2) The New Electromagnetic representation of matter (BMP) collapses when it travels faster than the speed of light (page 19).

Transcription

1 NE3 Rev a 003 The Wold Leade in Electomagnetic Physics New Gavity By Robet J Distinti B.. EE This is the thid pape in the New Electomagnetism seies. Othe Papes in the New Electomagnetism eies: New Induction (ni.pdf), New Electomagnetism (ne.pdf), and Rules of Natue (on.pdf). This mateial on file with U.. Patent office. Applications of this technology ae patent pending. This mateial is copyight and is solely the wok/discovey of Robet J. Distinti. ABTRACT This pape deives a model fo gavity based on the laws of New Electomagnetism. With this electomagnetic model fo gavity the following ae deived: 1) Einstein s time dilation facto 1 v / c (page 15). ) The New Electomagnetic epesentation of matte (BP) collapses when it tavels faste than the speed of light (page 19). G 3) The chwazschild adius = is deived fom New Electomagnetism (page 0). C 4) The effect of gavity on time dilation (page 17). 5) That the total enegy of mass ( E = C ) is constant to all obseves in all efeence fames (page 17). The deivations in this pape ae based on a new mathematical abstaction fo fee space. This abstaction satisfies both the esults of the ichelson-oley expeiment and the postulates of Relativity. This abstaction is essentially a new model fo the old concept of the ethe. This abstaction povides a simple link between gavity and New Electomagnetism. In this pape, New Electomagnetism is employed to confim many of Einstein s pedictions of elativity. The diffeence being that whee Einstein s only pedicts what will happen; New Electomagnetism shows a mechanism that causes it to be tue. This is the thid pape in the New Electomagnetism seies. This pape was condensed fom its oiginal scope so as not to delay the elease of this content. The fee space wave equations and the models fo fee space (to include the actual field mechanisms) ae etained fo futue papes. The discoveies and othe infomation contained in this pape is solely the wok of Robet J Distinti. All ights eseved Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 1

2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENT... 1 PLEAE READ INTRODUCTION A LOGICAL DERIVATION OF GRAVITY ICHELON-ORLEY EXPERIENT EINTEIN PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE A HOLE IN ELECTROAGNETI: RELATIVITY THE IPLE UNIFICATION THEORY THE ECHANI OF GRAVITY ETHEREAL ECHANIC: A BEGINNING ETHEREAL ACCELERATION TOWARD A ETHEREAL VELOCITY TOWARD A ETHEREAL DENITY THE BINARY PARTICLE IN OTION TIE DILATION IN A GRAVITY FIELD THE ENERGY OF THE YTE WHAT HAPPEN AT RELATIVITIC PEED THE TWO FRAE OF TIE BEYOND THE PEED OF LIGHT LUINOU DITORTION AGE OF THE UNIVERE COLLAPED TAR BLAC HOLE CONCLUION Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved.

3 1 Please Read. The contents of this pape ae potected by a numbe of schemes to include pending patents, tademaks, copyights, and tade secets. Thee is consideable eseach, publications and poducts based on the New Electomagnetism models which as yet have not been eleased. These items ae to be eleased in phases ove the next few yeas. We publish a small potion of ou eseach fo fee to allow those who ae inteested to judge the quality and value of ou wok. Ou feely published papes may be duplicated and distibuted without license as long as they ae duplicated and distibuted intact (all pages without changes). Document Histoy: Rev 1.0: initial Release. Rev1.5: conveted to PDF fomat. Rev1.6: Bette lead-in fo chapte-3, Impoved eadability of chapte 5, Typogaphical/Gamma Fixes. Rev1.6A: Fixed chapte numbeing eo. Rev1.7: Added lead-in to New agnetism. Rev 1.8: Added moe text to help those who did not follow cetain points of logic; added coss efeences fo fist page; gamma fixes Changes in Blue Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 3

4 INTRODUCTION This pape shows that thee may exist a model fo the Luminifeous Ethe that satisfies both the esults of the ichelson-oley expeiment and Relativity. The ethe becomes the simplest method fo unifying the laws of electomagnetism with gavity. The new model fo ethe shows that the foce known as gavity may in fact be electomagnetic induction. This is the thid pape in the New Electomagnetism seies. The fist ( New Induction ni.pdf) and second ( New Electomagnetism --ne.pdf) state that the thid pape would contain the fee space model and fee space wave equations; howeve, without consideing gavity, any model fo fee space would be incomplete. A following pape in this seies contains the fee space models as peviously pomised. The deivations in this pape make use of the Binay ass Paticles (BP) descibed in the pape titled New Electomagnetism. Whethe o not the BP epesents an actual physical system is unknown at this witing; howeve, the binay models ae mathematically sound and yield inteesting esults when applied to diffeent situations. ome of these inteesting esults ae contained in the pape titled New Electomagnetism and ae listed as follows: 1) Inetia is epesented as an electomagnetic phenomenon of mass. ) Einstein s enegy equation E = C is deived fom New Electomagnetism. 3) The mass (o inetia) of an electon is deived fom New Electomagnetism. In this pape ( New Gavity ) the binay models ae used to deive the following: 1) That gavity is electomagnetic induction. V ) Einstein s time dilation equation 1 C. G 3) The chwazschild adius = that descibes the adius at which a sta collapses into a black C hole. 4) That matte collapses when its speed supasses the speed of light, and the eason why. 5) That the total enegy of mass ( ) is constant to all obseves in all efeence fames. E = C Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 4

5 3 A logical deivation of gavity The model of gavity is deived in this section using simple logical deduction. Late sections of this pape will satisfy the math-hungy masses. This deivation begins by evisiting the ichelson-oley expeiment. By e-examining the logic of the assumptions, along with the intent of the expeiment, we find that the esults of the expeiment ae actually inconclusive. If the ethe exists, then what is its natue? Can a model fo ethe be developed that satisfies both the ichelson-oley expeiment and Relativity? In fact Relativity itself supplies the answe to this question. By extending the logic of Einstein s Pinciple of Equivalence to the next theshold, a model fo ethe that satisfies the esults of the ichelson-oley expeiment is ealized. The final step befoe explaining gavity is to develop an ethe-based efeence fame fo electomagnetism. This efeence fame allows us to explain that gavity is electomagnetic induction; as well as many othe things. It was postulated in the 1800s that light, like othe foms of wave phenomena, must also popagate ove some sot of medium. This medium was given the fanciful name luminifeous ethe. It was assumed (assumption #1) that this stuff exists in the space between electons and potons like wate between islands. It was also assumed (assumption #) that this stuff was stationay with espect to the univese; theefoe, as the Eath moves though the univese it passes though the ethe. If this wee so, then it is easonable to conclude that an intefeomete would enable us to measue the velocity of the Eath elative to the ethe/univese. Afte many expeiments, at diffeent times of day/yea, the intefeomete showed no indication that the velocity of light was diffeent in any given diection. Because the intefeomete did not show any diffeence in the velocity of light, it was coectly poven that the Eath does not move though ethe. This incoectly tanslated to the final conclusion that thee is no ethe. The final conclusion to this expeiment can only be tue if assumption # is coect (that the ethe is stationay). uppose the ethe in the univese flows and behaves like a fluid such as an ocean. Futhe suppose that the Eath tavels with the ethe like a piece of diftwood at sea. Would it be possible fo ants on a piece of diftwood to measue thei velocity elative to the sea by dipping thei antennas into the wate and measuing the velocity of the suface waves? ince the diftwood moves with the suface cuents, thee is no elative motion between the diftwood and the sea fo the ants to measue. Theefoe the ants will always obtain the same wave velocity no matte what they do. Will the ants then assume that thee is no wate? Futhe suppose thee wee anothe elationship between the Eath and the ethe that would also give a negative esult to the ichelson-oley Expeiment. By extending the logic of Einstein s Pinciple of Equivalence such a elationship is evealed Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 5

6 Einstein postulated that the effects felt by a peson standing on the Eath wee identical to the effects felt by a peson acceleating though space at one times the acceleation of gavity. He called this the Pinciple of Equivalence. Logically, the next step suggests that standing on the Eath is equivalent to acceleating though space. Could we not then eason that space is acceleating towad the Eath symmetically in all diection? ight this acceleating space, elative to physical objects (not physical impact), cause the foce of gavity that holds us to the Eath? uppose that space wee filled with some kind of stuff. Futhe suppose that this stuff is made of paticles so small that they occupy the space between all of the known sub-atomic paticles. This stuff, when acceleating though matte, impats foce. What might this stuff be? Pehaps it is the luminifeous ethe which was discussed in the pevious section. If the ethe is acceleating symmetically in all diection towad the Eath, then the velocity of the ethe should be substantially pependicula to the suface of the Eath. This would mean then that the acceleation of the ethe tangential to the suface of the Eath is zeo because we feel gavity only in the vetical diection. If the acceleation of the ethe tangent to the suface is zeo, then logically the velocity of the ethe tangent to the suface of the Eath should also be zeo. ince the ichelson-oley expeiment was conducted tangent to the suface of the Eath, then the intefeomete should ead no etheeal movement. This suggests that the ethe is spialing towad the Eath (since the Eath is otating). If this ethe does exist and it is acceleating towad the Eath symmetically in all diections, then whee does it go? One possible answe is that it annihilates with the matte of the Eath, eleasing enegy. This elease of enegy may be the cause of adioactive decay and/o the explanation of why the coe of the Eath is still molten. A following pape will discuss the behavio of the ethe in moe detail. This pape will teat the ethe as a mathematical abstaction fo the pupose of exploing the foce known as gavity. It is not necessay to un the ichelson-oley expeiment again, the manne in which ethe affects light can be detected fom the behavio of light nea massive bodies such as black holes. Nea black holes, light is bent in the diection towad the black hole. If ethe does exist, then this would suggest that it acceleates towad massive objects. The foce of gavity is tansmitted by ethe paticles acceleating elative to matte, not by etheeal paticles actually colliding with and making contact with matte. Accoding to the New Electomagnetic models, the elative motion (specifically acceleation) between ethe and matte is the mechanism of both inetia and gavity. Einstein s Pinciple of Equivalence teaches that gavity and inetia ae equivalent; New Electomagnetism shows that they ae one and the same. Although New Electomagnetism fixes some poblems in electomagnetic theoy, thee ae still some poblems that need attention. This section addesses a poblem in electomagnetic theoy with egads to the pope efeence fame. As you may aleady know, electomagnetism does not always obey Galilean elativity. In Galilean elativity, if a scientist pefoms a non-electomagnetic expeiment while taveling in a space ship, he will obtain the same esults egadless of the velocity of the space ship. As such, the scientist does not need to know the velocity of the spaceship. This is not tue fo cetain expeiments involving electomagnetism. This means that if a scientist pefoms cetain electomagnetic expeiments while taveling in a spaceship, he will obtain diffeent esults to those obtained while the spaceship is stationay. Nineteenth centuy scientist easoned that thee must be a stationay efeence fame fo electomagnetism. This was what the ichelson-oley expeiment was to confim. As you ecall, the ichelson-oley Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 6

7 expeiment coectly demonstated that a stationay efeence fame does not exist. This esult was then misintepeted to dismiss any efeence fame. Because no stationay efeence fame exists and scientists ae quite fond of the independence of Galilean elativity, much effot was expended by scientist in the 0 th centuy to econcile electomagnetism with Galilean elativity. The esult of these effots bings us such things as the Loentz-Poincae tansfomations and Einstein s Theoy of Relativity. These theoies povide expeimentally accuate esults but do not show any undelying mechanism that causes them to be tue. This pape shows that an etheeal efeence fame can exists that satisfies the esults of the ichelson- oley expeiment. This efeence fame enables us to show that many (if not all) the concepts of the Theoy of Relativity can be deived fom electomagnetism including gavity. This is a depatue fom othe oganizations that popose ethe as an opposing o competing concept to Einstein s elativity. The emainde of this section explains that ethe acceleates towad the Eath in spial fashion such that the tangential component of etheeal velocity and acceleation, elative to the suface of the Eath, is zeo. Fo those who don t cae about tolling though these details, you can skip to section 4. To popely econcile the ichelson-oley expeiment, Relativity, gavity and electomagnetism, the coect natue of the ethe must be detemined. This exploation begins by examining the laws of electomagnetism. Fom New Electomagnetism: 1) Positional electic law: F ) otional Electic law: F = 3) Inetial Electic Law: F = E Q 3 Q T QQT ( v vt ) =. 3 Q Q T a The Positional Electic Law (Coulomb s Law) depends only upon the elative position between chages. It is not affected by velocity o acceleation and thus satisfies Galilean tansfomation by default. The Inetial Electic Law satisfies Galilean elativity simply because acceleation is the same to all obseves in all efeence fames. The otional Electic Law depends upon two velocities, the velocity of a souce and a taget chage. ince velocity is a quantity that appeas diffeently to obseves fom diffeent efeence fames, the otional Electic Law is the focal point of the poblem with egad to Galilean elativity. Both the Time Dilation of Einstein s Relativity and the Loentz-Poincae tansfomation attempt to econcile this poblem by using equations that conside the velocity of the efeence fame of an event. Einstein nomalizes the poblem by saying that time dilates in the efeence fame. The Loentz-Poincae tansfomation nomalizes the poblem by saying that the moving efeence fame expeiences a contaction along its length in the diection of motion. Both equie you to know the velocity of the efeence fame. This becomes eally inteesting because if you think about it long enough, you begin to ealize that the poblem with Galilean tansfomation has not be solved, it has only been abstacted a level. If the pupose of the above theoies is to make the effects of the motional electic law independent of the efeence fame Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 7

8 then why do you need to know the velocity of the efeence fame? What do you measue the velocity of the efeence fame elative to? How do the chages know how fast they ae going? ince the Positional Electic Law and the Inetial Electic Law ae not affected by the poblem, does time dilation only affect the otional Electic Law? This pape will show that time dilation does exist fo mateial pocesses but it does not affect electomagnetism. This is because mateial time is a function of electomagnetism. This will be coveed in moe detail late. To exploe the natue of the pope efeence fame fo electomagnetism, let us conside a device that will enable is to exploe the efeence fame. As you ecall, the otional Electic Law is need of a pope fame of efeence; theefoe, the following theoetical device enables us to measue the effects of the otional Electic Law in diffeent situations: Figue 3-1: Chage calipes stationay. uppose you have two point chages (of the same chage) pemanently glued one to each end of a pai of calipes (see Figue 3-1). The calipes have a scale that enables you to measue the epulsive foce between the two chages. While the contaption is Eath-stationay, the only foce acting in the system (othe than gavity) is the Coulomb (PEL) foce, which epels the two chages, thus focing the calipe ams apat. uppose this system wee placed in a moving boxca such that the motion of the boxca is pependicula to the adius between the chages (see Figue 3-), what then? Accoding to the otional Electic Law, the chages should expeience an attactive foce that offsets the epulsive Coulomb foce. Diection of boxca Figue 3-: Chage calipes in motion Accoding to New Electomagnetism, if this system wee taveling at the speed of light, the otional Electic Law (EL) would completely cancel the Coulomb (PEL) foces and the scale would ead zeo. How do the chages know how fast they ae going? Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 8

9 NOTE: Do not ty to use paallel cuent caying wies fo this thought expeiment. Two paallel cuent caying wies will obey Galilean Relativity. The pape titled New agnetism will explain why. It would be incoect to measue the velocity of the chages elative to the boxca because that would always be zeo and the motional electic law would then pedict a zeo effect. The coect answe is obtained by measuing the speed of the chages elative to the suface of the Eath. Consideing that you can view the Eath as a vey lage boxca moving though space, why then is the Eathly efeence fame coect and the boxca efeence fame not coect? Even with the Loentz- Poincae tansfomation and Einstein s Theoy of Relativity you need to know the velocity of a system in ode to compute the effects that these elationships pedict -- velocity elative to what? It is quite ionic that the mathematical solutions to make electomagnetism confom to Galilean elativity themselves equie a velocity measued elative to some othe efeence fame. Thee must be some efeence fame that satisfies the above dilemma. Accoding to the pape Rules of Natue (to be published shotly) the chages can not be self awae of thei velocity elative to anything. The effect of exchanging thei motion into some sot of field phenomenon must happen within the limits of the diffeential (see Rules of Natue on.pdf); theefoe, the chages must eact with space itself. This means that the velocity of chages must be measued elative to space itself. Theefoe space UT contain something that inteacts with chages in motion. If a moving chage geneates a magnetic field, then the space that the chage moves though can not be empty. The question is: what sot of efeence fame satisfies the boxca example and, fo that matte, the ichelson-oley expeiment? The answe is any efeence fame that has a zeo component tangent to the suface of the Eath. Because the efeence fame can have no tangential component elative to the suface of the Eath, then the efeence fame must be otating with the Eath. Because the tangential component of the efeence fame is substantially zeo, does not mean that the vetical component is substantially zeo. ince we know that light bends towad the Eath, then the component of the efeence fame nomal to the suface of the Eath must be moving Eathwad. This efeence fame is consistent with the etheeal model poposed in the pevious sections and is shown by the following diagam Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 9

10 Rotation of Eath Noth pole Figue 3-3: Path of ethe paticles In the above diagam the ed aows show the path of an ethe paticle at diffeent distances fom the Eath. The black aows show the component vectos of the path. As shown, the paticle acceleates in both the tangential and downwad diections as it gets close to the Eath. As the paticle eaches the suface of the Eath, its tangential velocity is substantially equal to that of the Eath. This means that the ethe falls towad the Eath in a spial path. In the pape titled Etheeal echanics (to be published late) it is shown that the cul of ethe is a magnetic field. The pape also shows that the spial in the ethe about the Eath has sufficient cul to explain the magnetic field of the Eath. The actual magnetic poles do not align with the tue poles of the Eath because of the non-unifom distibution of feomagnetic mateials within the Eath Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 10

11 4 The imple Unification Theoy If you have ead the peceding sections then you aleady may know what the simple unification theoy is. The simple unification theoy is outlined by the following bullets: 1) pace is filled with some sot of fluid-like mateial called ethe. ) The ethe flows and eddies about the univese. 3) assive objects consume (annihilate) ethe causing a depletion of ethe. 4) This depletion causes ethe to acceleate towad the cente of depletion. 5) This acceleating ethe causes gavity (it isn t gavity-- sounds cyptic but is explained late). 6) The actual mechanism of gavity is electomagnetic induction; specifically the IEL(see next section). To claify, the mechanism of gavity is NOT the collision of ethe paticles against matte. atte and ethe that come into physical contact will annihilate (in some manne to be discussed in a late pape). The pobability of contact between matte and ethe is vey small and eleases a cetain amount of enegy. The actual mechanism of gavity is explained in the next section Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 11

12 5 The mechanism of gavity If gavity is caused by the eathwad acceleation of ethe, then how does acceleating ethe inteact with mass to geneate the foce? The answe is electomagnetic induction. Electomagnetic induction is esponsible fo Inetia (as shown in the pape titled New Electomagnetism ) and is shown hee that it is also the mechanism of gavity. Refeing to the New Electomagnetic epesentations of matte called the Binay ass Paticle (BP -- section of New Electomagnetism ); the model shows that the inetial foce is geneated by the acceleation of the model though space. The diection of the inetial foce is opposite to the diection of acceleation. To show how gavity woks, we place the model on the suface of the Eath. Fom a pevious section we have easoned that the ethe is acceleating towad the cente of the Eath. Using Einstein s Pinciple of Equivalence we conclude that the acceleation of ethe at the suface of the Eath is 9.8 metes/sec/sec downwad. ince chage acceleation fo New Electomagnetism is measued elative to the ethe and this model is effectively acceleating upwad at 9.8 metes/sec/sec. ince the acceleation of the model (see Figue 5-1 below) is upwad with espect to the ethe; then the esultant inetial foce is Eathwad. a Figue 5-1 F It makes no diffeence whethe the binay model is acceleating though the ethe OR the ethe is acceleating though the model, inetia and gavity ae electomagnetic induction. The mechanism is the new law of induction outlined in the pape titled New Induction Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 1

13 6 Etheeal echanics: A beginning. New Gavity gives us the stating point fo the ultimate goal of New Electomagnetism, which is to develop useful models of fee space. This leads to the fee space wave equations and so on. Because the models of electomagnetism and gavity seem to convege on the luminifeous ethe, then the new science of modeling field phenomenon should be called Etheeal echanics. The following sections will mathematically deive the popeties of the ethe concened with a static gavitational field. This pape uses the same standads of notation used thoughout New Electomagnetism with the following additions: p P G F = G 3 T A paticle of ethe. Ethe in geneal, Gavitational Constant. Vecto fom of Newton s Law of gavity. odified fom the standad G 1 vesion: F =. An assumption used as a beginning is that ethe is composed of paticles. This enables us to develop an initial set of popeties to pefom expeiments against. The actual composition of ethe is discussed in moe detail in the pape titled Etheeal echanics. ince it is poposed that ethe acceleates towad massive bodies, the fist and most simple equation we can develop is the acceleation of ethe elative to massive bodies. We stat with Newton s law of gavity (witten using the notations of New Electomagnetism): 1) Newton s Law of gavity: F = Divide both sides by the mass of the taget: G 3 T ) a T = G 3 Because of Einstein s Pinciple of Equivalence, the acceleation of the ethe towad the souce is the same as the acceleation of the taget to the souce; theefoe, the acceleation of ethe a P is identical to the acceleation of the taget a T. Thus: Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 13

14 Equation 1 : Etheeal Acceleation a P ˆ G = whee is the vecto distance fom the souce to a point in space whee we would like to know the acceleation of a given ethe paticle. The above component is the adial component. The tangential component of acceleation is disclosed in the pape titled Etheeal echanics The deivation of the paticle velocity towad a massive object is identical to the escape velocity deivation of classical mechanics except fo the sign. The equation is: v P G = ˆ. This is appoximately 11,00 m/s at suface of Eath. The above component is the adial component. The tangential component of velocity is disclosed in the pape titled Etheeal echanics. A classical assumption about ethe is that it should follow the popeties of an ideal gas. If this is coect then the ethe should be compessible. This means that the density of ethe though out the univese is not constant. Anothe way to show that the ethe must be compessible is to deive the acceleation of ethe about a massive body assuming it wee incompessible. If you assume that a massive body consumes ethe at some constant ate Z, measued in cubic metes of ethe pe second, what would the acceleation o velocity of ethe be at a given distance R? The velocity and acceleation would be elated by the following two equations. Z v = 4πR a = Z 5 8π R Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 14

15 The above elationship fo velocity and acceleation of ethe ae not consistent with those deived in the pevious sections; theefoe, ethe must be compessible. If the ethe is compessible then ethe can not be of unifom density thoughout the univese. This means that thee may be egions whee the ethe is dense than hee on Eath. These egions would necessaily conduct light faste than it does hee on Eath. A logical guess would popose that the density of ethe inceases towad the edges of the univese. Anothe logical guess would be that a black hole is a body so massive that it depletes ethe faste than it can be eplaced theeby causing a egion so devoid of ethe that light can not popagate at all. Logically then, the ethe about the Eath is less dense nea sea level that it is at the top of a mountain. This suggests that light tavels faste at the top of a mountain than at sea level. This is consistent with Einstein s theoies. In the pape titled Etheeal echanics, it is shown that the electomagnetic constants, slightly modified, descibe the popeties of the ethe as a compessible gas. The actual density of the ethe is also deived along with longitudinal and tansvese wave equations. The Binay ass Paticle (BP) model is used hee to deive Einstein s time dilation equation 1 v / c. In a late section it is used again to show that the speed of light (elative to the ethe) is the fastest velocity that this system can achieve befoe it becomes unstable and collapses. Conside the BP shown in the following diagam. Assume that this system is taveling up out of the page along the axis of otation with axial velocityv. How does this affect the model? = p V t p Figue 6-1 Again, we sum togethe all of the electomagnetic point chage equations and find the tangential velocity V equied to keep the sum of the foces equal to zeo. 1) t 0 Q Q Q Q ( v E T T = 3 3 v T ) Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 15 Q Q T a

16 In the deivation of the stationay system (ee New Electomagnetism ) the positional component and the motional component ae epulsive foces while the inetial component is an attactive foce. With the addition of the axial velocity, thee is now an additional attactive foce due to the otional Electic Law. Fom obsevation, we substitute the vaiables of step 1) with the following: The distance between the two paticles () is twice the adius of the system ( p ). Theefoe p eplaces the distance between the paticles (). The souce acceleation in the inetial component is eplaced by the centipetal acceleation equation: Vt a =. P Woking though the dual coss poduct to account fo the tangential velocity ( V t ) and the axial velocity (V ), the esult is ( v v ) (( v ) v ) = ( V V ) ubstituting and educing yields:. T T t ) 3) 4) 5) 0 E Vt V t V = +. Futhe eduction yields: P P P P V E Vt 0 =. Realizing that V t = C V and finally: V t = C V C = E : Fom the equation we see that the tangential velocity of the system is slowe when it is in motion. If we wee to take the atio of the tangential velocity of the system in motion V t = C V to the tangential velocity of the system that is stationay V t = C we get: V t V t = 1 C V The above equation is Einstein s elationship fo time dilation. In the next section the above equation is used to deive some othe inteesting things. Note: the solution fo the above only woks when the velocity of the system is tansvese to the adius between the paticles. This is due to the tansvese natue of the cuently accepted models fo magnetism (EL). The pape titled New agnetism (nm.pdf soon to be available at descibes a completely spheical magnetic field phenomenon. This new model fo magnetism allows the above model to expeience time dilation without egad to diection of tavel. Futhemoe, the new model solves what is known as Faaday s Final Riddle Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 16

17 In the pevious section we deived Einstein s time dilation elationship. In this section we exploe how this same equation pedicts the effects of time dilation within a gavity field. As you ecall, the velocity in the above equation is that of the system elative to the ethe. In this pape we G have deived the velocity of the ethe about a massive body to be v ˆ P =. ubstituting the scala vesion of this equation into the time dilation equation allows us to deive the time dilation that we expeience at a given distance fom a massive body. Dilation = G 1 C Accoding to the above equation, thee ae two factos that affect the amount of time dilation expeienced at a given distance fom the massive body. The fist occus fom the fact that the velocity of ethe inceases as the distance deceases. Because etheeal velocity is in the numeato, then the flow of time deceases as deceases. econdly, since the density of ethe deceases as deceases, then the velocity of light ( C) also deceases. ince C is in the denominato, then an additional decease in the flow of time is ealized. This shows that thee ae two components to time. These ae discussed in a late section afte othe definitions ae intoduced. If we take a look at the tangential velocity of the system as a function of axial velocity we have: 1) V t = C V If we then substitute this into the equation used to deive the enegy of the system (see New Electomagnetism ) we obtain the following fo the enegy of the system: ) 3) Q E = E + PE = E = C 1 V P ( C V ) EQ + P The equation in step 3 above is only the enegy of the system due to the coulomb foces and the otational kinetic enegy. ince the system is in motion we have an additional component of kinetic enegy due to the linea velocity of the system = E = 1 V. Adding this component to the system yields: E = C This means that the enegy of the system is constant egadless of its motion. It also means that the velocity of the chages (elative to the ethe) will always be the speed of light egadless of the motion of Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 17

18 the system (othe sections of this pape will show that this system would cease to exist if this ule is violated). This is demonstated by fist obseving the velocity of the chages in a stationay system. In a stationay system, the tangential velocities of the chages ae C, the speed of light. When the system is in motion, the tangential velocities of the chages decease. The esultant velocity of the chages is found with vecto summation of the tangential velocity of the chages and the axial velocity of the system, which again yields C as shown in the following: Vch ag e = Vt + V = C V + V = C Fo the positive mass model, if the velocity of the chages in the system exceeds C with espect to the ethe, then the system will collapse to a singulaity. This occus because eithe the motional electic (due to axial motion) o inetial electic (due to tangential motion) foces will ovepowe the PEL (Coulomb) foces. If the velocity is less than C then the system will fly apat because the PEL foces pevail. If the system collapses, the adius between the chages deceases to nea zeo and the inetia of the system inceases (see New Electomagnetism ) monumentally. Consequently, if the system flies apat, then the enegy of the system is eleased. Fo the negative mass model the opposite is tue. The actual mechanism that egulates the adius of the paticles will be descibed in the pape titled Etheeal echanics to be available shotly afte the pape titled New agnetism is eleased. ee fo details. E = C as obseved by a stationay obseve This section shows that the enegy of the system is egadless of the motion of the system. The next section will show that the enegy of the system is E = C as obseved fom a non-stationay obseve as well. An inteesting thing occus when the binay model attains the speed of light (elative to the ethe); it stops spinning. Does this mean that time is standing still? No, the coulomb foces and the motional electic laws ae quite active and ae in balance; consequently, thee emains no need fo a tangential velocity to maintain stability. Because this system is no longe spinning, it no longe poduces a magnetic moment and othe such pocesses that matte pefoms (mateial pocesses) as a esult of its spinning. Although time hasn t stopped, the ate at which this system used to pefom its cyclical functions have ceased; theeby giving the appeaance of being fozen in time. At elativistic speeds, the mateial pocesses in this system slow accoding to the time dilation function ( 1 c v / ). If an obseve wee taveling with the above system with equipment designed to measue the tangential velocity of the system, the obseve would always measue that the tangential velocity is C, the speed of light. This occus because the obseve and his equipment ae composed of these same systems, as such they too will expeience the same slowdown in mateial pocesses. Logically then, the total enegy of the system is E = C egadless of the efeence fame that the system is obseved fom Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 18

19 I pesonally do not like the concept of time as put fowad by science fiction. I pefe the concept of the ate at which things happen. The definition of which is coveed in the pape titled The Rules of Natue. Fo now I will use to wod time with caution. Thee ae two fames of time that need to be identified. The fist fame of time is electomagnetic time, o the ate at which electomagnetic inteactions occu. The second fame of time is mateial time. ateial time is the ate at which mateial pocesses occu. An example of mateial time is the ate at which the Binay ass Paticle (BP) spins. Electomagnetic time is ate at which electomagnetic fields convey changes to the est of a given system. As in the case of the BP, the electomagnetic time is constant egadless of the motion of the system. If howeve, the density of ethe changes as the location whee the system exists, then the electomagnetic time would be affected. ateial time is the ate at which the mateial pocesses occu. This time is deived fom electomagnetic time. As shown in pevious sections, the motion of a system, such as the BP, though the ethe affects the ate at which mateial pocess occu. Although the tangential velocity of the BP slows, the ates at which electomagnetic inteactions occu have not. This is evidenced by the fact that although the tangential velocity of the chages slows, the absolute velocity of the chages is still the speed of light. Beyond the speed of light, the motional electic foces of a positive mass binay model (a system of two like chages) ovepowe the epulsive coulomb foces and the system collapses. Fo the negative mass binay model the opposite is tue. Beyond the speed of light the epulsive motional electic foces ovepowe the attactive coulomb foces causing the system to explode. This section is intentionally incomplete. One method fo measuing the age of the univese is fom obseving stas known as Cepheid Vaiables. Because this pape poposes that the speed of light is not constant; that it depends upon the density of ethe fo the ate of popagation, then method of measuing the age of the univese using CV s equies some adjustment. This pape poposes that the density of the ethe nea the coe of the univese is not as dense as the ethe nea the edge of the univese. It follows fom this that light passing acoss the cente of the univese takes much longe to each us than we had initially thought. This would mean that the age of the univese is much olde than the value measued using CV s with the assumption that the speed of light is a univesal constant Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 19

20 ince we have easoned that a positive mass model collapses if its velocity exceeds the speed of light, elative to the ethe. What about an object so massive that it annihilates ethe at such a ate that the velocity of ethe flowing towads it exceeds the speed of light at its suface? To deive such an object we can set the etheeal velocity equation equal to the speed of light and solve fo the adius. 1) ) C = = C G G The above elationship is of couse the hwazschild adius. If the adius of a sta of mass falls below this adius, it collapses to a black hole. The actual mechanism of collapse is descibed by New Electomagnetism. Because the pape titled Etheeal echanics shows that the density of ethe diminishes towad a massive body, the above equation is only an appoximation. In fact, the density of ethe at the coe of a black hole is assumed to appoach zeo. And since it is also assumed that ethe is the conveyo of all field phenomena then the coe of a black hole is a place whee gavitational and electomagnetic foces may no longe exists Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 0

21 7 Conclusion This pape explains the foce known as gavity to be electomagnetic induction. It also shows that the concepts of Relativity can be deived fom New Electomagnetism. Whee the theoy of elativity only shows what happens, New Electomagnetism shows why it happens. In section 6.6 it is shown that the speed limit of matte is the speed of light. Because the mechanism that govens this speed limit is now undestood to be electomagnetic in natue, it may be possible to constuct a staship that dags the ethe along with it, theeby eliminating Einstein s speed limit and the poblem of inetia. The passenges of such a ship will be able to tavel to the stas at any velocity and will not feel the effects of acceleation o time dilation. A ship that could manipulate ethe in such a way could also poduce a egion of acceleating ethe within the ship to povide an atificial gavity fo the comfot of the passenges. Thee is much moe wok in the New Electomagnetism seies to be published. The next pape to be published will be The Rules of Natue.doc a teatise on mathematical models of natue. This pape deives set of ules that natue always seems to follow and othe ules that natue will neve follow. Because any given physical system may have many mathematical models that yield coect answes, it would be nice to know which models explain the phenomenon closest to the way natue does it. Fo example Einstein s Theoy of Relativity gives the coect values fo time dilation but does not explain how it woks. New Electomagnetism explains the actual mechanism of time dilation such that a wok aound to the speed limit might be possible. The Rules Of Natue also explain a continuity poblem between mathematics and natue that must be esolved to pevent eoneous conclusions. These pinciples ae used thoughout the pape Etheeal echanics. Anothe pape to be eleased befoe Etheeal echanics is New agnetism. This pape fixes the emaining poblems in electomagnetism. A complete desciption of magnetic phenomenon is equied befoe the pape Etheeal echanics, which explains the actual mechanisms of field phenomenon, can be eleased. Because New agnetism descibes a completely new magnetic field phenomenon, it is suppoted by expeimental supplements just as New induction Robet J Distinti, All ights Reseved. 1