AP Physics Summer Assignment

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1 AP Physics Summer Assignment Welcome to AP Physics 1 AP Physics 1 should not be considered college prep. This is a COLLEGE course, with college level expectations for behavior, attendance, participation and effort. AP Physics 1 is an algebra-based, introductory college-level physics course. Students cultivate their understanding of Physics through inquiry-based investigations as they explore topics such as Newtonian mechanics (including rotational motion); work, energy, and power; mechanical waves and sound; and introductory, simple circuits. The course is based on six Big Ideas, which encompass core scientific principles, theories, and processes that cut across traditional boundaries and provide a broad way of thinking about the physical world. In addition, there is a significant lab component for this course. During laboratory work, students establish lines of evidence and use them to develop and refine testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena. Your Assignment: 1. We will engage in a great deal of collaborative learning. I will frequently use Google Drive to communicate with you. It is important that you now, as a young adult getting ready to enter college, create a PROFESSIONAL account. You can use your school (it is a gmail account) or a personal account. It must be an account that you will check regularly. If you choose to use a personal account, it must be a professional sounding address. BigDog@hotmail.com may be cool, but not good for your future endeavors in the academic arena or placing on a job application!!! a. Gmail accounts work best for Drive. In the past, there have been some communication glitches with non-gmail accounts. b. Once you have an account, me to introduce yourself by June 30, 016. My is cmccoy@randolph.k1.nc.us and I will be checking it during the summer. If you encounter problems with your summer assignment, please contact me through that as well. 1) Subject Line: AP Physics 16-17, Your Name ) Body: Your full name (& nickname that you go by if you have one) & stuff about you! Why are you taking AP Physics? What do you hope to accomplish/gain? What other science classes have you taken? Are planning to take? What do you like to do (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)? What are you looking forward to the most in AP Physics? What are you most anxious about in AP Physics? c. Once I have your , I'll add you to the AP Physics group.

. To help you keep up with due dates and to disseminate important information, I have created a Remind account for AP Physics. This will allow me to communicate quick updates and reminders.

2 . To help you keep up with due dates and to disseminate important information, I have created a Remind account for AP Physics. This will allow me to communicate quick updates and reminders. I know that you are much more likely to check your text messages than your . Many times my message will be to check your ! 3. Before the new year begins, you need to gather the supplies needed to ensure success in AP Physics Required supplies Recommended, but not required Composition journal graphing paper for lab Highlighters activities Colored pencils Pens (blue/black) Sticky notes Pencils 4. Math Review a. This packet is a review to brush up on valuable skills, and perhaps a means to assess whether you are correctly placed in Advanced Placement Physics. The study of physics, and AP Physics in particular, requires an exceptional proficiency in algebra, trigonometry, and geometry. In addition to the science concepts, physics often seems like a course in applied mathematics. The following assignment requires the use of mathematical techniques that are considered routine in AP Physics. This includes a thorough knowledge of the metric system along with the use of scientific notation and conversion factors within the metric system. The ability to algebraically manipulate physics formulae is a second key area of math application. A third important mathematical process in physics is the understanding of basic vector addition, both graphically and using right triangle geometry. b. The attached pages contain a brief review, hints, and example problems. It is hoped that combined with your previous math knowledge this assignment is merely a review and a means to brush up before we begin our actual course work. Please read the text and instructions throughout. If you need additional help, there are many sources on the Internet devoted to these topics. This packet will be due on the first day of class (8/9/016) and will count as a test grade. Don t procrastinate on your assignment but don t let it keep you from having a wonderful summer!!! I truly am looking forward to working with you next year! Ms. C. McCoy cmccoy@randolph.k1.nc.us

3 AP Physics 1 Math Prep This math prep is designed to remind you of math concepts with which you are already familiar. Use this packet and the videos to refresh your memory when working on your math packet. Helpful videos: You may find the following videos helpful when working on your summer packet. Check out Khan Academy for more help Reminders: 1. Write out all your work, even if it s something really simple. This is required on the exam so it will be required on all your assignments, labs, quizzes, and tests as well.. Include units in each step. Your answers always need units and it s easier to keep track of them if you write them in every step. Answers without units are wrong! 3. Check your work. Go back through each step to make sure you didn t make any mistakes in your calculations. Also check to see if your answer makes sense. For example, a car probably will not reach a speed of 1500 m/s when accelerating onto an interstate. If you get an answer that seems unlikely, it probably is. Go back and check your work. Metric Units Kilo-, centi-, and milli- are the most frequently used prefixes of the metric system. You need to be able to go from one to another. You can remember the order of the prefixes by using the following sentence: King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk. Since the multiples and divisions of the base units are all factors of ten, you just need to move the decimal to convert from one to another.

4 Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis is a way to convert a quantity given in one unit to an equal quantity of another unit by lining up all the known values and multiplying. It is sometimes called factor-labeling. The best way to start a factor-labeling problem is by using what you already know. In some cases you may use more steps than a classmate to find the same answer, but it doesn t matter. Use what you know, even if the problem goes all the way across the page! In a dimensional analysis problem, start with your given value and unit and then work toward your desired unit by writing equal values side by side. Remember you want to cancel each of the intermediate units. To cancel a unit on the top part of the problem, you have to get the unit on the bottom. Likewise, to cancel a unit that appears on the bottom part of the problem, you have to write it in on the top. Once you have the problem written out, multiply across the top and bottom and then divide the top by the bottom. Scientific Notation: Introduction: Scientific notation is a shorthand way to express large or tiny numbers. Writing these numbers in scientific notation will help you do your calculations much quicker and easier and will help prevent mistakes in conversions from one unit to another. Like the metric system, scientific notation is based on factors of 10. A large number written in scientific notation looks like this: 1.3 x The number before the x (1.3) is called the coefficient. The coefficient must be greater than 1 and less than 10. The number after the x is the base number and is always 10. The number in superscript (11) is the exponent.

5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation To write a large number in scientific notation, put a decimal after the first digit. Count the number of digits after the decimal you just wrote in. This will be the exponent. Drop any zeros so that the coefficient contains as few digits as possible. Writing tiny numbers in scientific notation is similar. The only difference is the decimal is moved to the left and the exponent is a negative. To write a tiny number in scientific notation, move the decimal after the first digit that is not a zero. Count the number of digits before the decimal you just wrote in. This will be the exponent as a negative. Adding and Subtracting Numbers in Scientific Notation To add or subtract two numbers with exponents, the exponents must be the same. You can do this by moving the decimal one way or another to get the exponents the same. Once the exponents are the same, add (if it s an addition problem) or subtract (if it s a subtraction problem) the coefficients just as you would any regular addition problem (review the previous section about decimals if you need to). The exponent will stay the same. Make sure your answer has only one digit before the decimal you may need to change the exponent of the answer. Multiplying and Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation To multiply exponents, multiply the coefficients just as you would regular decimals. Then add the exponents to each other. The exponents DO NOT have to be the same. To divide exponents, divide the coefficients just as you would regular decimals, then subtract the exponents. In some cases, you may end up with a negative exponent. Significant Figures: The term significant figures refers to the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient of an expression in scientific notation. The number of significant figures in an expression indicates the confidence or precision with which an engineer or scientist states a quantity. Rules for Significant Figures 1. All nonzero digits are significant

6 . Final or ending zeros to the right of the decimal are significant 3. Zeros to the right of the decimal for spacing are not significant 4. Zeros to the left of the decimal may or may not be significant 5. Zeros between significant figures are significant Calculating with Sig Figs 6. When adding or subtracting, the result is only as precise as the least precise of the quantities. 7. When multiplying or dividing, the result has same number of sig figs as the quantity with the smallest number of sig figs 8. When performing mixed operations, follow the order of operations and adjust for significant figures before moving to next operation. Rounding with Sig Figs 9. If you are rounding a number to a certain degree of significant digits, and if the number following that degree is less than five, the last significant figure is not rounded up, if it is greater than 5 it is rounded up. 10. If you are rounding a number to a certain degree of significant digits, and if the number following that degree is five: If the 5 is followed by a zero, round up to the even number or not round up if the number was already even. For example, would round to 1.1 and would also round to 1.1. If the number following the 5 is not a zero, for example , the number should be rounded up. Vectors: Most of the quantities in physics are vectors. This makes proficiency in vectors extremely important. Magnitude: Size or extent. The numerical value. Direction: Alignment or orientation of any position with respect to any other position. Scalars: A physical quantity described by a single number and units. A quantity described by magnitude only. Vector: A physical quantity with both a magnitude and a direction. A directional quantity. Notation: or Length of the arrow is proportional to the vectors magnitude. A A Direction the arrow points is the direction of the vector. Negative Vectors Negative vectors have the same magnitude as their positive counterpart. They are just pointing in the opposite direction. Vector Addition and subtraction A Think of it as vector addition only. The result of adding vectors is called the resultant. R A B R So if A has a magnitude of 3 and B has a magnitude of, then R has a magnitude of 3+=5.

7 When you need to subtract one vector from another think of the one being subtracted as being a negative vector. Then add them. A negative vector has the same length as its positive counterpart, but its direction is reversed. So if A has a magnitude of 3 and B has a magnitude of, then R has a magnitude of 3+(-)=1. This is very important. In physics a negative number does not always mean a smaller number. Mathematically is smaller than +, but in physics these numbers have the same magnitude (size), they just point in different directions (180 o apart). Direction What does positive or negative direction mean? How is it referenced? The answer is the coordinate axis system. In physics a coordinate axis system is used to give a problem a frame of reference. Positive direction is a vector moving in the positive x or positive y direction, while a negative vector moves in the negative x or negative y direction. What about vectors that don t fall on the axis? You must specify their direction using degrees measured from East. Component Vectors A resultant vector is a vector resulting from the sum of two or more other vectors. Mathematically the resultant has the same magnitude and direction as the total of the vectors that compose the resultant. Could a vector be described by two or more other vectors? Would they have the same total result? This is the reverse of finding the resultant. You are given the resultant and must find the component vectors on the coordinate axis that describe the resultant. Any vector can be described by an x axis vector and a y axis vector which summed together mean the exact same thing. The advantage is you can then use plus and minus signs for direction instead of the angle. Trigonometry and Vectors Given a vector, you can now draw the x and y component vectors. The sum of vectors x and y describe the vector exactly. Again, any math done with the component vectors will be as valid as with the original vector. The advantage is that math on the x and/or y axis is greatly simplified since direction can be specified with plus and minus signs instead of degrees. But, how do you mathematically find the length of the component vectors? Use trigonometry. Khan Academy is a great site if you need a refresher on trig functions. We will use the big three {sine, cosine, tangent} quite frequently during the course.

8 AP Physics 1 Math Review For #1-5, put the following numbers into scientific notation For #6-10, convert the following numbers into regular notation X X X X X 10 3 For #11 0, how many significant figures are in the following numbers? Explain X X For #1-5, round the following to the specified number of significant figures to 3 sig. figs. 875 to 1 sig. figs to sig. figs to 1 sig. figs to3 sig. figs For #6-30, work out the following problems to the correct significant figures / X (10.08 X 3.99) /.509 For #31-35, solve the problems. Show all work. Remember units. 31. What is one million times one thousand? Show your work in scientific notation. Give the answer in scientific notation and in words. 3. One year I had 40 AP Phyics students and the next year I had 50 students, what percentage did the population of students grow by? 33. Your truck gets 15 miles to the gallon and your friend s car gets 35 miles to the gallon. You decide to go on a road trip to New York City, which is 535 miles away. a. If gas costs $3 per gallon and you decide to split the gas money, how much money will you save in gas by driving your friend s car? b. If your average speed on the trip is 105 km/hr, how long will it take you to make the trip? 34. Virginia Beach is 15 km wide and 40 km long. If two cm of rain falls on Virginia Beach, how many cubic meters of rain fell on Virginia Beach? 35. An MP3 takes up about 16 kilobytes of memory per second of music. If you owned a one terabyte hard drive and filled with only mp3s, how many days worth of music would you have?

9 36. The following are ordinary physics problems. Place the answer in scientific notation when appropriate and simplify the units (Scientific notation is used when it takes less time to write than the ordinary number does. As an example 00 is easier to write than.00x10, but.00x10 8 is easier to write than 00,000,000). Do your best to cancel units, and attempt to show the simplified units in the final answer. a. T s kg kg s 3 1 K 4 b kg.1110 m / s Nm C C c. F C 0.3m d R p J J e. e J R P f. 1.33sin sin K J s s J g. max h m s m s 37. Often problems on the AP exam are done with variables only. Solve for the variable indicated. Don t let the different letters confuse you. Manipulate them algebraically as though they were numbers. a. v vo as so, a o I g. B, r r 1 b. K kx, x m L h. x m, d d c. T p, g g d. F G m m 1 g, r r e. f. 1 mgh mv, v x xo vot at, t 1 i. pv nrt, T n1 j. sin c, c n k. l. qv mv, v , s i f s s o i

10 38. Science uses the KMS system (SI: System Internationale). KMS stands for kilogram, meter, second. These are the units of choice of physics. The equations in physics depend on unit agreement. So you must convert to KMS in most problems to arrive at the correct answer. What if you don t know the conversion factors? Colleges want students who can find their own information (so do employers). Hint: Try a good dictionary and look under measure or measurement. Or the Internet? Enjoy. a g = kg b. 1. km = m c. 83 nm = m d. 98 K = o C e m = cm f. 8.8x10-8 m = mm g. 1. atm = Pa h. 5.0 m = m i..65 mm = m j. 8.3 m = km k. 5.4 L = m 3 l cm = m m. 6.3x10-7 m = nm n. 1.5x10 11 m = km 39. Solve the following geometric problems. a. Line B touches the circle at a single point. Line A extends through the center of the circle. i. What is line B in reference to the circle called? ii. How large is the angle between lines A and B? b. What is angle C? 30 C 45 A B c. What is angle? 30 o d. How large is? 30

11 e. The radius of a circle is 5.5 cm, i. What is the circumference in meters? ii. What is its area in square meters? 4 f. What is the area under the curve at the right? 1 0 Using the generic triangle to the right, Right Triangle Trigonometry and Pythagorean Theorem solve the following. g. = 55 o and c = 3 m, solve for a and b. h. = 45 o and a = 15 m/s, solve for b and c. i. b = 17.8 m and = 65 o, solve for a and c. j. a = 50 m and b = 180 m, solve for and c. k. a =5 cm and c = 3 cm, solve for b and. l. b =104 cm and c = 65 cm, solve for a and.

12 40. Solve the following problems. You will be converting from a polar vector, where direction is specified in degrees measured counterclockwise from east, to component vectors along the x and y axis. Remember the plus and minus signs on your answers. They correspond with the quadrant the original vector is in. You are solving for X and Y components of the given vectors. Hint: Draw the vector first to help you see the quadrant. Anticipate the sign on the x and y vectors. Do not bother to change the angle to less than 90 o. Using the number given will result in the correct + and signs. The first number will be the magnitude (length of the vector) and the second the degrees from east. Your calculator must be in degree mode. Example: 50 at 35 o x hyp cos 35 o x o 50cos 35 x y hyp sin y 50sin 35 o y 05 a. 89 at 150 o b at 345 o c at 60 o d. 7.5x10 4 at 180 o

13 + 41. Given two component vectors solve for the resultant vector. This is the opposite of number 11 above. Use Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse, then use inverse (arc) tangent to solve for the angle. When given the X and Y components, solve for the magnitude and direction of the resulting vector. Example: x = 0, y = -15 R x y tan opp adj e. x = 600, y = R x y R 0 15 tan tan R tan o 1 1 opp adj y x o o o f. x = -0.75, y = -1.5 g. x = -3, y = 16

Name. Welcome to AP Physics. I am very excited that you have signed up to take the AP Physics class.

Name. Welcome to AP Physics. I am very excited that you have signed up to take the AP Physics class. Name P Physics Summer ssignment Fall 013-014 Welcome to P Physics. I am very excited that you have signed up to take the P Physics class. You may ask I sure would why a summer packet? There is so much