Honors AP Physics Physics 1 Summer Assignment

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1 AP Physics Summer Assignment Name Date Honors AP Physics Physics Summer Assignment This summer assignment is a review of basic math concepts that you will need in order to succeed in honors physics. The summer Youassignment will cover unit is a conversions, review of significant figures, scientific notation, unit basic conversions, algebra, geometry basic algebra, and trigonometry. and right triangles We will from use your these experiences skills constantly in prior throughout science and the math course courses. so it iswe crucial will use thatthese you review skills these skills over the summer. There is review information in this packet to help guide you. You can also use any internet resource constantly for throughout extra help, our including AP Physics Khan Academy. course. While Contact completing me if you this need assignment, any help over determine the summer how well by you aduritsch@cjeagles.org. know these skills. you may want to brush up on them just prior to returning to school. Please contact me if you need any help here. I can be reached via , nicolecarro@dvrhs.org. The summer assignment will be This due summer on the first assignment Friday of will school: be the Friday, due theseptember FRIDAY BEFORE 5, 04. thedo start not of hesitate classes, to Friday contact August me if you th. have Please either any questions. drop it off I at am school looking to my forward mailbox to our or time together me a pdf. and You hope willyou need have to show a wonderful ALL of summer! your work for the problems on the following pages. See you in September, Have Mrs. Carro a fantastic summer and I will see you all in the fall! -Ms. Duritsch Measurement, Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, Dimensional Analysis, Units, and Algebra, they all matter when it comes to physics. They matter because saying that someone just ran 00 square meter- seconds makes no sense and, could be embarrassing. So, we re going to review. Units follow the rules of algebra just like x s and y s. If you multiply x times y you get xy. If you multiply meters by seconds you get meters*seconds. Similarly, meters by meters gives you meters, and meters divided by meters gives you meters. Units can also be transformed into other units by using definitions, sometimes called conversion factors. Such as, meter is 00 centimeters. This can be translated form English to Math like: m = 00 cm. We can then use this definition to convert between units, like so: Let s say we want to know how many meters are equivalent to 400 centimeters. We start by writing what we know on the left. We ll write 400 cm on the left.. We will write the units of what we want our answer to be on the right with an equal sign before it. For this example, we need to write meters on the right. 3. Now, we ll choose a conversion factor that helps us reach our goal. We then multiply the left side by m / 00 cm or should we choose 00 cm/ m? What s the difference anyway? Well, we need to craftily construct our conversion factor so that centimeters in the conversion factor will cancel with the centimeters given on the left, so that we get the answer we want! 4. Now, all we need to do is multiply the numerators together, and divide by all of the denominators multiplied together. m 400 cm 00 cm = 4 m

Units of Measurement Nearly all measured values in physics contain a unit. You may see values reported in English/Imperial units (especially if you live in the United States!

2 Units of Measurement Nearly all measured values in physics contain a unit. You may see values reported in English/Imperial units (especially if you live in the United States!), but we will almost always convert them to a metric unit. The modern metric system we use is properly called SI (from the French, Système International ). The three most fundamental (base) units we need to describe measurements in SI are meters, kilograms, and seconds. (There are seven base units altogether.) Other units we use are derived from these. Often, however, the quantities we use are so extreme (large or small) that we will also use prefixes to scale them to simpler numbers. Be familiar with these base units of measurement, the quantities they represent, their symbol/abbreviations, and the most common metric prefixes: Prefix Numerical Value Abbreviation (symbol) pico- 0 - p nano- 0-9 n micro- 0-6 µ milli- 0-3 M Centi 0 - C kilo- 0 3 K mega- 0 6 M giga- 0 9 G

3 Conversion Science uses the KMS system (SI: System Internationale). KMS stands for kilogram, meter, second. These are the units of choice of physics. The equations in physics depend on unit agreement. So you must convert to KMS in most problems to arrive at the correct answer. kilometers (km) to meters (m) and meters to kilometers gram (g) to kilogram (kg) centimeters (cm) to meters (m) and meters to centimeters Celsius ( o C) to Kelvin (K) millimeters (mm) to meters (m) and meters to millimeters atmospheres (atm) to Pascals (Pa) nanometers (nm) to meters (m) and metes to nanometers liters (L) to cubic meters (m 3 ) micrometers (m) to meters (m) Other conversions will be taught as they become necessary. conversion factors? Colleges want students who can find their own information (so do a g = kg b.. km = m c. 83 nm = m d. 98 K = o C e m = cm f. 8.8x0-8 m = mm g.. atm = Pa h. 5.0 m = m i..65 mm = m j. 8.3 m = km k cm = m l. 6.3x0-7 m = nm m..5x0 m = km 3

4 A. Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis ) How many meters are in 00 feet? ( ft = m) ) How many square feet are in 00 m? 3) How many kilograms are in 000 grams? 4) If there are 745 Watts for every horsepower how many horses would it take to power a single hundredwatt light bulb? 5) If net force is equal to mass times acceleration (Fnet=ma) what are the units of force if mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and acceleration is measured in meters per second-squared (m/s )? 6) If a woodchuck can chuck cubic meters of wood per minute, how many cubic centimeters per second is that equivalent to? 7) I want to know how far I just traveled on my super sweet -speed bike. I know the speed I went (.5 m/s) and I know that my bike ride was 45 minutes long.

Measurements and Significant Figures When using any (analog) measuring tool, you must read the tool to its highest precision that is, take advantage of the finest marking made into the instrument.

If the smallest/finest markings on it represent increments of whole millimeters, you must report a measurement to the nearest tenth of a millimeter by estimating a point in between those finest

5 Measurements and Significant Figures When using any (analog) measuring tool, you must read the tool to its highest precision that is, take advantage of the finest marking made into the instrument. Take a ruler, for example. If the smallest/finest markings on it represent increments of whole millimeters, you must report a measurement to the nearest tenth of a millimeter by estimating a point in between those finest markings. Use the ruler below to measure the length of the arrow. Your answer should be reported to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. This concept of precision is important when collecting any measured data and when solving problems with given data. It is sometimes referred to as significant figures or significant digits. There are rules for determining which numbers (figures) are significant, rather than ones that are merely place-holders. This coincides with rules for rounding numbers up or down to the nearest, appropriate, decimal place.

6 In laboratory work, values calculated from measurements cannot be more precise than the least precise measurement. For example, we measure the sides of a cube to be 0.5 m, 0.53 m, and 0.5 m. But we want to calculate the cube s volume. Arithmetic gives m 3. However, only 3 of the digits in that number are significant or meaningful by the measured values because the original measurements contained 3 significant digits at most. The final answer, then, should be rounded to and recorded as m 3. The two major categories of arithmetic (addition/subtraction vs. multiplication/division) each have their own rule about rounding for significant figures:

7 B. Significant Digits For each number given below, identify how many significant digits are in the number. 5) 0.56 ) 5 6) 5,984 ) 5.0 7) ) ) 00,000 4) 87 9) ).400 6) Measure the line with the ruler shown below: a) Your Measurement: b) How many significant digits are there? c) How do you know how many significant digits are necessary here? 7) In math operations involving significant figures, the answer is reported in such a way that it reflects the reliability of the least precise operation. In your own words, what are the rules for: a) multiplication & division of significant figures: b) addition & subtraction of significant figures: 4

8 Directions: Solve each problem. Show all steps of your process and circle your answer. Be sure your answer has the correct amount of significant figures. 8).3 m x 7.5 m = 9)!.!!!"!.!!!" = 30)!.!"#!!".!!!.!!"!!.!! = 3) 4. ft ft= 3) L.4 L = Test Yourself. An engineering student is trying to calculate the permeation rate of water across a polymer membrane of a fuel cell. The student s measurements are provided in the table below. Determine how many significant figures each measurement has. Student s Data Student s Measurements # of Significant Figures the mass of water that crossed the membrane g the area of the membrane used.00 cm elapsed time 3600 seconds 33) Explain why all of the measurements are given in different numbers of significant figures. 5

9 D. Scientific Notation Directions: Use the space provided, to write each number given in scientific notation. Circle your answers. 40),000 43) ) ) ) 4,000,000,964 45) 4,960 Multiplying Numbers in Scientific Notation Directions: Use the space provided, to solve each problem. Circle your answers. 46) In your own words, explain how you multiply numbers in scientific notation. 47) (.5 x 0 8 ) x (. x 0 ) 49) (6.0 x 0 - )(6. x 0 - ) 48) (.8 x 0 3 )(7.3 x 0-8 ) 50) (5.5 x 0 9 ) x (4.0 x 0 ) 7

10 Scientific Notation: The following are ordinary physics problems. Write the answer in scientific notation and simplify the units (π=3). a. T s kg s = b. 9 9 C C F 9.00 C 0.3m = c. R p R P = K J s s.7 0 J = d. max e m s = K kg. 0 m s = 4 f. g..33 sin sin =

11 Solving Equations: Solve for the following variables indicated. Do not let the letters confuse you, treat them as if they were different numbers. letters confuse you. Manipulate them algebraically as though they were numbers. a. K kx, x b. T p, g g c. F G m m g, r r d. mgh mv, v e. x xo vot at, t o I f. B, r r g. x m ml d, d h. pv nrt T, n i. sin c, c n j. qv mv, v

12 4. Geometry Solve the following geometric problems. a. Line B touches the circle at a single point. Line A extends through the center of the circle. i. What is line B in reference to the circle? B ii. How large is the angle between lines A and B? A b. What is angle C? C 30 o 45 o c. What is angle? 30 o d. How large is? 30 o e. The radius of a circle is 5.5 cm, i. What is the circumference in meters? ii. What is its area in square meters? 4

13 5. Trigonometry Using the generic triangle to the right, Right Triangle Trigonometry and Pythagorean Theorem solve the following. g. = 55 o and c = 3 m, solve for a and b. h. = 45 o and a = 5 m/s, solve for b and c. i. b = 7.8 m and = 65 o, solve for a and c. j. a = 50 m and b = 80 m, solve for and c. k. a =5 cm and c = 3 cm, solve for b and. l. b =04 cm and c = 65 cm, solve for a and. 5

AP Physics 1 Summer Assignment #

APPhysics1 SummerAssignment AP Physics 1 Summer Assignment Welcome to AP Physics 1. This course and the AP exam will be challenging. AP classes are taught as college courses not just college-level courses,