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1 Sign up for important updates from Miss Christenson. Get information for Shepherd Hill Regional High School right on your phone not on handouts. Pick a way to receive messages for AP Physics 1 SUMMER: A If you have a smartphone, get push notifications. On your iphone or Android phone, open your web browser and go to the following link: rmd.at/cfkc8k Follow the instructions to sign up for Remind. You ll be prompted to download the mobile app. rmd.at/cfkc8k Join AP Physics 1 SUMMER Full Name First and Last Name Phone Number or Address (555) B If you don t have a smartphone, get text notifications. Text the to the number If you re having trouble with 81010, try to (508) * Standard text message rates apply. To Don t have a mobile phone? Go to rmd.at/cfkc8k on a desktop computer to sign up for notifications.

2 Relationships on Graphs Cheat Sheet (Memorize these relationships if you don t already know them.) square root relationship: y is directly proportional to the square root of x exponential (square) relationship: y is directly proportional to x squared inverse relationship: y is inversely proportional to x inverse square relationship: y is inversely proportional to x squared linear relationship: y is directly proportional to x

3 Part 1: Basic Math & Science Skills Review AP Physics 1 Summer Work Due: Wednesday, August 29 th PLEASE NOTE: There will be a Graphing and Basic Math & Science Skills TEST in class on Wed, Aug 29 th. This test will be comprised of questions similar to those found in this review packet, as well as the review packet on graphing. You will not be allowed to use a calculator on this test. You must score an 85% or above on this test.

4 Name: DUE: Wednesday, August 29, 2018 AP Physics 1 Basic Math & Science Skills for Physics REVIEW Ms. Christenson In physics, we try to understand the relationships between the physical properties of objects and systems. We use mathematics to describe these relationships. So, while physics is not a math course, we do use math quite extensively. The following are representatives of the basic skills you will need to know to be successful in physics this year. Directions: Answer each question below to the best of your ability. Please show your work in the space provided below each question and circle your final answers. Be sure to use units throughout your work and in final answers where necessary. Skill 1 - Solving Equations You will frequently need to manipulate an equation to solve for an unknown. Often the givens in AP Physics will not be numbers; rather they will be variables (letters). It is important that you know how to solve for any variable in an equation. Example: Solve the above equation above for t. Answer: Directions: Solve the following equations for the variables listed below: 1. Solve for V2. 4. Solve for Req. 2. Solve for a. 5. Solve for r. 3. Solve for L. 6. Solve for θ2.

5 Skill 2 - Describing Relationships It is important that you understand what an equation physically means in this course. Therefore, you must be able to describe the relationships between given variables in a formula. Example: In the above equation, ac equals the centripetal acceleration of an object moving in a circle with radius of r and moving around a circle with a tangential velocity of v. (a) In the equation above, what is the relationship between centripetal acceleration and tangential velocity? Answer: The centripetal acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the square of the object s tangential velocity. (b) In the equation above, what is the relationship between centripetal acceleration and the radius of the circular path in which the object is traveling? Answer: The centripetal acceleration of the object is inversely proportional to the radius of the circular path in which the object is traveling. Use the following for questions 7 9: In the equation at the right, F equals the electric force between two charges placed a distance r apart. Q A is the magnitude of the first charge, Q B is the magnitude of the second charge and k is Coulomb s constant. 7. In the equation above, what is the relationship between the electric force and Coulomb s constant? 8. In the equation above, what is the relationship between the electric force and the distance between the charges? 9. In the equation above, what is the relationship between the electric force and the magnitude of the first charge?

6 Skill 3 - Dimensional Analysis It is important that you understand how to convert from one unit to another using conversion factors. You must know metric prefixes in order to do this. I have provided reference sheets in your summer work folder in case you have forgotten these. Example: Ex. How many centimeters are in kilometers? Answer: 100 cm = 1 m 1 km = 1000 m x x How many seconds are in 28 hours? 11. How many kiloliters are in 12,500 ml? 12. Convert 45 km/hr to m/s.

7 Skill 4 - Scientific Notation Scientific Notation - Part A: There are things in physics that are very, very large (like the mass of a planet in kilograms, for example) or very, very small (like the mass of an electron in kilograms, for example). You must be able to recognize that a number is in scientific notation and know how to deal with it. 13. The following numbers are in scientific notation. Express them in standard notation. A x 10 4 mg 14. The following numbers are in standard notation. Express them in proper scientific notation. A g B. 4.2 x 10-2 m B. 763,420,000 cm Scientific Notation - Part B: You will be required to use scientific notation in calculations. Hint: I am sure you have learned the tricks for multiplying and dividing exponents in math class... You may use those tricks here. 15. Add or subtract as indicated. A. 3.2 x 10 5 cm x 10 5 cm 16. Multiply or divide as indicated. A. (4.0 x 10-8 cm) x (2.0 x 10 5 cm) B x 10 5 g x 10 4 g B. (9.0 x 10 7 m) / (3.0 x 10 3 s)

8 Skill 5 - Significant Figures Significant Figures - Part A: You must know what significant figures are and how to determine the number of significant figures in a measurement. I have included the rules for determining the number of sig figs in a measurement below in case you have not encountered this in any of your math or science classes yet. What are significant figures? In scientific work, all numbers are assumed to be derived from measurements and, therefore, the last digit in each number is uncertain. All certain digits plus the first uncertain digit are significant figures. Only numbers determined by definition or by counting are exact. Numbers determined by definition or counting are said to have an infinite number of significant figures. Four Rules for Determining the Number of Sig Figs in a Measurement: 1. Nonzero digits are always significant. (Ex. There are 3 sig figs in 568 cm and 2 sig figs in 1.4 seconds.) 2. All final zeros after a decimal point are significant. (Ex. There are 4 sig figs in sec.) 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant. (Ex. There are 3 sig figs in 203 m/s and 4 sig figs in cm.) 4. Zeros solely used a placeholders are NOT significant. (Ex. There are 2 sig figs in 26,000 grams and only 1 sig fig in km) State the number of significant figures in each measurement: kg m x 10 6 kg Significant Figures - Part B: You must know how to determine the number of significant figures that should be in your answer. Rules for Determining the Number of Sig Figs in an Answer When Adding and/or Subtracting: 1. Determine the precision of each measurement. (Precision means how many places after the decimal for each measurement. Ex. 1.0 = one decimal place, 1.12 = two decimal places) 2. Make a note of the lowest number of decimal places. This is the least precise measurement. 3. Now add or subtract the measurements. 4. Round your answer so that it matches the precision of the measurement with the lowest number of decimal places. Ex. Add 1.02 s s s =? 1.02 has 2 decimal places has 4 decimal places has 3 decimal places So, 1.02 s is the least precise with only two decimal places our answer must match this. Add to find the answer: 1.02 s s s = s Rules for Determining the Number of Sig Figs in an Answer When Multiplying and/or Dividing: 1. Determine the # of sig figs in each measurement. (Use the rules above.) 2. Make a note of the lowest number of sig figs. 3. Now multiply or divide the measurements. 4. Round your answer so that it has the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least amount. Ex. Multiply 1.02 m x m x m =? 1.02 has 3 sig figs has 1 sig fig has 5 sig figs Note the lowest amount of sig figs: 1 sig fig Multiply to find the answer: 1.02 m x m x m = m 3 Round so that the answer only has 1 sig fig: So, our answer with the correct amount of sig figs is m 3 Round to two decimal places: So, our answer with the correct amount of sig figs is s Perform the following operations. Use the correct number of significant figures in your answers. 20. (9.2 cm) + ( cm) + (8.30 cm) g ( m x 3.00 m x m )

9 Skill 6 Trigonometry Not everything in physics is simply straight up and down or left and right. In the real world, we need to deal with angles. This is where trigonometry and the Pythagorean Theorem come in handy. I have the basics below in case you have not done this in your math classes yet. There are 3 trig functions that you will use on a regular basis in physics problems: sine, cosine and tangent. An easy way to remember them is by using SOH CAH TOA Note: (See below) the opposite side is the side opposite the reference angle θ; the hypotenuse is the longest side opposite the right angle. The adjacent side is the one that makes up part of the reference angle θ and is not the hypotenuse. The Pythagorean Theorem is another formula that you will use frequently in physics. a 2 + b 2 = c For the triangle below, find: x z y θ A. sin θ = B. cos θ = C. tan θ = Use the following trig table to answer questions Do not use a calculator. Ex. from table: sin(30) = 0.5

10 23. Calculate the value of y in the triangle below. y 10 N Calculate the value of x in the triangle below. 3 m x Calculate the value of F in the triangle below. 6 N F 8 N

11 Part 2: Graphing Skills Review AP Physics 1 Summer Work Due: Wednesday, August 29 th PLEASE NOTE: There will be a Graphing/Basic Math & Science Skills TEST in class on Wed, Aug 29 th. This test will be comprised of questions similar to those found in this review packet, as well as the review packet on basic math and science skills. You will not be allowed to use a calculator on this test. You must score an 85% or above on this test.

12 Skill 1 Reading Graphs You must be able to pull out and explain information about data from an experiment just by looking at a graph of this data. This will include recognizing relationships and trends in the data. Graph 1: Distance a Person Walked vs. Time Answer the following questions using the graph above. 1. What is the independent variable for this graph? What units are used to measure this quantity? 2. What is the dependent variable for this graph? What units are used to measure this quantity? 3. At what position did the person start? 4. What was the position of the person at 2 hours? 5. What was the position of the person at 4.5 hours? 6. Approximately, at what time (in seconds) did the person reach 4,000 meters? 7. Approximately, at what time (in seconds) did the person reach 14,000 meters? 8. At what time, in seconds, did the person reach its maximum position? 9. Describe the motion of the person from point P to point R. How long (in hours) did they do this for? 10. Rank the speed of the person during the following intervals (1 = least, 3 = greatest). Explain how you determined this. from X to P from P to R from R to S

13 Skill 2 Constructing Graphs (Graphing Data) Graphs are useful tools in physics because trends in data and relationships between variables are easy to visualize when represented graphically. Now, instead of just reading a graph, you must also create your own before analyzing the data. Review the steps below for making graphs in science to be sure you have included all of the necessary components. Following the steps below will help you to make certain that all components of the graph are correctly presented. 1. Identify the variables. Independent on the x-axis and dependent on the y-axis 2. Determine the range. What is the highest value data point for each axis? 3. Select the scale units. Divide each axis uniformly into appropriate units using the maximum amount of space available. (Remember that the axes may be divided differently but each square along the same axis must represent the same interval.) 4. Number and label each axis. Be sure to include units where appropriate as part of the axis label. 5. Plot the data points as ordered pairs. (x,y) 6. Draw the best fit line (may be a straight line or a smooth curve). For a straight line, eyeball it. Eyeball it means: use a straight edge to draw your line in such a way that approximately the same number of points lie above and below the line. Note: Lines in physics are not always straight! See what shape works the best from your Relationships on Graphs - Cheat Sheet and sketch a smooth curve to fit the data. 7. Title the graph. The title should clearly describe the information contained in the graph. It is common to mention the dependent variable (y-axis) first followed by the independent variable (x-axis). See title in graph on previous page. Sample Data Set A: The following set of data was collected while experimenting with position and time of a miniature motorized car traveling on a straight track. Plot the data below on the grid. After creating the graph for the data set, use the graph to answer the analysis questions. Time (minutes) Position (meters)

14 Sample Data Set B: The following set of data was collected during an experiment to find the density for an unknown pure metal. Five different volumes of the same unknown pure metal were massed and the data was recorded below. After creating the graph for the data set, use the graph to answer the analysis questions. Volume (cm 3 ) Mass (g)

15 Sample Data Set C: The following set of data was collected during an experiment where an amount of a confined gas is being compressed by a moveable piston pressing downwards on the gas, which exerts pressure on the gas. (See diagram of lab apparatus below.) A known pressure is exerted using the moveable piston and the volume of the confined gas was then measured and recorded in the table below. After creating the graph for the data set, use the graph to answer the analysis questions. Apparatus for Pressure and Volume Lab: Data for Pressure and Volume Lab: Volume (ml) Pressure (Pa) 22, , , , ,

16 Skill 3 Analyzing Graphs You must be able to use the graph to analyze data from an experiment. This includes predicting relationships, or using the slope, x and y-intercepts, and/or the area under the curve to tell you physical information about an experiment or relationship. This may also include interpolation or extrapolation. (P.S. Be sure you know when it is appropriate to use interpolation or extrapolation.) Analysis Questions: Directions: Use your graph from Sample Data Set A for Questions What is the independent variable for this graph? the dependent variable? Explain. 2. Determine the position of the car after 2.5 minutes. 3. Is there a relationship between the variables on the x and y-axis? If so, what type of relationship is this? How do you know this? 4. Calculate the slope of the best fit line. (DO NOT USE ORIGINAL DATA POINTS UNLESS THEY LIE ON YOUR DRAWN IN BEST FIT LINE.) Show your work below. 5. The slope of the best fit line of this graph is equal to the speed of car. Explain why this is true using your graph, the definition of slope, and the definition (or formula) for speed. 6. If the experiment were carried out for 30 minutes, and the motion of the car remained as it was before, what would be the position of the car at this time?

17 Directions: Use your graph from Sample Data Set B for Questions What is the relationship between volume and mass in this experiment? How can you tell? 8. What does a data point on this graph actually represent? 9. The slope of the best fit line of this graph is equal to the density of the unknown pure metal. Explain why this is true using the definition of slope, the definition (or formula) for density, and your graph. 10. What volume would a gram sample of this substance occupy? What did you do to determine this? 11. How could you determine the identity of unknown pure metal?

18 12. Now do what you said you would do in #11 to determine the identity of the unknown pure metal. Show your work below and be sure to list one or two metals that could be the unknown pure metal. 13. Write an equation for the line. (Be sure to use the calculated value for the slope in your equation.) 14. Use your equation from #13 to find the mass when the volume is 6.00 cm 3. Show your work below.

19 Directions: Use your graph from Sample Data Set C for Questions Identify the independent and dependent variables in this graph. Explain. 16. Does this graph represent a linear relationship? Why or why not? 17. If you decided that this graph does not show a linear relationship, what type of relationship do you think it shows? Explain. 18. If the pressure on the confined gas is decreased over a period of time, what trend in volume could be expected? How do you know this in terms of the relationship you chose in #16/17? 19. If the pressure on the confined gas is increased over a period of time, what trend in volume could be expected? How do you know this in terms of the relationship you chose in #16/17?

20 AP Physics 1 Summer Work: PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE PACKET BEFORE ASKING QUESTIONS. I WILL NOT ANSWER QUESTIONS THAT HAVE ALREADY BEEN ADDRESSED. Welcome to AP Physics 1! In this course you will find out how things work and why things work the way they do. Throughout the year, we ll cover some of the major areas of physics including: Kinematics, Newton s Laws of Motion, Gravitation & Circular Motion, Work, Energy & Power, Linear Momentum, Torque & Rotational Motion, Simple Harmonic Motion, Waves & Sound, and Electrostatics & Simple Electric Circuits. This course will challenge, enlighten, and (sometimes) frustrate you. And, although it is a course that requires much effort and dedication, we do try to have some fun. In physics, we try to understand the relationships between the physical properties of objects and systems. We use mathematics to describe these relationships. So, while this course is not a math course, we do use math quite extensively. It is extremely important to have a strong background in basic math and science skills to be successful in physics; therefore, part 1 of your summer assignment will be to review the skills necessary for understanding the course material. You ll also review the skills needed to organize and analyze data from lab investigations, which means you must know how to graph! Therefore, part 2 of the summer assignment is a graphing review. These assignments should not be difficult for you to complete. They have been assigned to simply remind you of some of the important skills that you may have forgotten about along the way, and, after completing this assignment, you should be ready to hit the ground running in August. The summer assignment consists of two parts: 1. Basic Math and Science Skills Review (DUE WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29 th ) Step 1: Complete all of the attached problems and questions in this packet. All work must be neatly shown in the packet for each problem. Chapter 1 and Appendix A in the book can help if you have forgotten any of this stuff OR feel free to use the internet to find extra help videos if you can t remember how to do something. Answer all questions without using a graphing or scientific calculator (4-function calculators are ok). Make sure you can do this assignment with only your brain, a pencil, and some scratch paper calculators are not necessary for any of these questions and I prefer that you get used to using your analytical thinking skills. Step 2: Check your answers and correct your work. The answers to Part 1 will be posted on my website in July. I will text you a link when this happens, so be sure to join my class on Remind (instructions for joining Remind are included in your summer work folder). You must correct your own assignment using the answers that I have posted. Follow theses guidelines: o Please use a different colored pen or colored pencil while completing your corrections. o Make it very clear that you have corrected every single problem in the packet. Put a if your original answer is correct. Put an x if your original answer is not correct. Re-work any problems that were initially incorrect do not just put an x. o Note: You will not lose credit for wrong original answers. Do not erase incorrect original work. Just fix the problem, learn from your mistakes and move on. On Wednesday, August 29 th you will hand in your completed and corrected Part 1 at the beginning of class. You will lose points if directions have not been followed, such as not showing work, messy work, not correcting your work in a different color, etc. so please follow the directions written in the Part 1 packet and above. 2. Graphing Skills Review (DUE WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29 th ) Step 1: Complete all of the attached problems and questions in this packet. Follow the same guidelines as in Step 1 above to complete Part 2. Step 2: Check your answers and correct your work. Follow the same guidelines as in Step 2 above to complete Part 2. PLEASE NOTE: On the second day of school there will be a TEST on Part 1 and Part 2. This test will take place on Wednesday, August 29 th, the second day of school. While graphing calculators are fantastic and will be used frequently throughout the year, you will only be allowed to use a 4-function calculator on this test. This is because I am measuring your skills on this assessment, not your ability to use a calculator. Know how to think and graph without your calculator. The Graphing/Basic Math & Science Skills Test will count as your first test grade for Term 1. To remain enrolled in this course, you must earn a score of at least 85% on this assessment. If you earn a score below 85%, you will be required to retake the Graphing/Basic Math & Science Skills Test until you have reached a satisfactory score. This is because, as mentioned above, it is imperative that you have strong basic math, science and graphing skills to be successful in this course. kchristenson@dcrsd.org I m looking forward to meeting all of you and having a great year in AP Physics 1! Please feel free to contact me at any time over the summer if you have any questions! Class Website: kcscience.weebly.com Have a wonderful summer!! Sincerely, Ms. Christenson Follow me on Text: Sign-up using the Remind App

21 Things You ll Need for Class Many students ask me what they ll need for the upcoming school year. This is what I recommend to make your life easier in class. FYI, the following things are required and must be brought to class on the first day. This is your first homework assignment and will be checked on the first day of school. 1. A 3-Ring Binder with filler paper OR a notebook with pockets/a folder for handouts (whatever works best for you) 2. A quad-ruled lab notebook o NOT spiral bound papers fall out too easily! You will lose points on your first homework assignment if you bring in a spiral bound notebook to be used as a lab notebook. o Quad-ruled composition books are perfect for keeping lab data and can be found at many stores, including Target and Staples, usually for about a $1. 3. A Graphing Calculator (and knowledge on how to use it for calculations and graphing) for use in class, at home and in lab. While you will not be using it for the skills-based summer assignment, you are allowed to use a graphing calculator on your exams, in labs and on homework and classwork assignments throughout the year. 4. Something to write with: o Pens - at least two different colors: at least one for everyday writing (blue, black or another dark color) and at least one for completing corrections (red, green, purple, etc.) o MANY pencils! (With MANY erasers!) 5. Test Prep/Practice Book o Purchase 5 Steps to a 5 AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based, 2018 Edition, 4th Edition o Do not buy the Elite Version. The standard version listed above will be used in class and at home. It is currently $11.56 on Amazon. 6. A willingness to be a proactive learner is a must! o This course is for serious students. If you are unwilling to do the following, this course may not be for you. AP Physics 1 will require dedication, a commitment to hard work and a willingness to be challenged for the entire year. The pace of the course will most likely be more rapid than most courses you have taken and will seem overwhelming at times. The breadth and scope of this course will cover the same content as a typical college physics course, if not a little more. Because AP Physics 1 is a college level course and is well above the level of a typical level 1 class, I will expect more of you. You will need to be a participant in your own learning inside and outside of class to be successful in this course and I will be here to guide you every step of the way. Don t be afraid to make mistakes and ask questions it s the only way to grow and get better! Do not give up on yourself when we get to some of the tougher topics and don t get too frustrated when you don t understand something right away. Figure out what is tripping you up and find a way to learn it. o Always remember It s supposed to be challenging. This is AP PHYSICS! Not everyone will get an A, even if you always have. And, while we re on the topic of grades your goal should not be to simply get an A. The goal should be to learn and understand physics. P.S. In your folder, I have included some reference sheets on Greek letters, the metric system, and a cheat sheet for recognizing relationships on graphs. I recommend keeping these in your notebook for the rest of the year.

22 AP Physics 1 Summer Work Reference Sheets I have included the tables of information in this packet for you to refer to as you work through the basic science skills part of your summer assignment. We will use the information contained in this reference packet throughout the year! You need to become familiar with it so that you know what I m talking about in class and on homework, labs, quizzes, tests, etc. While there is no practice work for this section at this time, you should acquaint yourself and memorize these tables. Note: There will be an announced quiz on these tables very early in the year. Greek Letters In physics, we use variables to denote a variety of unknowns and concepts. Many of these variables are letters of the Greek alphabet. If you are not familiar with these letters, you should become so. You need to have this exposure so that when class starts and you see μ on the board, you don t call it, that funny looking m-thing. These variables have specific names and I will be using these names you need to do the same. Greek Letter α Name alpha (lowercase) Commonly Used For angular acceleration, radiation particle β beta (lowercase) radiation particle Δ ε delta (uppercase) epsilon (lowercase) showing a change in quantity permittivity Φ phi (uppercase) magnetic flux ϕ phi (lowercase) work function γ λ gamma (lowercase) lambda (lowercase) radioactivity, relativity wavelength μ mu (uppercase) coefficient of friction π pi (uppercase) mathematical constant θ theta (uppercase) angle measures, angular displacement ρ rho (uppercase) density, resistivity Σ sigma (uppercase) showing the sum of numbers τ tau (uppercase) torque ω omega (uppercase) angular velocity ξ xi (uppercase) electromotive force, induced voltage

23 The Metric System Everything in physics is measured using the metric system. The only time that you will see English units is when you convert them to metric units. The modern form of the metric system is called SI (from the French, Système International ). In the SI system, all quantities are either base units or derived units. Derived units are made up of base units; therefore, you must be familiar with the SI base quantities and units they will be your best friends by the end of the year! (P.S. Technically, there are 7 base units, but I have listed only the units that you ll see in AP Physics 1.) SI Base Quantities and Units Quantity Unit Unit Abbreviation length meter m time second s mass kilogram kg electric current ampere A In the metric system, a metric prefix is a prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit. Units are defined in multiples of ten from the standard unit. Here are the metric prefixes that we will use throughout the year. Again, to make your life much easier during the course, please become familiar with these common prefixes before we start the year. You must know these like the back of your hand during the course. Metric (SI) Prefixes Prefix Abbreviation Value nano- n 10-9 micro- μ 10-6 milli- m 10-3 centi- c 10-2 kilo- k 10 3 mega- M 10 6 giga- G 10 9