, Malayia; Formerly Monah Univerity, Autralia J. P. Seidel, Foundation QA Pty
More informationEE 4443/5329. LAB 3: Control of Industrial Systems. Simulation and Hardware Control (PID Design) The Inverted Pendulum. (ECP Systems-Model: 505)
EE 4443/5329 LAB 3: Control of Indutrial Sytem Simulation and Hardware Control (PID Deign) The Inverted Pendulum (ECP Sytem-Model: 505) Compiled by: Nitin Swamy Email: nwamy@lakehore.uta.edu Email: okuljaca@lakehore.uta.edu
More informationCONSISTENT INSERTION OF BOND-SLIP INTO BEAM FIBER ELEMENTS FOR BIAXIAL BENDING
CONSISEN INSERION OF BOND-S INO BEAM FIBER EEMENS FOR BIAXIA BENDING GIORIGO MONI AND ENRICO SPACONE 2 SMMARY In thi paper a new reinforced concrete beam finite element that explicitly account for the
More informationDetermination of Flow Resistance Coefficients Due to Shrubs and Woody Vegetation
December 000 Determination of Flow Reitance Coefficient Due to hrub and Woody Vegetation by Ronald R. Copeland PURPOE: The purpoe of thi Technical Note i to tranmit reult of an experimental invetigation
More informationEffects of soil structure interaction on behavior of reinforced concrete structures
Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanic 18 Volume 1 Iue 1 Page 8-33 http://doi.org/1.3146/jeam.18.1833 www.goldenlightpublih.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of oil tructure interaction on behavior
More informationRecent progress in fire-structure analysis
EJSE Special Iue: Selected Key Note paper from MDCMS 1 1t International Conference on Modern Deign, Contruction and Maintenance of Structure - Hanoi, Vietnam, December 2007 Recent progre in fire-tructure
More informationA Simple Higher Order Theory for Bending Analysis of Steel Beams
SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) volume Iue April 15 A Simple Higher Order Theory for Bending Analyi of Steel Beam T.K. Meghare 1, P.D. Jadhao 1 Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationDetermination of Flow Resistance Coefficients Due to Shrubs and Woody Vegetation
ERDC/CL CETN-VIII-3 December 000 Determination of Flow Reitance Coefficient Due to hrub and Woody Vegetation by Ronald R. Copeland PURPOE: The purpoe of thi Technical Note i to tranmit reult of an experimental
More informationWhite Rose Research Online URL for this paper: Version: Accepted Version
Thi i a repoitory copy of Identification of nonlinear ytem with non-peritent excitation uing an iterative forward orthogonal leat quare regreion algorithm. White Roe Reearch Online URL for thi paper: http://eprint.whiteroe.ac.uk/107314/
More informationThe continuous time random walk (CTRW) was introduced by Montroll and Weiss 1.
1 I. CONTINUOUS TIME RANDOM WALK The continuou time random walk (CTRW) wa introduced by Montroll and Wei 1. Unlike dicrete time random walk treated o far, in the CTRW the number of jump n made by the walker
More information[Saxena, 2(9): September, 2013] ISSN: Impact Factor: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY
[Saena, (9): September, 0] ISSN: 77-9655 Impact Factor:.85 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Contant Stre Accelerated Life Teting Uing Rayleigh Geometric Proce
More informationCalculation of the temperature of boundary layer beside wall with time-dependent heat transfer coefficient
Ŕ periodica polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 54/1 21 15 2 doi: 1.3311/pp.me.21-1.3 web: http:// www.pp.bme.hu/ me c Periodica Polytechnica 21 RESERCH RTICLE Calculation of the temperature of boundary
More informationpure VIF on bluff bodie, almot all the exiting parameter identification procee have baed on the diplacement repone of VIV, intead of the force hitory
The Seventh International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamic and it Application (BBAA7) Shanghai, China; September -6, A novel empirical non-linear model for vortex-induced force on a cloed box bridge
More informationModeling of Transport and Reaction in a Catalytic Bed Using a Catalyst Particle Model.
Excerpt from the Proceeding of the COMSOL Conference 2010 Boton Modeling of Tranport and Reaction in a Catalytic Bed Uing a Catalyt Particle Model. F. Allain *,1, A.G. Dixon 1 1 Worceter Polytechnic Intitute
More informationStreaming Calculations using the Point-Kernel Code RANKERN
Streaming Calculation uing the Point-Kernel Code RANKERN Steve CHUCAS, Ian CURL AEA Technology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorcheter, Doret DT2 8DH, UK RANKERN olve the gamma-ray tranport equation in
More informationFluid-structure coupling analysis and simulation of viscosity effect. on Coriolis mass flowmeter
APCOM & ISCM 11-14 th December, 2013, Singapore luid-tructure coupling analyi and imulation of vicoity effect on Corioli ma flowmeter *Luo Rongmo, and Wu Jian National Metrology Centre, A*STAR, 1 Science
More informationPredicting the Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slabs subjected to Concentrated Loads close to Supports with the Modified Bond Model
Predicting the Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slab ubjected to Concentrated Load cloe to Support ith the Modified Bond Model Eva O.L. LANTSOGHT Aitant Profeor Univeridad San Francico de Quito elantoght@ufq.edu.ec
More informationDigital Control System
Digital Control Sytem - A D D A Micro ADC DAC Proceor Correction Element Proce Clock Meaurement A: Analog D: Digital Continuou Controller and Digital Control Rt - c Plant yt Continuou Controller Digital
More informationLecture 17: Analytic Functions and Integrals (See Chapter 14 in Boas)
Lecture 7: Analytic Function and Integral (See Chapter 4 in Boa) Thi i a good point to take a brief detour and expand on our previou dicuion of complex variable and complex function of complex variable.
More informationAfter the invention of the steam engine in the late 1700s by the Scottish engineer
Introduction to Statitic 22 After the invention of the team engine in the late 1700 by the Scottih engineer Jame Watt, the production of machine-made good became widepread during the 1800. However, it
More informationA Bluffer s Guide to... Sphericity
A Bluffer Guide to Sphericity Andy Field Univerity of Suex The ue of repeated meaure, where the ame ubject are teted under a number of condition, ha numerou practical and tatitical benefit. For one thing
More informationResearch Article Reliability of Foundation Pile Based on Settlement and a Parameter Sensitivity Analysis
Mathematical Problem in Engineering Volume 2016, Article ID 1659549, 7 page http://dxdoiorg/101155/2016/1659549 Reearch Article Reliability of Foundation Pile Baed on Settlement and a Parameter Senitivity
More informationIII.9. THE HYSTERESIS CYCLE OF FERROELECTRIC SUBSTANCES
III.9. THE HYSTERESIS CYCLE OF FERROELECTRIC SBSTANCES. Work purpoe The analyi of the behaviour of a ferroelectric ubtance placed in an eternal electric field; the dependence of the electrical polariation
More informationControl of Delayed Integrating Processes Using Two Feedback Controllers R MS Approach
Proceeding of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on SYSTEM SCIENCE and SIMULATION in ENGINEERING (ICOSSSE '8) Control of Delayed Integrating Procee Uing Two Feedback Controller R MS Approach LIBOR
More informationUnified Correlation between SPT-N and Shear Wave Velocity for all Soil Types
6 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering 1-4 ovember 15 Chritchurch, ew Zealand Unified Correlation between SPT- and Shear Wave Velocity for all Soil Type C.-C. Tai 1 and T.
More informationCAPACITY OF STIFFENED STEEL SHEAR PANELS AS A STRUCTURAL CONTROL DAMPER
CAPACITY OF STIFFENED STEEL SHEAR PANELS AS A STRUCTURAL CONTROL DAMPER H.B. Ge 1, K. Kaneko and T. Uami 3 1,3 Profeor, Department of Civil Engineering, Meijo Univerity, Nagoya 458-85, Japan Graduate Student,
More informationSTUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF CONVECTIVE EFFECTS IN INCIDENT RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX DENSITY MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
XIX IMEKO World Congre Fundamental and Applied Metrology September 6, 009, Libon, Portugal SUDY OF HE INFLUENCE OF CONVECIVE EFFECS IN INCIDEN RADIAIVE HEA FLUX DENSIY MEASUREMEN UNCERAINY L. Lage Martin,
More informationAn estimation approach for autotuning of event-based PI control systems
Acta de la XXXIX Jornada de Automática, Badajoz, 5-7 de Septiembre de 08 An etimation approach for autotuning of event-baed PI control ytem Joé Sánchez Moreno, María Guinaldo Loada, Sebatián Dormido Departamento
More informationSOLVING THE KONDO PROBLEM FOR COMPLEX MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS
SOLVING THE KONDO POBLEM FO COMPLEX MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS V. DINU and M. ÞOLEA National Intitute of Material Phyic, Bucharet-Magurele P.O. Box MG-7, omania eceived February 21, 2005 Firt we preent the calculation
More informationonline learning Unit Workbook 4 RLC Transients
online learning Pearon BTC Higher National in lectrical and lectronic ngineering (QCF) Unit 5: lectrical & lectronic Principle Unit Workbook 4 in a erie of 4 for thi unit Learning Outcome: RLC Tranient
More informationASSESSING EXPECTED ACCURACY OF PROBE VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME REPORTS
ASSESSING EXPECTED ACCURACY OF PROBE VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME REPORTS By Bruce Hellinga, 1 P.E., and Liping Fu 2 (Reviewed by the Urban Tranportation Diviion) ABSTRACT: The ue of probe vehicle to provide etimate
More informationinto a discrete time function. Recall that the table of Laplace/z-transforms is constructed by (i) selecting to get
Lecture 25 Introduction to Some Matlab c2d Code in Relation to Sampled Sytem here are many way to convert a continuou time function, { h( t) ; t [0, )} into a dicrete time function { h ( k) ; k {0,,, }}
More informationS_LOOP: SINGLE-LOOP FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS
S_LOOP: SINGLE-LOOP FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS by Michelle Gretzinger, Daniel Zyngier and Thoma Marlin INTRODUCTION One of the challenge to the engineer learning proce control i relating theoretical
More informationHOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #2
Texa A&M Univerity Electrical Engineering Department ELEN Integrated Active Filter Deign Methodologie Alberto Valde-Garcia TAMU ID# 000 17 September 0, 001 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT # PROBLEM 1 Obtain at leat
More informationMulticolor Sunflowers
Multicolor Sunflower Dhruv Mubayi Lujia Wang October 19, 2017 Abtract A unflower i a collection of ditinct et uch that the interection of any two of them i the ame a the common interection C of all of
More informationSeismic responses analysis of long continuous rigid-framed bridge subjected to multi-support excitations
Seimic repone analyi of long continuou rigid-framed ridge ujected to multi-upport excitation Jitao Li 1 and Qinghan Yang 2 1 Potgraduate, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong Univerity, Beijing.
More informationFinding the location of switched capacitor banks in distribution systems based on wavelet transform
UPEC00 3t Aug - 3rd Sept 00 Finding the location of witched capacitor bank in ditribution ytem baed on wavelet tranform Bahram nohad Shahid Chamran Univerity in Ahvaz bahramnohad@yahoo.com Mehrdad keramatzadeh
More informationDynamic Stability Analysis for a Self Mixing Interferometry
Univerity of Wollongong Reearch Online Univerity of Wollongong Thei Collection 1954-16 Univerity of Wollongong Thei Collection 16 Dynamic Stability Analyi for a Self Mixing Interferometry Yuanlong Fan
More information