Lateral vibration of footbridges under crowd-loading: Continuous crowd modeling approach
|
|
- Ralf Jones
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ateral vibration of footbridge under crowd-loading: Continuou crowd modeling approach Joanna Bodgi, a, Silvano Erlicher,b and Pierre Argoul,c Intitut NAVIER, ENPC, 6 et 8 av. B. Pacal, Cité Decarte, Champ ur Marne, Marne-la-Vallée, France a bodgi@lami.enpc.fr, b erlicher@lami.enpc.fr, c argoul@lami.enpc.fr Keyword: Footbridge, Crowd loading, Pedetrian-tructure ynchronization. Abtract. In thi paper, a imple D crowd model i propoed, which aim i to properly decribe the crowd-flow phenomena occurring when pedetrian walk on a flexible footbridge. The crowd i aumed to behave like a continuou compreible fluid and the pedetrian flow i modeled in a -D framework uing the (total) ma (of pedetrian) conervation equation. Thi crowd model i then coupled with a imple model for the dynamical behavior of the footbridge and an optimized modeling of ynchronization effect i performed. Numerical imulation are preented to how ome preliminary reult. Introduction Recent example of footbridge have hown to be enitive to the human induced vibration (Millenium Bridge, ondon; Solférino Bridge, Pari). Several experimental meaurement allowed thi phenomenon to be better undertood [, ]. The crowd walking on a footbridge impoe to the tructure a dynamic lateral excitation at a frequency cloe to Hz. When the firt mode of lateral vibration of a footbridge fall in the ame frequency interval, then a reonance phenomenon i activated, the ocillation amplitude increae and pedetrian are forced to change their way of walking, up to the o-called tructure-pedetrian ynchronization occurring if the ocillation amplitude i large enough. Thi phenomenon ha been often experimentally detected and alo analyzed in everal tudie [, 3, 4]. A erie of implified deign rule for footbridge accounting for thee effect wa recently propoed []. Moreover, the behaviour of a ingle pedetrian i affected by the preence of the crowd around him. In more detail, when the pedetrian denity i very low, the walk i «free» and characterized by the peed, the walk frequency, the tep length, etc. lightly varying from a walker to the other. Nonethele, when the crowd denity become higher, a ingle walker i forced to ynchronize hi peed with that of the other. Thi kind of pedetrian-pedetrian ynchronization occur even when the walk i on a rigid floor and ome crowd model were already developed [5] for thi cae. However, very few exiting tudie concern the modeling of both kind of ynchronization [3]. In thi contribution, an approach that we call Eulerian, i propoed in order to take into account traffic effect and pedetrian-tructure ynchronization. Some experimental reult Single pedetrian walking. The human walking i characterized by time interval where both feet are in contact with the floor and interval where only one foot touche the floor. One can define the beginning of a tep a the beginning of a imultaneou contact period. The end of a tep coincide with the beginning of the following imultaneou contact period. For a given pedetrian walking at contant peed, the time-length T of a tep i approximately contant. The walking frequency i defined by: f T. For a tandard walking, one get f Hz [4]. The force induced by a ingle pedetrian on the floor ha a lateral component related to the mall lateral
2 ocillation of the centre of gravity of the pedetrian during walk. It act in the direction perpendicular to the walk peed, and with oppoite ign for each foot. Hence, the frequency of the lateral force i: f lat f Hz. The proceing of data provided by Decathlon [6] concerning lateral walking force how a quai-periodic behavior, with a typical right-left cycle like the one indicated in Fig.. The periodicity of the lateral force f l ( t ) ugget a Fourier harmonic decompoition: f ( t) in( i f t ) in( f t ) () l i lat i lat i where i i the i-th Fourier coefficient, i i the i-th phae difference. f l ( t ) i alway bounded and le than 50 N. For an increaing walking peed, the frequency f lat alo increae. Figure - ateral walking force on a rigid floor, for everal walking peed. It can be deduced that the firt harmonic amplitude i of order 30 35N, confirming the reult of SETRA [] and can be related to the walking velocity v by: v For the analyi of the crowd effect on the lateral motion of footbridge, only the firt harmonic (frequency f lat ) i retained in mot tudie and thi will be the cae in thi paper. Thi f lat frequency i often very cloe to the lateral modal frequency of footbridge. Hence footbridge may be ubject to large ocillation becaue their behavior i often lightly damped even if the pedetrian lateral force i relatively mall. In the cae of non-rigid floor, the lateral force amplitude of the human walk i aumed to be imilar to that of the rigid-floor cae. Thi trong aumption i upported by the experimental reult of SETRA []. Converely, the walking velocity and frequency are affected by the tructure vibration, a een in the following paragraph. Influence of the tructural ocillation on pedetrian walking. When the amplitude of the lateral vibration acceleration for the footbridge i larger than a certain threhold: a min 0. m /, the lateral vibration become perceptible for pedetrian, who tend to change their walking frequency to ynchronize their walk with the tructure ocillation [4]. If a certain number of pedetrian i ynchronized with the tructure (and therefore, with each other), the total lateral force they produce further increae the tructure ocillation, inducing other pedetrian to ynchronize their walk. If the lateral velocity of the footbridge floor reache u 0. 5m /, pedetrian top walking, otherwie they would looe equilibrium [3]. Interaction between pedetrian. For low crowd denitie c 0. 3p / m, every ingle pedetrian walk freely, with an average peed v M. 5m [3], lightly varying from one walker to the other. Converely, when the crowd denity i higher than c, the walking velocity decreae
3 in order to avoid colliion between pedetrian. For very high crowd denitie (, 68, pedetrian m [3]), pedetrian top walking. M Simplified footbridge modeling The lateral motion of a footbridge can be approximately repreented by an Euler-Bernoulli beam equation with vicou damping []: 4 u u u u m ( x) ( xt, ) cx ( ) ( xt, ) k( x) ( xt, ) F(, ) (, ) (, ) 4 l xt mp xt xt t t x t () where x i the coordinate along the beam axi; t the time; u(x,t) the lateral diplacement; m (x) the ma per unit length of the beam [kg/m]; c(x) the vicou damping coefficient [N. /m ]; k(x) the tiffne per unit length [ Nm ] ; F l (x,t) the pedetrian lateral force per unit length [ N / m] and m p ( x,t ) the linear ma of pedetrian [ kg / m]. Under the aumption of doubly hinged beam of length, the firt lateral mode hape can be approximated by a inu having the half-period equal to, which i exact when m, m p, c and k are contant along the beam axi. Since thi mode play a major role in the lateral footbridge dynamic, the olution i aumed of the uxt (, ) Ut ( ) ( x) Ut ( )in x/ and Eq. () become form m ( t )U( t ) c U( t ) k U( t ) F ( t ) (3) p l where m m ( t ) m ( t ) [ m ( x ) m ( x,t ) ] dx,, c c(x)ψ (x)dx, 0 p d k k(x) (x)dx, and F l ( t ) 0 dx F l ( x,t ) ( x ) dx. One can oberve that the ma m ( t ) i made of the claical tructural ma contribution plu the total ma of pedetrian walking on the footbridge deck and having the intantaneou ditribution given by m p ( x,t ). Hence, the intantaneou modal frequency of the ytem footbridge+pedetrian read: m ( x, t) x fp () t k m () t f in dx) m 0 p 0 (4) The ma m p ( x,t ) and the force F l ( x,t ) mut be defined to olve Eq. (3) and are related to the approach ued for modeling the crowd. Two different approache are undertudy: (i) an Eulerian approach coniting in a macrocopic modeling of the crowd which i conidered a a whole and (ii) a agrangian approach coniting in a microcopic modeling of the crowd where each pedetrian i modeled. Under after, only the firt approach i preented. The Eulerian crowd model (ECM) An Eulerian crowd model (ECM) potulate that the crowd behave like a compreible fluid [3]. Thi kind of analyi i intended to repreent the pedetrian behaviour for high crowd denitie. The crowd motion i characterized by it local denity ( x,t ) and it local peed v ( x,t ). In general three equation govern the motion of a fluid, i.e. the ma conervation (.v ) 0 t x (5)
4 the dynamic equilibrium and a contitutive law. However, for traffic flow modelling, it i uual to ubtitute thee lat two equation with a impler cloure equation [3, 6], relying on and v. For the pedetrian flow, the following cloure equation i adopted [3]: v(,u ) g( ) h( u ) (6) vm c u u u with g( ) exp( ( c ) ( M c )), h( u ) u vm ( ) c exp( ) 0 u u The crowd velocity v(,u ) depend on the g( ) function, repreenting the interaction between pedetrian decribed above. ( x,t ) i a parameter decribing the traffic condition. The mechanical analogy ugget for the role of a vicoity parameter of the equivalent crowd fluid. A larger value indicate more difficult traffic condition (highly vicou crowd fluid). Fig. preent the crowd peed on a rigid floor ( h( u ) ) for different value. Experimental data lead to the value of being between 0 and 0 [3]. Figure - Walking peed v. crowd denity for different value The econd function h( u ) allow accounting for the influence of the lateral footbridge vibration on the crowd peed, in the ene that it impoe a peed reduction when pedetrian walk on a footbridge undergoing large ocillation. In addition, it i aumed that after a top occurring when u u, the pedetrian peed remain zero during five econd. After thi delay, they begin to walk if u u, otherwie, the top lat five more econd. Oberve that Eq. (6) govern the crowd peed but nothing i aid about the pedetrian-tructure ynchronization phenomenon which alo involve the phae of pedetrian and of the tructure. Once the denity (x,t) i known, the linear ma denity follow mp( x, t) m p ( x, t) ( x), where ( x) i the deck width and m p i the ma of a ingle pedetrian. The linear force denity read:, Fl( x, t) fl( t) ( x, t) l x S( u, ) fl( t) np( x, t) S( u, ) fl( t) np eq( x, t) (7) where S( u, ) [ 0; ] i a coefficient introduced to repreent the ynchronization effect [3]. According to the aumption of Venuti [3], the pecial cae S occur when all the pedetrian walk with the frequency and phae of the tructural velocity Ut ( ). And Eq.7 tate then that the linear force denity i given by the product of the force of a ingle pedetrian with the number n p ( x,t ) of pedetrian per unit length. Thi cae i the mot evere for the tructure, in the ene that the ame number of pedetrian alway produce a le important tructural motion when they are not in thi ituation of full ynchronization.
5 Converely, if pedetrian are not ynchronized, the total force i defined a the product of the force of a ingle pedetrian and an equivalent ynchronized pedetrian number. Thi equivalent number i defined to give a fictitiou total force Fl ( x, t) acting at the modal frequency and phae of the tructure whoe effect (tructural motion) are the ame a thoe of the true total force, deriving from the true non-ynchronized pedetrian (ee []). The ynchronization coefficient, i.e. the ratio between the number of ynchronied pedetrian per unit length and the number of pedetrian per unit length, i defined by Venuti [3] a follow S( x,t ) Spp( ( x,t )) Sp( u( x,t )) (8) The firt term account for the fact that for high denitie pedetrian are ynchronized each other: for c, the walk i free, every pedetrian ha a different frequency and/or phae and the contribution to the total force i therefore null. The econd term derive from the obervation that for large ocillation, pedetrian have a tronger tendency to be ynchronized with the tructure. The function Sp( u ) ha two branche (Figure 3-b): the firt one i a quadratic approximation of the ARUP data []. It define an increae of the ynchronization when the tructural ocillation are larger. However, after reaching a imum for a particular amplitude of tructural ocillation, the ynchronization (and the equivalent pedetrian number) i aumed then to decreae, a repreented by the decreaing branch. a) /M u b) Figure3- a) Coefficient Spp( ), b) Coefficient Sp( u ) The previou definition of the ynchroniation coefficient (Eq. 8) have ome drawback: (i) the um of two contribution i rather artificial, (ii) the Spp coefficient i arbitrary and not baed on experimental data, (iii) it i difficult to ditinguih the effect in the cae of a vibrating floor between the two ynchroniation: the one between pedetrian and the other with the vibration of the tructure ; the ynchroniation between pedetrian being induced by the ynchroniation with the deck vibration. Hence, a new definition of the ynchroniation coefficient i introduced. According to SETRA [], the lateral force induced by a crowd of N pedetrian on a rigid floor can be approximated by the force induced by N eq pedetrian walking in place and having the ame phae and frequency. Thu, denoting the proportional modal damping ratio, the ynchroniation coefficient in the cae of non-vibrating floor i defined a follow Sp( ( x,t )) N eq 8. 6 ( ( x,t ) ( x ) ) ( x,t ) / N. 75 ( ( x,t ) ( x ) ) if ( x,t ) otherwie c Finally, a new definition for the ynchroniation coefficient i given by Sp( ( x,t )) S( x,t ) Sp( u( x,t )) if u( x,t ) a min otherwie 0. m / (9) Numerical example : the Millennium Bridge
6 Eq. (4) i olved by a Runge-Kutta cheme of order 4-5, and Eq. (5) i dicretized by a finite difference cheme (ax-friedrich), fulfilling the ax Friedrich condition for the ratio between the patial tep dx and the time tep dt. The model i validated uing the Millennium Footbridge main deck parameter. The pedetrian ma i aumed to be 75 kg, hence m p ( x,t ) 75( x,t ) l. Moreover the following parameter are adopted: ( x,t ) 0, U( 0 ) U( 0 ) 0and ( x, 0 ).. Figure 4-a and 4-b repreent U ( t ) and F l ( t ) repectively. The initial high denity of pedetrian induce a ynchroniation between pedetrian which lead to a lateral force of high amplitude. A a conequence, the tructure lateral vibration are more important. When the vibration velocity i high ( u ( x,t ) u ), the pedetrian top, hence the lateral force amplitude decreae and o do the tructural vibration. a) b) Figure 4 -a) Footbridge velocity U ( t ) ; b) total lateral force F l ( t ) induced by the crowd Concluion In thi paper, the crowd flow ha been decribed by an Eulerian approach, in a D framework, viz. pedetrian are uppoed to walk along traight trajectorie parallel to the longitudinal dimenion of the footbridge. The non-tationary behaviour ha been analyzed, a well a the ynchronization phenomenon. Some improvement have been propoed. Work i in progre on a agrangian model including ynchronization and the D generalization of both approache. Reference [] Dallard P., Fitzpatrick A.J., Flint A., e Bourva S., ow A., Riddill Smith R.M., Willford M. (00) The ondon Millenium footbridge. The Structural Engineer, Vol. 79(), p [] SETRA (006) Paerelle piétonne - Evaluation du comportement vibratoire ou l'action de piéton. Document technique Bagneux, 9 page. [3] Venuti F., Bruno., Bellomo N. (005) Crowd-tructure interaction: dynamic modelling and computational imulation. Proc. Footbridge 005: nd Int. Conf.,CDRom. [4] Živanovic S., Pavic A., Flint A., Reynold P. (005) Vibration erviceability of footbridge under human induced excitation: a literature review. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 79, -74. [5] Hoogendoorn S. (004) Pedetrian flow modelling by adaptive control. Proc. TRB 004 Annual Meeting,CDRom, page. [6] Bodgi J., Erlicher S., Argoul P. (006) Vibration et amortiement de paerelle piétonne, JSI 006, CDRom.
A NEW LOAD MODEL OF THE PEDESTRIANS LATERAL ACTION
A NEW LOAD MODEL OF THE PEDESTRIANS LATERAL ACTION Fiammetta VENUTI PhD Politecnico di Torino Torino, IT Luca Bruno Aociate Profeor Politecnico di Torino Torino, IT Summary Thi paper propoe a new load
More informationPEDESTRIAN LATERAL ACTION ON LIVELY FOOTBRIDGES: A NEW LOAD MODEL
PEDESTRIAN LATERAL ACTION ON LIVELY FOOTBRIDGES: A NEW LOAD MODEL F. Venuti, PhD tudent, L. Bruno, Aociate Prof., P. Napoli, Full Prof., Department of Structural Engineering and Geotechnic, Politecnico
More informationCHAPTER 8 OBSERVER BASED REDUCED ORDER CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8 OBSERVER BASED REDUCED ORDER CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 REDUCED ORDER MODEL DESIGN FOR LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS 8.3
More informationEP225 Note No. 5 Mechanical Waves
EP5 Note No. 5 Mechanical Wave 5. Introduction Cacade connection of many ma-pring unit conitute a medium for mechanical wave which require that medium tore both kinetic energy aociated with inertia (ma)
More informationDynamic Behaviour of Timber Footbridges
Contança RIGUEIRO MSc PhD Student EST-IPCB contança@et.ipcb.pt Dynamic Behaviour of Timber Footbridge Graduated in Civil Engineering in Univ. of Coimbra (1992). MSc, Univ. of Coimbra (1997). João NEGRÃO
More informationFluid-structure coupling analysis and simulation of viscosity effect. on Coriolis mass flowmeter
APCOM & ISCM 11-14 th December, 2013, Singapore luid-tructure coupling analyi and imulation of vicoity effect on Corioli ma flowmeter *Luo Rongmo, and Wu Jian National Metrology Centre, A*STAR, 1 Science
More informationFinal Comprehensive Exam Physical Mechanics Friday December 15, Total 100 Points Time to complete the test: 120 minutes
Final Comprehenive Exam Phyical Mechanic Friday December 15, 000 Total 100 Point Time to complete the tet: 10 minute Pleae Read the Quetion Carefully and Be Sure to Anwer All Part! In cae that you have
More informationEstimating floor acceleration in nonlinear multi-story moment-resisting frames
Etimating floor acceleration in nonlinear multi-tory moment-reiting frame R. Karami Mohammadi Aitant Profeor, Civil Engineering Department, K.N.Tooi Univerity M. Mohammadi M.Sc. Student, Civil Engineering
More informationTHE EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A NONLINEAR DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER
Proceeding of IMAC XXXI Conference & Expoition on Structural Dynamic February -4 Garden Grove CA USA THE EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A NONLINEAR DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER Yung-Sheng Hu Neil S Ferguon
More informationBogoliubov Transformation in Classical Mechanics
Bogoliubov Tranformation in Claical Mechanic Canonical Tranformation Suppoe we have a et of complex canonical variable, {a j }, and would like to conider another et of variable, {b }, b b ({a j }). How
More informationSIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR EPICYCLIC GEAR INERTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN FACULTY OF ECHANICS AND TECHNOLOGY AUTOOTIVE erie, year XVII, no. ( 3 ) SIPLIFIED ODEL FOR EPICYCLIC GEAR INERTIAL CHARACTERISTICS Ciobotaru, Ticuşor *, Feraru,
More informationPOWER SYSTEM SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON TEST SIGNAL
POWE YEM MALL INAL ABILIY ANALYI BAE ON E INAL Zheng Xu, Wei hao, Changchun Zhou Zheang Univerity, Hangzhou, 37 PChina Email: hvdc@ceezueducn Abtract - In thi paper, a method baed on ome tet ignal (et
More informationStudy of a Freely Falling Ellipse with a Variety of Aspect Ratios and Initial Angles
Study of a Freely Falling Ellipe with a Variety of Apect Ratio and Initial Angle Dedy Zulhidayat Noor*, Ming-Jyh Chern*, Tzyy-Leng Horng** *Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan Univerity
More informationNonlinear Single-Particle Dynamics in High Energy Accelerators
Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamic in High Energy Accelerator Part 6: Canonical Perturbation Theory Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamic in High Energy Accelerator Thi coure conit of eight lecture: 1. Introduction
More informationOne Class of Splitting Iterative Schemes
One Cla of Splitting Iterative Scheme v Ciegi and V. Pakalnytė Vilniu Gedimina Technical Univerity Saulėtekio al. 11, 2054, Vilniu, Lithuania rc@fm.vtu.lt Abtract. Thi paper deal with the tability analyi
More informationConvective Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Tranfer Example 1. Melt Spinning of Polymer fiber 2. Heat tranfer in a Condener 3. Temperature control of a Re-entry vehicle Fiber pinning The fiber pinning proce preent a unique engineering
More informationIII.9. THE HYSTERESIS CYCLE OF FERROELECTRIC SUBSTANCES
III.9. THE HYSTERESIS CYCLE OF FERROELECTRIC SBSTANCES. Work purpoe The analyi of the behaviour of a ferroelectric ubtance placed in an eternal electric field; the dependence of the electrical polariation
More informationTime [seconds]
.003 Fall 1999 Solution of Homework Aignment 4 1. Due to the application of a 1.0 Newton tep-force, the ytem ocillate at it damped natural frequency! d about the new equilibrium poition y k =. From the
More informationTheoretical study of the dual harmonic system and its application on the CSNS/RCS
Theoretical tudy of the dual harmonic ytem and it application on the CSNS/RCS Yao-Shuo Yuan, Na Wang, Shou-Yan Xu, Yue Yuan, and Sheng Wang Dongguan branch, Intitute of High Energy Phyic, CAS, Guangdong
More informationJump condition at the boundary between a porous catalyst and a homogeneous fluid
From the SelectedWork of Francico J. Valde-Parada 2005 Jump condition at the boundary between a porou catalyt and a homogeneou fluid Francico J. Valde-Parada J. Alberto Ochoa-Tapia Available at: http://work.bepre.com/francico_j_valde_parada/12/
More informationGain and Phase Margins Based Delay Dependent Stability Analysis of Two- Area LFC System with Communication Delays
Gain and Phae Margin Baed Delay Dependent Stability Analyi of Two- Area LFC Sytem with Communication Delay Şahin Sönmez and Saffet Ayaun Department of Electrical Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halidemir Univerity,
More informationCHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS AND STATE OBSERVERS USING REDUCED ORDER MODEL
98 CHAPTER DESIGN OF STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS AND STATE OBSERVERS USING REDUCED ORDER MODEL INTRODUCTION The deign of ytem uing tate pace model for the deign i called a modern control deign and it i
More informationIEOR 3106: Fall 2013, Professor Whitt Topics for Discussion: Tuesday, November 19 Alternating Renewal Processes and The Renewal Equation
IEOR 316: Fall 213, Profeor Whitt Topic for Dicuion: Tueday, November 19 Alternating Renewal Procee and The Renewal Equation 1 Alternating Renewal Procee An alternating renewal proce alternate between
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.014.108 Supplementary Information "Spin angular momentum and tunable polarization in high harmonic generation" Avner Fleicher, Ofer Kfir, Tzvi Dikin, Pavel Sidorenko, and Oren Cohen
More informationThe Multilayer Impedance Pump Model
12 Chapter 2 The Multilayer Impedance Pump Model 2.1 Phyical model The MIP wa a luid-illed elatic tube with an excitation zone located aymmetrically with repect to the length o the pump. The pump had an
More informationClustering Methods without Given Number of Clusters
Clutering Method without Given Number of Cluter Peng Xu, Fei Liu Introduction A we now, mean method i a very effective algorithm of clutering. It mot powerful feature i the calability and implicity. However,
More informationSOLVING THE KONDO PROBLEM FOR COMPLEX MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS
SOLVING THE KONDO POBLEM FO COMPLEX MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS V. DINU and M. ÞOLEA National Intitute of Material Phyic, Bucharet-Magurele P.O. Box MG-7, omania eceived February 21, 2005 Firt we preent the calculation
More informationInteraction of Pile-Soil-Pile in Battered Pile Groups under Statically Lateral Load
Interaction of Pile-Soil-Pile in Battered Pile Group under Statically Lateral Load H. Ghaemadeh 1*, M. Alibeikloo 2 1- Aitant Profeor, K. N. Tooi Univerity of Technology 2- M.Sc. Student, K. N. Tooi Univerity
More informationSampling and the Discrete Fourier Transform
Sampling and the Dicrete Fourier Tranform Sampling Method Sampling i mot commonly done with two device, the ample-and-hold (S/H) and the analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) The S/H acquire a CT ignal at
More informationMODELLING OF FRICTIONAL SOIL DAMPING IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
MODELLING OF FRICTIONAL SOIL DAMPING IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS S. VAN BAARS Department of Science, Technology and Communication, Univerity of Luxembourg, Luxembourg ABSTRACT: In oil dynamic, the oil i
More informationLOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM WITH TCPS AND DIVERSE SOURCES OF POWER GENERATION
G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.(6:93 (NovemberDecember, 03 ISSN: 39 793 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM WITH TCPS AND DIVERSE SOURCES OF POWER GENERATION C.Srinivaa Rao Dept. of EEE, G.Pullaiah
More informationDynamic response of a double Euler Bernoulli beam due to a moving constant load
Journal of Sound and Vibration 297 (26) 477 49 JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION www.elevier.com/locate/jvi Dynamic repone of a double Euler Bernoulli beam due to a moving contant load M. Abu-Hilal Department
More informationBahram Noshad Department of Electrical Engineering, Bandar Deylam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Deylam, Iran.
Journal of Advance in Computer Reearch Quarterly pissn: 345-66x eissn: 345-678 Sari Branch, Ilamic Azad Univerity, Sari, I.R.Iran (Vol. 9, No. 3, Augut 8), Page: - www.jacr.iauari.ac.ir A New Model for
More informationLecture 17: Analytic Functions and Integrals (See Chapter 14 in Boas)
Lecture 7: Analytic Function and Integral (See Chapter 4 in Boa) Thi i a good point to take a brief detour and expand on our previou dicuion of complex variable and complex function of complex variable.
More informationMolecular Dynamics Simulations of Nonequilibrium Effects Associated with Thermally Activated Exothermic Reactions
Original Paper orma, 5, 9 7, Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Nonequilibrium Effect ociated with Thermally ctivated Exothermic Reaction Jerzy GORECKI and Joanna Natalia GORECK Intitute of Phyical Chemitry,
More informationChapter 5 Consistency, Zero Stability, and the Dahlquist Equivalence Theorem
Chapter 5 Conitency, Zero Stability, and the Dahlquit Equivalence Theorem In Chapter 2 we dicued convergence of numerical method and gave an experimental method for finding the rate of convergence (aka,
More informationSimulation Study on the Shock Properties of the Double-Degree-of-Freedom Cushioning Packaging System
Proceeding of the 7th IAPRI World Conference on Packaging Simulation Study on the Shock Propertie of the Double-Degree-of-Freedom Cuhioning Packaging Sytem Xia Zhu, Qiaoqiao Yan, Xiaoling Yao, Junbin Chen,
More information[Saxena, 2(9): September, 2013] ISSN: Impact Factor: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY
[Saena, (9): September, 0] ISSN: 77-9655 Impact Factor:.85 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Contant Stre Accelerated Life Teting Uing Rayleigh Geometric Proce
More informationOnline supplementary information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Soft Matter. Thi journal i The Royal Society of Chemitry 15 Online upplementary information Governing Equation For the vicou flow, we aume that the liquid thickne
More information5.5 Application of Frequency Response: Signal Filters
44 Dynamic Sytem Second order lowpa filter having tranfer function H()=H ()H () u H () H () y Firt order lowpa filter Figure 5.5: Contruction of a econd order low-pa filter by combining two firt order
More informationSEISMIC STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SINGLE AND MULTI-STOREY SHEAR BUILDINGS CONSIDERING SOIL- STRUCTURE INTERACTION
SEISMIC STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SINGLE AND MULTI-STOREY SHEAR BUILDINGS CONSIDERING SOIL- STRUCTURE INTERACTION Yang LU, Iman HAJIRASOULIHA * and Alec M. MARSHALL ABSTRACT A parametric analyi ha
More informationProblem Set 8 Solutions
Deign and Analyi of Algorithm April 29, 2015 Maachuett Intitute of Technology 6.046J/18.410J Prof. Erik Demaine, Srini Devada, and Nancy Lynch Problem Set 8 Solution Problem Set 8 Solution Thi problem
More informationSimple Observer Based Synchronization of Lorenz System with Parametric Uncertainty
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) ISSN: 78-676Volume, Iue 6 (Nov. - Dec. 0), PP 4-0 Simple Oberver Baed Synchronization of Lorenz Sytem with Parametric Uncertainty Manih
More informationModeling of Transport and Reaction in a Catalytic Bed Using a Catalyst Particle Model.
Excerpt from the Proceeding of the COMSOL Conference 2010 Boton Modeling of Tranport and Reaction in a Catalytic Bed Uing a Catalyt Particle Model. F. Allain *,1, A.G. Dixon 1 1 Worceter Polytechnic Intitute
More informationOnline Appendix for Managerial Attention and Worker Performance by Marina Halac and Andrea Prat
Online Appendix for Managerial Attention and Worker Performance by Marina Halac and Andrea Prat Thi Online Appendix contain the proof of our reult for the undicounted limit dicued in Section 2 of the paper,
More informationHybrid Projective Dislocated Synchronization of Liu Chaotic System Based on Parameters Identification
www.ccenet.org/ma Modern Applied Science Vol. 6, No. ; February Hybrid Projective Dilocated Synchronization of Liu Chaotic Sytem Baed on Parameter Identification Yanfei Chen College of Science, Guilin
More informationBUBBLES RISING IN AN INCLINED TWO-DIMENSIONAL TUBE AND JETS FALLING ALONG A WALL
J. Autral. Math. Soc. Ser. B 4(999), 332 349 BUBBLES RISING IN AN INCLINED TWO-DIMENSIONAL TUBE AND JETS FALLING ALONG A WALL J. LEE and J.-M. VANDEN-BROECK 2 (Received 22 April 995; revied 23 April 996)
More informationCalculation of the temperature of boundary layer beside wall with time-dependent heat transfer coefficient
Ŕ periodica polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 54/1 21 15 2 doi: 1.3311/pp.me.21-1.3 web: http:// www.pp.bme.hu/ me c Periodica Polytechnica 21 RESERCH RTICLE Calculation of the temperature of boundary
More informationON THE APPROXIMATION ERROR IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL MODEL REPRESENTATION. Xiaoqun Wang
Proceeding of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference S. J. Maon, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Roe, T. Jefferon, J. W. Fowler ed. ON THE APPROXIMATION ERROR IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL MODEL REPRESENTATION Xiaoqun Wang
More informationHigh-field behavior: the law of approach to saturation (Is there an equation for the magnetization at high fields?)
High-field behavior: the law of approach to aturation (I there an equation for the magnetization at high field? In the high-field region the magnetization approache aturation. The firt attempt to give
More informationA FUNCTIONAL BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF INVERSE PROBLEMS WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL PARAMETERS AUTHORS: CORRESPONDENCE: ABSTRACT
A FUNCTIONAL BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF INVERSE PROBLEMS WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL PARAMETERS AUTHORS: Zenon Medina-Cetina International Centre for Geohazard / Norwegian Geotechnical Intitute Roger
More information7.2 INVERSE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES 281
72 INVERSE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES 28 and i 2 Show how Euler formula (page 33) can then be ued to deduce the reult a ( a) 2 b 2 {e at co bt} {e at in bt} b ( a) 2 b 2 5 Under what condition
More informationMAE 101A. Homework 3 Solutions 2/5/2018
MAE 101A Homework 3 Solution /5/018 Munon 3.6: What preure gradient along the treamline, /d, i required to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe at a rate of 30 ft/? What i the anwer if the flow i
More informationGreen-Kubo formulas with symmetrized correlation functions for quantum systems in steady states: the shear viscosity of a fluid in a steady shear flow
Green-Kubo formula with ymmetrized correlation function for quantum ytem in teady tate: the hear vicoity of a fluid in a teady hear flow Hirohi Matuoa Department of Phyic, Illinoi State Univerity, Normal,
More informationDomain Optimization Analysis in Linear Elastic Problems * (Approach Using Traction Method)
Domain Optimization Analyi in Linear Elatic Problem * (Approach Uing Traction Method) Hideyuki AZEGAMI * and Zhi Chang WU *2 We preent a numerical analyi and reult uing the traction method for optimizing
More informationSingular perturbation theory
Singular perturbation theory Marc R. Rouel June 21, 2004 1 Introduction When we apply the teady-tate approximation (SSA) in chemical kinetic, we typically argue that ome of the intermediate are highly
More informationReliability Analysis of Embedded System with Different Modes of Failure Emphasizing Reboot Delay
International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 3., 4: 449-47 Reliability Analyi of Embedded Sytem with Different Mode of Failure Emphaizing Reboot Delay Deepak Kumar* and S. B. Singh Department
More informationA Constraint Propagation Algorithm for Determining the Stability Margin. The paper addresses the stability margin assessment for linear systems
A Contraint Propagation Algorithm for Determining the Stability Margin of Linear Parameter Circuit and Sytem Lubomir Kolev and Simona Filipova-Petrakieva Abtract The paper addree the tability margin aement
More informationUSPAS Course on Recirculated and Energy Recovered Linear Accelerators
USPAS Coure on Recirculated and Energy Recovered Linear Accelerator G. A. Krafft and L. Merminga Jefferon Lab I. Bazarov Cornell Lecture 6 7 March 005 Lecture Outline. Invariant Ellipe Generated by a Unimodular
More informationTHE Z-TRANSFORM APPLIED TO BIRTH-DEATH MARKOV PROCESSES
he Zranform applied to birthdeath arov procee HE ZRASOR ALIED O BIRHDEAH ARKO ROCESSES H Department of Electronic and Communication niverity of DareSalaam O Box 3594 DareSalaam anania ABSRAC Birthdeath
More informationTheoretical Computer Science. Optimal algorithms for online scheduling with bounded rearrangement at the end
Theoretical Computer Science 4 (0) 669 678 Content lit available at SciVere ScienceDirect Theoretical Computer Science journal homepage: www.elevier.com/locate/tc Optimal algorithm for online cheduling
More informationConvex Hulls of Curves Sam Burton
Convex Hull of Curve Sam Burton 1 Introduction Thi paper will primarily be concerned with determining the face of convex hull of curve of the form C = {(t, t a, t b ) t [ 1, 1]}, a < b N in R 3. We hall
More informationChapter 2 Sampling and Quantization. In order to investigate sampling and quantization, the difference between analog
Chapter Sampling and Quantization.1 Analog and Digital Signal In order to invetigate ampling and quantization, the difference between analog and digital ignal mut be undertood. Analog ignal conit of continuou
More informationThermal Resistance Measurements and Thermal Transient Analysis of Power Chip Slug-Up and Slug-Down Mounted on HDI Substrate
Intl Journal of Microcircuit and Electronic Packaging Thermal Reitance Meaurement and Thermal Tranient Analyi of Power Chip Slug-Up and Slug-Down Mounted on HDI Subtrate Claudio Sartori Magneti Marelli
More informationinto a discrete time function. Recall that the table of Laplace/z-transforms is constructed by (i) selecting to get
Lecture 25 Introduction to Some Matlab c2d Code in Relation to Sampled Sytem here are many way to convert a continuou time function, { h( t) ; t [0, )} into a dicrete time function { h ( k) ; k {0,,, }}
More information84 ZHANG Jing-Shang Vol. 39 of which would emit 5 He rather than 3 He. 5 He i untable and eparated into n + pontaneouly, which can alo be treated a if
Commun. Theor. Phy. (Beijing, China) 39 (003) pp. 83{88 c International Academic Publiher Vol. 39, No. 1, January 15, 003 Theoretical Analyi of Neutron Double-Dierential Cro Section of n+ 11 B at 14. MeV
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figure Supplementary Figure S1: Extraction of the SOF. The tandard deviation of meaured V xy at aturated tate (between 2.4 ka/m and 12 ka/m), V 2 d Vxy( H, j, hm ) Vxy( H, j, hm ) 2. The
More informationAssessment Schedule 2017 Scholarship Physics (93103)
Scholarhip Phyic (93103) 201 page 1 of 5 Aement Schedule 201 Scholarhip Phyic (93103) Evidence Statement Q Evidence 1-4 mark 5-6 mark -8 mark ONE (a)(i) Due to the motion of the ource, there are compreion
More informationAnalysis of Step Response, Impulse and Ramp Response in the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor System
ISSN: 454-50 Volume 0 - Iue 05 May 07 PP. 7-78 Analyi of Step Repone, Impule and Ramp Repone in the ontinuou Stirred Tank Reactor Sytem * Zohreh Khohraftar, Pirouz Derakhhi, (Department of hemitry, Science
More informationNULL HELIX AND k-type NULL SLANT HELICES IN E 4 1
REVISTA DE LA UNIÓN MATEMÁTICA ARGENTINA Vol. 57, No. 1, 2016, Page 71 83 Publihed online: March 3, 2016 NULL HELIX AND k-type NULL SLANT HELICES IN E 4 1 JINHUA QIAN AND YOUNG HO KIM Abtract. We tudy
More informationChapter 1 Basic Description of Laser Diode Dynamics by Spatially Averaged Rate Equations: Conditions of Validity
Chapter 1 Baic Decription of Laer Diode Dynamic by Spatially Averaged Rate Equation: Condition of Validity A laer diode i a device in which an electric current input i converted to an output of photon.
More informationThe Influence of the Load Condition upon the Radial Distribution of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noise in a Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
The Influence of the Load Condition upon the Radial Ditribution of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noie in a Three-Phae Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Yuta Sato 1, Iao Hirotuka 1, Kazuo Tuboi 1, Maanori Nakamura
More informationSatellite s Orbital Dynamic and Stable Regions near Equilibrium Points of Asteroid
International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE ) IPCSIT vol. 44 () () IACSIT Pre, Singapore DOI:.7763/IPCSIT..V44. Satellite Orbital Dynamic and Stable Region near Equilibrium Point
More informationMechanics. Free rotational oscillations. LD Physics Leaflets P Measuring with a hand-held stop-clock. Oscillations Torsion pendulum
Mechanic Ocillation Torion pendulum LD Phyic Leaflet P.5.. Free rotational ocillation Meauring with a hand-held top-clock Object of the experiment g Meauring the amplitude of rotational ocillation a function
More informationOn the Isentropic Forchheimer s Sound Waves Propagation in a Cylindrical Tube Filled with a Porous Media
5th WSEAS Int. Conf. on FLUID MECHANICS (FLUIDS') Acapulco, Mexico, January 5-7, On the Ientropic Forchheimer Sound Wave Propagation in a Cylindrical Tube Filled with a Porou Media H. M. Dwairi Civil Engineering
More informationFinite Element Truss Problem
6. rue Uing FEA Finite Element ru Problem We tarted thi erie of lecture looking at tru problem. We limited the dicuion to tatically determinate tructure and olved for the force in element and reaction
More informationEmittance limitations due to collective effects for the TOTEM beams
LHC Project ote 45 June 0, 004 Elia.Metral@cern.ch Andre.Verdier@cern.ch Emittance limitation due to collective effect for the TOTEM beam E. Métral and A. Verdier, AB-ABP, CER Keyword: TOTEM, collective
More informationPreemptive scheduling on a small number of hierarchical machines
Available online at www.ciencedirect.com Information and Computation 06 (008) 60 619 www.elevier.com/locate/ic Preemptive cheduling on a mall number of hierarchical machine György Dóa a, Leah Eptein b,
More informationEfficient Methods of Doppler Processing for Coexisting Land and Weather Clutter
Efficient Method of Doppler Proceing for Coexiting Land and Weather Clutter Ça gatay Candan and A Özgür Yılmaz Middle Eat Technical Univerity METU) Ankara, Turkey ccandan@metuedutr, aoyilmaz@metuedutr
More informationSuggested Answers To Exercises. estimates variability in a sampling distribution of random means. About 68% of means fall
Beyond Significance Teting ( nd Edition), Rex B. Kline Suggeted Anwer To Exercie Chapter. The tatitic meaure variability among core at the cae level. In a normal ditribution, about 68% of the core fall
More informationSymmetry Lecture 9. 1 Gellmann-Nishijima relation
Symmetry Lecture 9 1 Gellmann-Nihijima relation In the lat lecture we found that the Gell-mann and Nihijima relation related Baryon number, charge, and the third component of iopin. Q = [(1/2)B + T 3 ]
More informationSeismic responses analysis of long continuous rigid-framed bridge subjected to multi-support excitations
Seimic repone analyi of long continuou rigid-framed ridge ujected to multi-upport excitation Jitao Li 1 and Qinghan Yang 2 1 Potgraduate, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong Univerity, Beijing.
More informationDynamic Stability Analysis for a Self Mixing Interferometry
Univerity of Wollongong Reearch Online Univerity of Wollongong Thei Collection 1954-16 Univerity of Wollongong Thei Collection 16 Dynamic Stability Analyi for a Self Mixing Interferometry Yuanlong Fan
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE SINGLE IMPACT MICROINDENTATION FOR NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF NONMETALLIC AND POLYMERIC MATERIALS
APPLICATION OF THE SINGLE IMPACT MICROINDENTATION FOR NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF NONMETALLIC AND POLYMERIC MATERIALS REN A. P. INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY
More informationSERIES COMPENSATION: VOLTAGE COMPENSATION USING DVR (Lectures 41-48)
Chapter 5 SERIES COMPENSATION: VOLTAGE COMPENSATION USING DVR (Lecture 41-48) 5.1 Introduction Power ytem hould enure good quality of electric power upply, which mean voltage and current waveform hould
More informationLecture 10 Filtering: Applied Concepts
Lecture Filtering: Applied Concept In the previou two lecture, you have learned about finite-impule-repone (FIR) and infinite-impule-repone (IIR) filter. In thee lecture, we introduced the concept of filtering
More informationEE Control Systems LECTURE 6
Copyright FL Lewi 999 All right reerved EE - Control Sytem LECTURE 6 Updated: Sunday, February, 999 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND MASON'S FORMULA A linear time-invariant (LTI) ytem can be repreented in many way, including:
More informationA Simplified Methodology for the Synthesis of Adaptive Flight Control Systems
A Simplified Methodology for the Synthei of Adaptive Flight Control Sytem J.ROUSHANIAN, F.NADJAFI Department of Mechanical Engineering KNT Univerity of Technology 3Mirdamad St. Tehran IRAN Abtract- A implified
More informationControl Systems Analysis and Design by the Root-Locus Method
6 Control Sytem Analyi and Deign by the Root-Locu Method 6 1 INTRODUCTION The baic characteritic of the tranient repone of a cloed-loop ytem i cloely related to the location of the cloed-loop pole. If
More informationResearch Article Reliability of Foundation Pile Based on Settlement and a Parameter Sensitivity Analysis
Mathematical Problem in Engineering Volume 2016, Article ID 1659549, 7 page http://dxdoiorg/101155/2016/1659549 Reearch Article Reliability of Foundation Pile Baed on Settlement and a Parameter Senitivity
More informationFinite Element Analysis of a Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer for Performance Optimization
Finite Element Analyi of a Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer for Performance Optimization N. Baumallick*, P. Biwa, K. Dagupta and S. Bandyopadhyay Fiber Optic Laboratory, Central Gla and Ceramic Reearch
More informationEuler-Bernoulli Beams
Euler-Bernoulli Beam The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory wa etablihed around 750 with contribution from Leonard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli provided an expreion for the train energy in beam bending,
More informationRupro, breach model used by Cemagref during Impact project
PAQUIER 1 Rupro, breach model ued by Cemagref during Impact project A PAQUIER Cemagref, France andre.paquier@cemagref.fr SUMMARY For embankment dam, piping and overtopping failure are the mot frequent
More informationarxiv: v2 [nucl-th] 3 May 2018
DAMTP-207-44 An Alpha Particle Model for Carbon-2 J. I. Rawlinon arxiv:72.05658v2 [nucl-th] 3 May 208 Department of Applied Mathematic and Theoretical Phyic, Univerity of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge
More informationLaplace Transformation
Univerity of Technology Electromechanical Department Energy Branch Advance Mathematic Laplace Tranformation nd Cla Lecture 6 Page of 7 Laplace Tranformation Definition Suppoe that f(t) i a piecewie continuou
More informationThe continuous time random walk (CTRW) was introduced by Montroll and Weiss 1.
1 I. CONTINUOUS TIME RANDOM WALK The continuou time random walk (CTRW) wa introduced by Montroll and Wei 1. Unlike dicrete time random walk treated o far, in the CTRW the number of jump n made by the walker
More informationDYNAMIC REDESIGN OF A FLOW CONTROL SERVO-VALVE USING A PRESSURE CONTROL PILOT
Proceeding of IMECE ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congre & Exhibition November -6,, New York, New York, USA IMECE/DSC-B- DYNAMIC REDESIGN OF A FLOW CONTROL SERVO-VALVE USING A PRESSURE CONTROL
More informationNumerical Simulations of Coriolis Flow Meters for Low Reynolds Number Flows
MAPAN - Journal Numerical of Metrology Simulation Society of of Corioli India, Vol. Flow 26, Meter No. 3, 2011; for Low pp. Reynold 225-235 Number Flow ORIGINAL ARTICLE Numerical Simulation of Corioli
More informationarxiv: v3 [hep-ph] 15 Sep 2009
Determination of β in B J/ψK+ K Decay in the Preence of a K + K S-Wave Contribution Yuehong Xie, a Peter Clarke, b Greig Cowan c and Franz Muheim d arxiv:98.367v3 [hep-ph 15 Sep 9 School of Phyic and Atronomy,
More informationPART I: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INTO THE VISCOUS DAMPING RESPONSE OF PILE-CLAY INTERFACES
PART I: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INTO THE VISCOUS DAMPING RESPONSE OF PILE-CLAY INTERFACES V. B. L. Chin, Gue & Partner Sdn Bhd, Malayia; Formerly Monah Univerity, Autralia J. P. Seidel, Foundation QA Pty
More information